This document provides an overview of carbon footprinting and accounting for hospitals. It discusses the political landscape around climate change in Canada and Ontario and outlines Ontario's Climate Change Action Plan and regulations. It explains why carbon accounting and footprinting are important for hospitals given their high energy use. The document reviews the Greenhouse Gas Protocol methodology and how it can be applied to set a baseline inventory and measure impact. It provides examples of emission reduction opportunities in hospitals and guidance on communicating results.

1. Carbon Footprinting 101
Carbon Accounting for Hospitals June 15, 2011

2. “The problem of global “Climate change… is the
climate change is one that only thing that I believe has
affects us all and action the power to fundamentally
will only be effective if it is end the march of civilization
taken at the international as we know it, and make a
level... What do we, the lot of the other efforts that
international community, we're making irrelevant and
do about it?” impossible”
Margaret Thatcher Bill Clinton
"We are playing Russian “We call on all people and
roulette with features of the nations to recognize the serious
planet's atmosphere that and potentially irreversible
will profoundly impact impacts of global warming
generations to come. How caused by the anthropogenic
long are we willing to emissions of greenhouse gases
gamble?“ and other pollutants”
David Suzuki Vatican
2

3. Carbon Footprinting 101
State of Carbon
Why Hospitals Matter
GHG Protocol
Communicating CO2
3

4. STATE OF CARBON IN 2011
4

5. Political Landscape
• Government of Canada
• Aligned with the US and
shares targets with major
economies
• Committed to reducing
Canada's total
greenhouse gas
emissions by 17 percent
from 2005 levels by 2020
5

6. Political Landscape
• Government of Ontario
• Member of the Western
Climate Initiative
• Ontario’s Climate
Change Action Plan
• Reduce regional GHG
emissions to 15 percent
below 1990 levels by
2020
6

7. Ontario’s Climate Change Action Plan
7

8. Ontario’s Climate Change Action Plan
• Ambitious target:
• Reduce GHG
emissions by 15
percent from 1990
levels by 2020
149 Mt (2020)
8
80% in 2050…

9. Ontario’s Acts and Regulations
• The Environmental • Green Energy Act
Protection Amendment (GEA) 2009 Green
Act (GHG Trading) Energy Act (GEA) 200
2009 • Energy Conservation
• Ontario Regulation 452/09 Plans for Public Agencies:
(Greenhouse Gas Proposed Regulation
Emissions Reporting ) • BPS (including hospitals)
• Requires facilities emitting report energy use and
25,000 t CO2e to report CO2
• Invited: Many • All hospitals (proposed)
• Required: Few
9

10. What does it all mean?
• A growing expectation to measure and report:
• Directly – Cap and Trade (2011)
• Indirectly – Energy Conservation Plans (2013)
• Public Disclosure, Public Interest, Engagement, Outreach
• A growing opportunity for carbon-financing projects:
• First Ontario Emissions Reports (2011)
• “Aligned” with the US, and the US is going forward
• Post-Kyoto Copenhagen Accord
• Western Climate Initiative
• Still plenty of uncertainty…
10

11. WHY CARBON

12. Why Carbon?
• A global issue : A global unit
• Agnostic
• Technology
• Politically
• Regionally
Conservation is KEY
but the question is…
12

13. Why Carbon?
Are we
conserving
enough?
13

14. HOSPITALS MATTER
14

15. The Case for Hospitals
• Buildings account for 40% of the developed world’s energy
consumption.
• Hospitals have the highest energy intensity of all publicly-
funded facilities, and 2.5x the GHG emissions of commercial
buildings.
• Many operate 24/7
International Energy Agency
U.S. Hospital Energy Alliance (HEA) 15

16. The Case for Hospitals
• In addition to high energy
use:
• Hospitals have unique
challenges with high
GWP medical gases.
• Medical gases in use
with GWP of 300 to
1,000 times that of CO2.
U.S. Hospital Energy Alliance (HEA)
NRCan Office of Energy Efficiency (OEE)

17. The Case for Hospitals
• The typical expenditure (2006) for utilities in Ontario hospitals
is approximately:
• $8,037,000 per year for teaching hospitals;
• $2,472,000 per year for large/medium community hospitals
• $1,121,000 per year for CCC/Rehab hospitals
• $609,000 per year for smaller hospitals
• Cost-effective measures could:
• -29% GHG (IPCC)
• -20-25% in utility costs
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (AR4)
Energy Efficiency Opportunities in Ontario Hospitals (Sure Solutions, 2006)
17

18. The Case for Hospitals
• Less than 1% of buildings are newly constructed.
• Of the buildings that will exist in 2050…
three out of four have already been
built.
• We need to focus on EXISTING HOSPITALS NOW
18

19. If we solve existing
buildings
We solve global
warming
And we… save the
world!!
19

20. THE GHG PROTOCOL
20

21. The GHG Protocol
• The Greenhouse Gas Protocol is the international standard
methodology for benchmarking greenhouse gas performance.
• The GHG Protocol provides organizations of all types with a
transparent, standardized, and auditable method to quantify,
classify, and report GHG emissions.
• It is the basis for the dominant regional and international
carbon markets and compliance scenarios, including the
Western Climate Initiative (WCI).
WBCSD/WRI Greenhouse Gas Protocol: A Corporate Accounting
and Reporting Standard, Revised Edition (2004).

