Embedded system development-Arduino UNO

EMBEDDED SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
A SUMMER INTERN REPORT
Submitted by
AYUSH SULTANIA
Roll No: 00596402813
in partial fulfillmentof SummerInternship for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICSAND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi
2013-2017

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ……(1)
Certificate by the Supervisor ……(2)
Acknowledgement ……(3)
List of Figures ……(4)
List of Tables ……(5)
List of Photographs ……(6)
ABSTRACT ……(7)
CHAPTER (1) INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim of project
1.2 Outlines of report …
1.3 Methodology …
CHAPTER(2) LITERATURE REVIEW
2.4 Embedded system
2.5 Arduino uno
CHAPTER (3)ARDUINO UNO
3.1 Overview
3.2 Pin Diagram
3.3 Internal Description
CHAPTER(4) ARDUINO SOFTWARE
4.1 Arduino IDE
4.2 Serial Communication

CHAPTER (5)PROGRAMMES USING ARDUINO UNO
5.1 Glowing LED’s in sequence
5.2 Digital temperature sensor interfacing using LCD
5.3 keypad interfacing
5.4 GPS interfacing
5.5 RFID interfacing
5.6 Ultrasonic Sensors
CHAPTER(6) RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 Results and Conclusions
6.3 Uses and further scope
CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project report entitled Embedded system development
by Ayush Sultania (Roll no: 00596402813) , submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering of the Maharaja Agrasen Institute of technology,
Delhi, during the academic year 2015, is a bonafide record of work carried out
under our guidance and supervision.
The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other
University or Institution for the award of any degree or diploma.
date : -------------------
Teacher in charge
InstitutionRubber Stamp

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I am indebted to almighty God . I have no words to say thanks to him.
I am thankful to our training company “VMDD Technologies” for providing
wonderful training platform.
We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our guide Mr.
Deevanshu Shukla as well as our director Prof. M. L. Goyal, our chairman Dr.
Nand Kishore Garg and our HOD Dr. Neelam Sharma who gave us the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful research on the topic “Arduino” which also
helped us in doing a lot of research and we came to know about so many new
things that we are really thankful to them.
Secondly we would like to thank our parents and friends who helped us a lot in
finalizing this project within the time frame.

LIST OF FIGURES
SNO FIGURE
NO
FIGURE DESCRIPTION PAGE
NO
1 3.1 Arduino Pin Diagram 16
2 3.2 ATmega 328P 17
3 3.3 ATmega Ports 18
4 4.1 Arduino Board 24
5 4.2 Driver Installation 24-25
6 4.3 Launching Arduino IDE 25
7 4.4 Blink Example 26
8 4.5 Selecting Board 26
9 4.6 Selecting Port 27
10 4.7 Serial Communication 28
11 5.1 Glowing LED’s 29
12 5.2 Temperature Sensor interfacing 34
13 5.3 Hex keypad interfacing 37
14 5.4 GPS interfacing 44
15 5.5 Ultrasonic interfacing 49
16 6.1 Comparing Arduino with other software 52

LIST OF TABLES
S.No. Table No. Description Page No.
1 3.1 Comparison of ATmega 328P
with others
19
2. 3.2 Arduino Specifications 22
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS
S.No. Photograph
No.
Description Page No.
1. 2.1 Creator of
Arduino
14
2. 6.1 My custom Board 53

ABSTRACT
This is a report about Arduino board and programming environment. It contains
basic working of Arduino , different types of Arduino boards, interfacing with
Arduino programming environment, how to program, basic instructions regarding
that and interfacing of a few sensors is shown in the content.
In fifth chapter different projects based on Arduino uno is explored. Few
additional software like visual studio was used.
Outcome of this report is learning to program in Arduino programming
environment and understanding concepts behind its working. Interfacing different
sensor modules with Arduino is also included.
This report will help you making your project much easier using Arduino.

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim of the project
The aim of the project is to develop some understanding about what embedded system is and
how we can design our own modules using Arduino uno.
Apart from these it also provides knowledge about some software platform.
1.2 Outlines of Report
This report contains a detailed information about all the components used in this project. The
components used are:
Arduino UNO
Temperature sensor
GPS module
Ultrasonic sensor
LCD
LED
Bluetooth module
Keypad interfacing
A detailed report about each and every component is described in separate chapter.
Chapter 2 contains information about Embedded System.
Chapter 3 contains information about Arduino uno.
Chapter 4 contains information about Arduino software.
Chapter 5 contains information about Programmming using Arduino.
Chapter 6 contains Results and discussions.

