The document discusses different types of stations and networks used for climate observation in the US. It describes 4 major networks operated by NOAA: 1) local climatological data stations that define climate for 275 cities and towns, 2) the co-op network that establishes baseline climate using 5,200 temperature and 7,400 precipitation stations, 3) the hourly precipitation data network of 3,000 stations for hydrologic records, and 4) the historical climate network of 1,215 stations for documenting climate variations. It also outlines standard procedures and equipment for measuring temperature, humidity, wind, and radiation parameters.

1. the

2. CLIMATOLOGICAL STATIONS
Are categorized by the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) as “principal and
ordinary; precipitation stations for specific
purposes. In the US, official climatological
records are collected from a variety of
stations, and observations are taken both paid
and unpaid observers. Daily accumulated
precipitation and maximum and minimum
temperature are measured at almost all
stations.

3. 1. The principal climatological station network
for local climatological data (LCD) stations
defines climate for about 275 major cities and
towns.
The major climate –observing networks now operated by U.S national
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) include the
following:

4. 2. The co-op network defines the baseline
climate for the United States using about 5200
temperature stations and 7400 precipitation
stations.
The major climate –observing networks now operated by U.S national
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) include the
following:

5. 3. The hourly precipitation data (HPD) network
about 3000 stations establishes baseline rainfall
records for hydrologic purposes.
The major climate –observing networks now operated by U.S national
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) include the
following:

6. 4. The historical climate network (HCN) of 1215
temperature and precipitation stations is definite
network for documenting climate variations
and change.
The major climate –observing networks now operated by U.S national
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) include the
following:

8. Standard medium sized
Cotton Region shelter
for housing temperature
and humidity sensors.
Height of the shelter is 4
ft. (1.12 m). Height of
the thermometers is
approximately 5.5 ft.
(1.68m)

9. and
The smaller plastic
shelter houses the
newer thermistor-based
maximum-minimum
temperature system
(MMTS) of the U.S.
National Weather
Service.

10. INSTRUMENTATION
The World Meteorological Organization
(WMO) has established requirements for
instrument shelters in which
temperature and humidity sensors are
housed. The National Weather service
has described the shelter, and provided
instructions for the exposures and
installation of its instrument.

11. INSTRUMENTATION
In addition to the standard mercury
thermometer and maximum and
minimum thermometers, temperature
sensors are available that use
thermocouples, resistance elements,
thermistors, and electric diodes and
transistors.

12. WIND MEASUREMENT
Wind is simply air in motion relative to
the surface of the earth. The standard
level for wind measurements is 10m
(32.8ft) above the ground over level
open terrain, but many observations are
taken at nonstandard levels. This creates
serious problems of homogeneity, since
the wind typically increase rapidly
through the lowest few meters of the
atmosphere.

13. It has its own dynamic characteristics.
The choice of the measurement technique depends on
the application.
STANDARD WIND VANES
WIND INSTRUMENTS
PROPELLER ANEMOMETERS
CUP ANEMOMETERS

14. RADIATION MEASUREMENT
Surface measurements of radiation
is far less common and more difficult
than measurements of the standard
meteorological parameters.
Consequently, the quality of the
climatological radiation data is less
reliable. Instruments for measuring
radiation are designed to measure the
intensity of radiant energy over broad or
narrow spectral band.

15. RADIATION MEASUREMENT
the radiation fluxes of interest
maybe divided into fluxes with
wavelength less than 4. 0µm (short-wave
solar radiation) and fluxes whose
wavelength is more than 4. 0µm (long
wave terrestrial radiation). The short
wave solar radiation can in turn be
subdivided into ultraviolet (uv, between
.2 and 0.38µm), visible (0.38 to 0.75µm),
and infrared (greater than 0.75µm
radiation).

16. RADIATION MEASUREMENT
The generic term radiometer refers to
any instrument for measuring radiation,
regardless of its special characteristics
and its mode of operation. The WMO
classification of radiation instruments
identifies five basic types.

17. NET RADIOMETER
PYRHELIOMETERPYRANOMETER
PYRRADIOMETER PYRGEOMETER
NET
PYRRADIOMETER
RADIATION INSTRUMENTS

18. Measures global solar radiation- that is, the short-wave radiation
received on a horizontal surface from sun and sky. Use of a
masking device to screen out the sun’s direct beam allows
measurement of the diffuse component of solar radiation.
PYRANOMETER

19. NET RADIOMETER
PYRHELIOMETERPYRANOMETER
PYRRADIOMETER PYRGEOMETER
NET
PYRRADIOMETER
RADIATION INSTRUMENTS

20. Measures only the direct beam component of the solar
radiation, i.e., the solar radiation received on a
horizontal surface
PYRHELIOMETER

21. NET RADIOMETER
PYRHELIOMETERPYRANOMETER
PYRRADIOMETER PYRGEOMETER
NET
PYRRADIOMETER
RADIATION INSTRUMENTS

22. Measures the total short-wave and long-wave
radiation incident on a horizontal plane.
PYRRADIOMETER

23. NET RADIOMETER
PYRHELIOMETERPYRANOMETER
PYRRADIOMETER PYRGEOMETER
NET
PYRRADIOMETER
RADIATION INSTRUMENTS

24. Measures the long-wave atmospheric radiation on a
horizontal upward-facing black surface at ambient air
temperature.
PYRGEOMETER

25. NET RADIOMETER
PYRHELIOMETERPYRANOMETER
PYRRADIOMETER PYRGEOMETER
NET
PYRRADIOMETER
RADIATION INSTRUMENTS

26. Measures total (short-wave and long-wave) net
radiation lux through a horizontal plane
NET PYRRADIOMETER AND NET
RADIOMETER

27. RADIATION MEASUREMENT
In addition to these five general
terms, trade names are often attached to
specific instruments. To ensure the
reliability and compatibility of radiation
measurements on an international and
national scale, the WMO has established
a system of world, regional, and national
centers that provide facilities, maintain
equipment, and conduct comparisons.

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