22. Principles
• Relevance
•
• Completeness
•
• Consistency
•
•
•
• Accuracy
•

23. Regulated Greenhouse Gases &
Global Warming Potentials
Common Name Formula Global Warming Potential Factor
1 Carbon dioxide CO2 1
2 Methane CH4 21
3 Nitrous oxide N2O 310
4 Sulfur hexafluoride SF6 23,900
5 Nitrogen trifluoride NF3 17,200
6… Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) CxHxFx 12 to 11,700
7… Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) CxFx 6,500 to 9,200
O. Reg. 452/09, s. 6.
23

24. Scope
NF3
WBCSD/WRI Greenhouse Gas Protocol: A Corporate Accounting
and Reporting Standard, Revised Edition (2004).
24

25. Scope
Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3
• Direct GHG • Indirect GHG • Other Optional
emissions emissions Indirect GHG
emissions
• Fuel use for Heating • GHG emissions • Waste, EPP, flights,
and Transportation, from purchased travel, purchased
fugitive emissions electricity, steam, or goods or services
chilled water

26. APPLYING THE GHG
PROTOCOL
26

27. Build your Baseline Inventory
Identify your base year
Identify boundaries, sources, and Scope 3
Collect data and emission factors
Measure your impact
Roll-up data to corporate level
Be strategic: Have targets and a plan
Communicate, Communicate,
Communicate
27

28. Now you have a Baseline and a Plan
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3
Fuel use for Electricity & Contracted
Heating and Purchased Services,
Transportatio Steam Waste, Other
n, Fugitives
28

29. Measure Your Impact
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

30. Scope 1 – Direct Emissions
• High efficiency boiler 50
45
installation 40
• Solar Hot Water 35
30
• Eliminate CFC 25
refrigerants 20
15
• Efficient diesel backup 10
• Waste heat recovery 5
0
Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3
Fuel use for Electricity & Contracted
Heating and Purchased Services,
Transportatio Steam Waste, Other
n, Fugitives
30

31. Scope 2 – Indirect Emissions
• Lighting retrofit: Occupancy 50
Sensors
45
• Lighting retrofit: T12 to T8
40
• Recover rejected heat from chillers
• Install high efficiency motors 35
• White Roof Installation 30
• Tower - Fluid Cooling Loop 25
20
• Cogeneration 15
• Solar Photovoltaic 10
• Data Centre Virtualization 5
• Demand Management / Peak 0
Avoidance
Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3
• Deep Lake Cooling (EnWave)
Fuel use for Electricity & Contracted
Heating and Purchased Services,
Transportatio Steam Waste, Other
n
31

32. Scope 3 – Other / Optional Indirect Emissions
• Waste Diversion 50
45
Strategy 40
• Sharps Service 35
30
• Anesthetic Gas Capture 25
• Local Food programs 20
15
• Extended Supplier 10
Responsibility (i.e. 5
0
reducing packaging)
Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3
• Contracted Services (i.e.
Fuel use for Electricity & Contracted
outsourced linen service) Heating and
Transportatio
Purchased
Steam
Services,
Waste, Other
n
32

33. Impact felt in both Scope 1 and 2
• Occupant Awareness 50
45
Program 40
• Recommissioning and 35
30
Optimization
25
• Update O&M Measures 20
15
• Set forward / set back 10
temperature policy 5
0
• Weather Stripping
Scope 1 Scope 2 Scope 3
• Building Insulation
Fuel use for Electricity & Contracted
Heating and Purchased Services,
Transportatio Steam Waste, Other
n
33

34. Example: Bundling Cost-Effective Energy
Opportunities
Proposed Energy Conservation Measures reduce electricity by 9.4% and
natural gas consumption by 27% and pay for themselves in 3.3 years.
Financial Benefits Typical Hospital
Projects 8
Total Investment $585,000
Annual Savings $178,000
ROI (years) 3.3
Environmental Benefits Typical Hospital
Energy Conservation (GJ) 13,608
Energy Conservation (homes) 127
Avoided GHG Emissions (tCO2e) 664
Avoided GHG Emissions (cars) 136
Preliminary Data: Average results from 5 energy audits having a gross floor space of 250,900 sqft.
34