1.3 Methodologies
The idea of this project is to give information about the accident to the ambulance and family
members, so we have chose GSM technology to give the information by sending SMS.
Sending SMS alone can’t help the driver, if we send and an SMS saying that accident had
occurred where the ambulance will come without knowing the location of the accident. So we
include GPS location in the SMS which we are sending so that the ambulance will have perfect
information about where and when the accident has occurred. For this we use GPS module to
extract the location of the accident, the GPS data will contain the latitude and longitude values
using which we can find the accurate position of the accident place.
To run the GPS and GSM module we use Arduino UNO board which has ATmega328
microcontroller. The Arduino is a very user friendly device which can be easily interfaced with
any sensors or modules and is very compact in size.
Also we can make rfid card detector using Arduino UNO using which one can make detect his
own RFID card if available like if one wants to check balance in metro card, attendance record
in office, and many more.
Finally we can sense the room temperature and distance of any object.One can also glow LED’s
in some beautiful dancing patterns and display them on LCD.

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW
A literature review is collection of a critical, unbiased, and comprehensive evaluation of
published information in a chosen and specific area of study of interest. It gives a general
understanding of findings of the research work, conclusions, and recommendations and thereby
brings out their strengths and weaknesses. This helps in identifying gaps, scope for further work
and generalized concepts in the existing body of knowledge.
2.1 Embedded System
An embedded system is some combination of hardware and software, either fixed in capability or
programmable, that is specifically designed for a particular function. Industrial machines,
automobiles, medical equipment, cameras, household appliances, airplanes, vending machines
and toys (as well as the more obvious cellular phone and PDA) are among the myriad possible
hosts of an embedded system.
In embedded systems, software commonly known as firmware is hidden inside the same
hardware rather than in some other hardware. Basically embedded systems are task specific
devices. One of its most important characteristic is gives the output within the time constraints or
you can say they are time bound systems. These embedded systems help to make the work more
convenient and accurate. So, we often use these embedded systems in simple and complicated
devices too. We use these embedded systems in our real life for many devices and applications
such as Calculators, microwave, television remote control, home security and neighborhood
traffic control systems, etc.
Modern embedded systems are often based on microcontrollers (i.e. CPUs with integrated
memory or peripheral interfaces) but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory
and peripheral interface circuits) are also still common, especially in more complex systems. In
either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to those specialized
in certain class of computations or even custom designed for the application at hand. A common
standard class of dedicated processors is the digital signal processor (DSP).

Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it to
reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance. Some
embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.
Embedded systems range from portable devices such as digital watches and MP3 players, to
large stationary installations like traffic lights, factory controllers, and largely complex systems
like hybrid vehicles, MRI, and avionics. Complexity varies from low, with a
single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, peripherals and networks mounted
inside a large or enclosure.
Author Steve Heath
There are many definitions for this but the best way to define it is to describe it in terms of what
it is not and with examples of how it is used.
An embedded system is a microprocessor-based system that is built to control a function or
range of functions and is not designed to be programmed by the end user in the same way that a
PC is. Yes, a user can make choices concerning functionality but cannot change the functionality
of the system by adding/replacing software. With a PC, this is exactly what a user can do: one
minute the PC is a word processor and the next it’s a games machine simply by changing the
software. An embedded system is designed to perform one particular task albeit with choices and
different options. The last point is important because it differentiates itself from the world of the
PC where the end user does reprogram it whenever a different software package is bought and
run. However, PCs have provided an easily accessible source of hardware and software for
embedded systems and it should be no surprise that they form the basis of many embedded
systems. To reflect this, a very detailed design example is included at the end of this book that
uses a PC in this way to build a sophisticated data logging system for a race car. If this need to
control the physical world is so great, what is so special about embedded systems that has led to
the widespread use of microprocessors? There are several major reasons and these have
increased over the years as the technology has progressed and developed. Replacement for
discrete logic-based circuits The microprocessor came about almost by accident

