2. cba
See materjal on avaldatud Creative Commons Autorile
viitamine–Jagamine samadel tingimustel 3.0 Eesti litsentsi alusel.
Litsentsi terviktekstiga tutvumiseks külastage aadressi
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ee/
4. Õpitarkvara ajalugu
• Lennusimulaatorid (ca 1940)
• Programmeerimiskeeled BASIC (1964) ja Logo
(1967)
• Personaalarvutitel töötav õpitarkvara (1975)
• Multimeedia CD-ROM’id (ca 1990)
• Veebipõhised õppematerjalid (ca 1995)
5.
6. Multimeedia CD-ROM’ide
puudused
• Raskesti uuendatavad
• Sageli seotud konkreetse operatsioonisüsteemiga
• Sisu ja keskkond moodustavad lahutamatu terviku
11. Õpiobjekti mõiste
kujunemisest
• 1992 — Wayne Hodgins tuleb õpiobjekti ideele
• 1994 — CedMA töörühm “Learning Architectures, APIs
and Learning Objects”
• 1997 — James J. L’Allier: “the smallest independent
instructional experience that contains an objective, a
learning activity and an assessment”
• 1998 — IEEE LOM 2002: “any entity -digital or non-digital-
that may be used for learning, education or training”
• 2000 — David Wiley “any digital resource that can be
reused to support learning”
12.
13. David Wiley:
“So whether learning objects are dead or not, I
couldn’t say. And to some extent, who cares? As long
as people are willing to (1) openly share (2)
educational materials that will (3) render properly in
most web browsers, and they also (4) provide access
to the unobfuscated source for the materials
(especially for Flash files, Java applets, Photoshop
images with many layers, and the like), I certainly
don’t care.”
(David Wiley, 2006)
14. Digital learning resources
• “any digital resource that is actually used by
teachers and learners for the purpose of
learning” (OECD, 2009)
• “resources designed to be used by teachers in
supporting learning activities; where the resources
are provided by or derived from digital
products” (BECTA, 2008)
• (Digitaalsed õppematerjalid)
15. Open educational resources
• “educational resources (lesson plans, quizzes,
syllabi, instructional modules, simulations, etc.) that
are freely available for use, reuse, adaptation, and
sharing” (Gurrell, 2008)
• (Avatud õppematerjalid)
16. Õpiobjekti tunnused
• Käideldavus (accessibility) — õpiobjekt on kättesaadav
• Koostalitlusvõime (interoperability) — õpiobjekt töötab erinevatel riistvara- ja
tarkvaraplatvormidel
• Kohandatavus (adaptability) — õpiobjekti on võimalik kohandada õppurile või
õpisituatsioonile
• Korduvkasutus (reusability) — õpiobjekt ei ole seotud kontekstiga ja on
korduvkasutatav erinevate õppuritega
• Vastupidavus (durability) — õpiobjekt töötab ilma muutmata uuemal riist- ja
tarkvaral
• Granulaarsus (granularity) — õpiobjekti on võimalik lahutada väiksemateks
osadeks
(ADLNet, 2006)
17. Pealkiri Aine Vanus
Kirjeldus
Keel
Litsents Märksõnad
Õppematerjali tüüp Autor Avaldamise aeg
(Maadvere, 2009)
28. Digitaalsete õppematerjalide
kogud
• Repositoorium — andmebaasirakendus, mis
sisaldab digitaalseid õppematerjale ja nende
metaandmeid
• Referatoorium — andmebaasirakendus, mis
sisaldab digitaalsete õppematerjalide metaandmeid
ja viiteid nende asukohale
37. Rühmatöö
• Millistele nõuetele peaks vastama praegusel ajal
loodav digitaalne õppematerjal, et seda saaks ka 7
aasta pärast taaskasutada ja kohandada?
38. Viited (1)
• ADLNet. (2006). SCORM 2004 3rd Edition: Shareable Content Object Model. Overview.
Advanced Distributed Learning. Retrieved from http://www.adlnet.gov/Technologies/scorm/
SCORMSDocuments/Previous Versions/SCORM 2004 3rd Ed/SCORM.2004.3ED.DocSuite.zip
• IEEE. (2002). Draft Standard for Learning Object Metadata. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE. Retrieved
from http://ltsc.ieee.org/wg12/files/LOM_1484_12_1_v1_Final_Draft.pdf
• L'Allier, J. J. (1997). Frame of Reference: NETg's Map to Its Products, Their Structures and
Core Beliefs. Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/20020615192443/http://
www.netg.com/research/whitepapers/frameref.asp
• Leinonen, T. (2005). Urinal as a learning object. http://flosse.blogging.fi/2005/12/12/urinal-as-a-
learning-object/
• Maadvere, I. (2009). Õpiobjektide repositooriumid.
• OECD. (2009). OECD Study on Digital Learning Resources as Systematic Innovation: Coutry
Case Study Report on Denmark. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/
33/40/42033180.pdf
39. Viited (2)
• Saum, R. R. (2007). An Abridged History of Learning Objects. In P. Taylor Northrup,
Learning Objects for Instruction: Design and Evaluation (pp. 1-15). Hershey, PA: IGI
Global.
• Sheffield Hallam University (2008). Digital Learning Resources (DLRs) - Understanding
and defining user requirements and expectations: Report on the Literature Research and
Gap Analysis. Sheffield. Retrieved from http://collaboration.becta.org.uk/docs/DOC-1433
• Väljataga, T. (2005). Õpiobjektid ja pedagoogiline kontseptsioon. http://www.e-uni.ee/
konverents/2005/slaidid/Terje_Valjataga.pdf
• Wiley, D. (2000). Connecting learning objects to instructional design theory: A definition,
a metaphor, and a taxonomy. In D. Wiley (Ed.), The Instructional Use of Learning
Objects: Online Version. Retrieved from http://reusability.org/read/chapters/wiley.doc
• Wiley, D. (2006). RIP-ping on Learning Objects. http://opencontent.org/blog/archives/230
40. Kasutatud fotod
• Michael Knowles, http://www.flickr.com/photos/mknowles/47457221/
• Sergio, http://www.flickr.com/photos/srgblog/728719997/