35. Example: Potential In-House Waste Opportunities
Conventional “In-House” Waste Reduction and Diversion increases by 10%.
Financial Benefits Typical Hospital
Projects 4
Investment Not yet available
Annual Savings $5,300 ($1,000 - $57,000)
ROI <1 year
Environmental Benefits Typical Hospital
Waste Diversion 10% (tonnes) 75.9
Waste Diversion 10% (homes) 124
Avoided GHG Emissions (tCO2e) 212
Avoided GHG Emissions (cars) 44
Preliminary Data: Projected Non-Hazardous Waste Savings is limited to direct savings
through in-house non-hazardous waste diversion initiatives at 7 piloted sites. 35

36. COMMUNICATING RESULTS
36

37. Do’s and Don'ts
DO DON’T
• Stick to the Protocol • …Use carbon where it
• Ensure data is complete
doesn’t fit
and accurate
• …Overstate benefits
• Be consistent and
transparent in your
• …Bring in Scope 3 if there’s
approach.
no value
• Use simple metrics to
communicate • …Forget about non-CO2
• Set a target, and invest in it benefits
• Engage staff
37

38. Visualizing Impact
Take “X” Cars off the road
•4.87 tCO2e/car
•Midsize, 20,000 km per year
•USEPA
Power “X” Homes
•107 GJ / house (all fuels)
•Households and the Environment Survey: Energy Use (Statistics Canada, 2007.)
Fill “X” TTC Subway Cars Back-to-Back
•1 subway car, 22.7m long, per 33 tonnes of waste
•150 kg/m3 uncompacted waste per m3
•22.7m x 3.1m x 3.1m (220m3) subway car
Fill “X” Olympic Swimming Pools
•2,500m3 pool
38

39. Carbon Footprinting is an Opportunity
• “There is still time to avoid
the worst impacts of
climate change, if we take
strong action now.”
• Sir Nicholas Stern, Economist, London
School of Economics
• Stern Review Report on the Economics of
Climate Change
39

40. Go
‘Nucks!
Thank You
Graham Takata
OHA Green Health Care
gtakata@oha.com Find out more at
www.oha.com/green
40

41. APPENDIX

42. Scope 1, 2, 3 Definitions
• In accordance with the GHG Protocol, emissions are divided into three categories:
scope 1, scope 2, and scope 3.
• Scope 1 emissions are direct emissions that occur from sources owned or controlled
by the company, such as natural gas used to heat company buildings or emissions due
to company owned fleet vehicles.
• Scope 2 accounts for GHG emissions from the generation of purchased electricity
consumed by the company. Purchased electricity is defined as electricity that is
purchased or otherwise brought into the organizational boundary of the company.
Scope 2 emissions physically occur at the facility where electricity is generated.
• Scope 3 is an optional reporting category that allows for the treatment of all other
indirect emissions. Scope 3 emissions are a consequence of the activities of the
company, but occur from sources not owned or controlled by the company. Some
examples of scope 3 activities are extraction and production of purchased materials;
transportation of purchased fuels; and use of sold products and services (such as
paper use or shipping services).

43. Key Resources
• Canada's Greenhouse Gas Inventory
• http://www.ec.gc.ca/ges-ghg/default.asp?lang=En&n=83A34A7A-1
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions Quantification Guidance
• http://www.ec.gc.ca/ges-ghg/default.asp?lang=En&n=DDE56C0F-1
• Emission Factors
• Electricity Intensity Tables
• Global Warming Potentials
• Useful Conversion Factors and Units
• Sector-Specific Guidance Manuals
• Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data
• http://www.ec.gc.ca/indicateurs-
indicators/default.asp?lang=en&n=BFB1B398-1
• By Province, Sector, and among nations
43

44. Key Resources
• Ontario Regulation 452/09: Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Reporting
• http://www.e-
laws.gov.on.ca/html/regs/english/elaws_regs_090452_e.htm
• Table 1: Complete list of GHGs
• Guideline for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reporting,
December 2010
• http://www.ene.gov.on.ca/environment/en/resources/STDPROD_081650.
html
• Appendix 8 Electricity generation and cogeneration
• Appendix 10 General stationary combustion - Table 20-2:
Default Emission Factors by Fuel Type
44

45. Key Resources
• The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG Protocol)
• http://www.ghgprotocol.org/
• Standards
• Calculation Tools
• Waste Management Industry Survey: Business and
Government Sectors, 2008
• http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/16f0023x/16f0023x2010001-eng.htm
• Waste Generation
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• http://www.ipcc.ch/
• Global Warming Potentials
45