2.2 Arduino UNO
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. It's
intended for anyone making interactive projects. Arduino can take the input from many sensors
attached to it & can give the output to many lights, motors etc.
There is no prerequisite knowledge of Advance electronics for operating Arduino. All you
should know is basic electronics and C programming language.
Arduino platform mainly contains a Hardware Board called Arduino Board & software Arduino
IDE to program it.
Other external hardware like Sensor Modules, Motors, lights etc. could be attached with the
board.
ARDUINO BOARDS:-
Arduino UNO. Arduino MEGA.
Arduino MINI. Arduino DUE.
Arduino YUN. Arduino Lily pad.
The most common Board used is Arduino UNO. “UNO" means one in Italian and was chosen to
mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino
Software (IDE) were the reference versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases.
Who created Arduino UNO ?
Arduino started in 2005 as a project for students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea,
Italy. At that time program students used a "BASIC Stamp" at a cost of $100, considered
expensive for students. Massimo Banzi, one of the founders, taught at Ivrea. The name
"Arduino" comes from a bar in Ivrea, where some of the founders of the project used to meet.
The bar, in turn, has been named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of Ivrea and king
of Italy from 1002 to 1014.

Colombian student Hernando Barragan created the Wiring development platform which served
as the basis for Arduino. Following the completion of the Wiring platform, its lighter, less
expensive versions were created and made available to the open-source community; associated
researchers, including David Cuartielles, promoted the idea. The Arduino's initial core team
consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca Martino, and David Mellis.

CHAPTER 3 : ARDUINO UNO
3.1 Overview
Arduino is an open-source computer hardware and software company, project and user
community that designs and manufactures microcontroller-based kits for building digital devices
and interactive objects that can sense and control the physical world.
The project is based on a family of microcontroller board designs manufactured primarily by
SmartProjects in Italy, and also by several other vendors, using various 8-
bit Atmel AVR microcontrollers or 32-bit Atmel ARM processors. These systems provide sets of
digital and analog I/O pins that can be interfaced to various expansion boards ("shields") and
other circuits. The boards feature serial communications interfaces, including USB on some
models, for loading programs from personal computers. For programming the microcontrollers,
the Arduino platform provides an integrated development environment (IDE) based on
the Processing project, which includes support for C, C++ and Java programming languages.
The first Arduino was introduced in 2005, aiming to provide an inexpensive and easy way for
novices and professionals to create devices that interact with their environment
using sensors and actuators. Common examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists
include simple robots, thermostats, and motion detectors.
Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form, or as do-it-yourself kits. The
hardware design specifications are openly available, allowing the Arduino boards to be
manufactured by anyone. Adafruit Industries estimated in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official
Arduinos had been commercially produced, and in 2013 that 700,000 official boards were in
users' hands.
The Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P . It has 14 digital input/output
pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a
AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your UNO without worrying too

much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few
dollars and start over again.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0.
The Uno board and version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference versions of
Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino
boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for an extensive list of current, past or
outdated boards see the Arduino index of boards.
3.2 Pin Diagram
Arduino
Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P . It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz
crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB

cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.. You can tinker with your
UNO without worrying too much about doing something wrong, worst case scenario you can
replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again.
Atmega 328p
The ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the
AVR enhanced RISC architecture(RISC, or Reduced Instruction Set Computer. is a type of
microprocessor architecture that utilizes a small, highly-optimized set of instructions). By
executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P
achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize
power consumption versus processing speed.

The AVR(Advanced Virtual RISC) core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general purpose
working registers. All the 32 registers are directly connected to the Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU), allowing two independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in
one clock cycle. The resulting architecture is more code efficient while achieving throughputs up
to ten times faster than conventional CISC microcontrollers. The
ATmega48PA/88PA/168PA/328P provides the following features: 4/8/16/32K bytes of In
System Programmable Flash with Read-While-Write capabilities, 256/512/512/1K bytes
EEPROM, 512/1K/1K/2K bytes SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose
working registers, three flexible Timer/Counters with compare modes, internal and external
interrupts, a serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface, an SPI serial
port, a 6-channel 10-bit ADC , a programmable Watchdog Timer with internal Oscillator, and
five software selectable power saving modes.
The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the SRAM, Timer/Counters, USART, 2-wire Serial
Interface, SPI port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.
The Power-down mode saves the register contents but freezes the Oscillator, disabling all other
chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset. In Power-save mode, the asynchronous
timer continues to run, allowing the user to maintain a timer base while the rest of the device is
sleeping.

The ADC Noise Reduction mode stops the CPU and all I/O modules except asynchronous timer
and ADC, to minimize switching noise during ADC conversions. In Standby mode, the
crystal/resonator Oscillator is running while the rest of the device is sleeping. This allows very
fast start-up combined with low power consumption.
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density non-volatile memory technology. The
On-chip ISP Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed In-System through an SPI
serial interface, by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer, or by an On-chip Boot
program running on the AVR core. The Boot program can use any interface to download the
application program in the Application Flash memory.
Comparison Between ATmega48PA, ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P
The ATmega48PA, ATmega88PA, ATmega168PA and ATmega328P differ only in memory
sizes, boot loader support, and interrupt vector sizes. Table summarizes the different memory
and interrupt vector sizes for the three devices.
Table: memory summary
DEVICE FLASH EEPROM RAM INTERRUPT SIZE
ATmega48PA 4K Bytes 256 Bytes 512 Bytes 1 instruction word/vector
ATmega88PA 8K Bytes 512 Bytes 1K Bytes 1 instruction word/vector
ATmega168PA 16K Bytes 512 Bytes 1K Bytes 2 instruction word/vector
ATmega328P 32K Bytes 1K Bytes 2K Bytes 2 instruction word/vector
3.3 Internal Description
Power
The Arduino/Genuino Uno board can be powered via the USB connection or with an external
power supply. The power source is selected automatically.
External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery.
The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power
jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the GND and Vin pin headers of the POWER
connector.

The board can operate on an external supply from 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V,
however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may become unstable. If using
more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended
range is 7 to 12 volts.
The power pins are as follows:
 Vin. The input voltage to the Arduino/Genuino board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this
pin.
5V.This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be supplied
with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of
the board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can
damage your board. We don't advise it.
3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.
GND. Ground pins.
IOREF. This pin on the Arduino/Genuino board provides the voltage reference with which the
microcontroller operates. A properly configured shield can read the IOREF pin voltage and
select the appropriate power source or enable voltage translators on the outputs to work with the
5V or 3.3V.
Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB occupied by the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of
SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).
Input and Output
Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output,
using pinMode(),digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin
can provide or receive 20 mA as recommended operating condition and has an internal pull-up
resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50k ohm. A maximum of 40mA is the value that must
not be exceeded on any I/O pin to avoid permanent damage to the microcontroller.

In addition , some pins have specialized functions:
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins
are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication using
the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED driven by digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED
is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire library.
The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution
(i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible
to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
There are a couple of other pins on the board:
AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset button to
shields which block the one on the board.
Communication
Arduino/Genuino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino/Genuino board, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V)
serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2
on the board channels this serial communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to
software on the computer. The 16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino Software
(IDE) includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the

board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the
USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on
pins 0 and 1).
Table: Arduino Specifications
Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12 V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20 V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM Output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega 328P) of which 0.5 KB used
by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega 328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g

CHAPTER 4 : ARDUINO SOFTWARE
4.1 Arduino IDE
WHAT IS IDE?
• The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application
written in Java, and derives from the IDE for the Processing programming language and
the Wiring projects.
• It is designed to introduce programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with
software development.
• It includes a code editor with features such as syntax highlighting, brace matching, and
automatic indentation, and is also capable of compiling and uploading programs to the
board with a single click. A program or code written for Arduino is called a "sketch
• Arduino programs are written in C or C++. The Arduino IDE comes with a software
library called "Wiring" from the original Wiring project, which makes many common
input/output operations much easier.
• The source code for the IDE is available and released under the GNU General Public
License, version 2.
How to start Arduino software?
1. Get an Arduino board and USB cable

2. Download the Arduino Software (IDE)
Download Arduino IDE from https://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
3. Connect the board
Connect your Arduino UNO hardware to PC or Laptop via USB cable.
4. Install the drivers
Step 1:Open Device Manager
Step 2:Double click the unknown Arduino Uno device, a property window pops up
Step 3 : Choose the 'Driver' tab, and select 'Update Driver...'

Step 4: Select drivers folder and click OK
5. Launch the Arduino application

6. Open the blink example
7. Select your board

8. Select your serial port
9. Upload the program
4.2 Serial Communication
Used for communication between theArduino and a computer or other devices. All Arduino
boards have at least one serial port (also known as a UART or USART): Serial. It communicates
on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) as well as with the computer via USB. Thus, if one use these
functions, one cannot also use pins 0 and 1 for digital input or output.
One can use the Arduino environment's built-in serial monitor to communicate with an Arduino
board. Click the serial monitor button in the toolbar and select the same baud rate used in the call
to begin().

Information passes between the computer and Arduino through USB cable. Information is
transmitted as 0’s and 1’s , also known as bits.
• Compiling turns your program into binary data (ones and zeros)
• Uploading sends the bits through USB cable to the Arduino
• The two LEDs near the USB connector blink when data is transmitted
• RX blinks when the Arduino is receiving data
• TX blinks when the Arduino is transmitting data

CHAPTER 5 : PROGRAMMES USING ARDUINO UNO
5.1 Glowing LED’s in sequence
This program glows Led’s in sequence according to character typed from keyboard
and also display that character on LCD screen.
Code
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12,11,5,4,3,2);
int thisPin;
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);
Serial.begin(9600);

Serial.println("-----------Main Menu--------------");
Serial.println("Press a for LED1");
Serial.println("Press b for LED2");
Serial.println("Press c for LED3");
Serial.println("Press d for LED4");
Serial.println("Press e for LED5");
Serial.println("press any key to switch off the LED");
Serial.println("-------------------------------------");
for( thisPin=2;thisPin<7;thisPin++);
{
pinMode(thisPin,OUTPUT);
}
}
void loop()
{
if(Serial.available()>0)
{
char rx=Serial.read();
switch(rx)
{
case 'a':

Serial.println("LED1 is ON");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("LED1");
digitalWrite(2,HIGH);
break;
case 'b':
lcd.setCursor(5,1);
lcd.print("LED2");
break;
case 'c':
lcd.setCursor(11,1);
lcd.print("LED3");
break;
case 'd':
lcd.setCursor(0,2);
lcd.print("LED4");

break;
case 'e':
lcd.setCursor(8,2);
lcd.print("LED5");
break;
default:
for(int thisPin=2;thisPin<7;thisPin++)
{
digitalWrite(thisPin,LOW);
}
Serial.println("All LEDs are off");
lcd.clear();
}
}
}

5.2 Digital temperature sensor interfacing using LCD
Components Required:
1 ) Developments board.
2) 2*16 LCD
3) Digital Temperature Sensor
4) Pot-Meter (10k)
5) Resistor 560 ohm
6) Bread Board
7) Couple of Jumper Wire
Temperature Sensor - Waterproof (DS18B20)
Description:
This sealed digital temperature probe lets you precisely measure temperatures in wet
environments with a simple 1-Wire interface. The DS18B20 provides 9 to 12-bit (configurable)
temperature readings over a 1-Wire interface,so that only one wire (and ground) needs to be
connected from a central microprocessor.
What is 2*16 LCD
• LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits.
• A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data.
Circuit Connection of Temperature Sensors Using LCD and Atmega

Code :
#include<OneWire.h>
#include<DallasTemperature.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(12,11,5,4,3,2);
#define singleWire 6
OneWire ourWire(singleWire);
DallasTemperature sensors(&ourWire);
void setup()
{

Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.print("Temperature value");
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.print("***Temperature***");
sensors.begin();
}
void loop()
{
sensors.requestTemperatures();
Serial.print(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0));
Serial.println(" C");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0));
lcd.print(" C,");
Serial.print(sensors.getTempFByIndex(0));
Serial.println(" F");
lcd.setCursor(8,1);
lcd.print(sensors.getTempFByIndex(0));
lcd.print(" F");
}

5.3 keypad interfacing
1.) Custom Board
2.) LED RED
3.) LED GREEN
4.) POT-METER(10k)
5.) 2 x 16 LCD
6.) Breadboard
7.) Resistor 560 ohm
8.) Couple of Jumper Wire
9.) Hex-Keypad
Interfacing hex keypad to Atmega-328p
This article is about how to interface a hex keypad to Atmega-328. Hex keypad is a very
important component in embedded systems and the typical applications are code locks,
calculators, automation systems or simply any thing that requires a character or numeric input.
Hex keypad.
Hex key pad is simply an arrangement 0f 16 push button switches in a 4X4 matrix form.
Typically a hex keypad will have keys for number 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and letters A, B, C,
D, *, #. The hex keypad will have 8 connection wires namely R1, R2, R3, R4 and C1, C2, C3,
C4 representing the rows and columns respectively. The schematic diagram and photo of a
typical hex keypad is shown in the figure below.

Code :
#include<Password.h>
#include<Keypad.h>
Password password=Password("1#3*5");
int len=5;//size of password
int ledRed=11;//for Wrong
int ledGreen=12;//for Success
int ilosc;//number of clicks
LiquidCrystal lcd(A0,A1,A2,A3,A4,A5);
const byte ROWS=4;

const byte COLS=4;
char keys[ROWS][COLS]={
{'1','2','3','A'},
{'4','5','6','B'},
{'7','8','9','C'},
{'*','0','#','D'}
};
byte rowPins[ROWS]={5,4,3,2};
byte colPins[COLS]={9,8,7,6};
Keypad keypad=Keypad(makeKeymap(keys),rowPins,colPins,ROWS,COLS);
void setup()
{
keypad.addEventListener(keypadEvent);
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(ledRed,OUTPUT);
pinMode(ledGreen,OUTPUT);
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.setCursor(1,0);
lcd.print("PLEASE ENTER PIN");
}
void loop()

{
keypad.getKey();
}
void keypadEvent(KeypadEvent eKey)
{
switch(keypad.getState())
{
case PRESSED:
Serial.print("pressed: ");
Serial.println(eKey);
}
Serial.println(ilosc);
if(ilosc == 1)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(1,0);
lcd.print(" <PIN> ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("*_");
}
if(ilosc == 2)

{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(1,0);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("**_");
}
if(ilosc == 3)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(1,0);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("***_");
}
if(ilosc==4)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(1,0);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("****_");
}
if(ilosc==5)
{
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(1,0);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("*****_");
}
if(ilosc == len)
{
delay(250);
checkPassword();
ilosc=0;
}
}
void checkPassword()
{
if(password.evaluate())
{

ilosc = 0;
Serial.println("Success");
digitalWrite(ledRed,LOW);
digitalWrite(ledGreen,HIGH);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("<<SUCCESS>>");
}
else
{
ilosc = 0;
password.reset();
Serial.println("Wrong");
digitalWrite(ledGreen,LOW);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(1,0);
lcd.print(" :WELCOME:");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("PLEASE ENTER PIN");
}
}

5.4 GPS interfacing
1.) Custom Board
2.) POT-METER(10k)
3.) 2 x 16 LCD
4.) Breadboard
7.) Ublox GPS Module
What is GPS?
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a
network of 24 satellites placed into orbit by the U.S. Department of Defense. GPS was originally
intended for military applications, but in the 1980s, the government made the system available
for civilian use. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day.
There are no subscription fees or setup charges to use GPS.
How Does GPS Work:
The GPS system currently has 31 active satellites in orbits inclined 55 degrees to the equator.
The satellites orbit about 20,000km from the earth's surface and make two orbits per day.The
orbits are designed so that there are always 6 satellites in view, from most places on the earth.
The GPS receiver can determine your position in three dimensions - east, north and altitude.
GPS Receiver:
GPS Receiver received the information in string format, transmitted by Satellites, which uses this
information to calculate different parameters between it and satellites. With information from
satellites, a GPS receiver can fix it location on the ground from the known position of the

satellites. Now I want to drag your attention on the purpose of this project. In this project, we are
going to display ‘Latitude & Longitude’ used for positioning of an object on the earth. So let’s
talk about how a GPS receiver fixes its location on the ground, as i above said and the find the
location of an object on the earth.
Pin Configuration of U-Blox GPS:
1.VCC: +5v Power Supply
2.TX : Data Transmission
3.RX : Data Receiver
4.GND: Ground

Code :
#include<TinyGPS.h>
#include<SoftwareSerial.h>
long lat,lon;
TinyGPS gps;
SoftwareSerial gpsSerial(3,4);
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
gpsSerial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
while(gpsSerial.available())
{
if(gps.encode(gpsSerial.read()))
{
gps.get_position(&lat,&lon);
Serial.print("Receive GPS signal is:");
Serial.println("Position:");
Serial.print("Longitude:");

Serial.print(lon);
Serial.print(" ");
Serial.print("Latitude:");
Serial.print(lat);
}
}
}
5.5 RFID interfacing
Code :
//add libraries to your project
#include<AddicoreRFID.h>
#include<SPI.h>
#define uchar unsigned char
#define uint unsigned int
//class to include functions of rfid
AddicoreRFID myRFID;
int chipSelectPin=10;
#define MAX_LEN 16
void setup(){

//led
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.println("RFID World");
pinMode(6,OUTPUT);
//convert binary to human readable form
SPI.begin();
//initialise or activate rfid
//as setup execute only once
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
//initialise the rfid
myRFID.AddicoreRFID_Init();
}
unsigned char structure[16];
unsigned char status;
void loop(){
uchar status;
uchar str[MAX_LEN];
status=myRFID.AddicoreRFID_Request(PICC_REQIDL,str);
status=myRFIDAddicoreRFID_Anticoll(str);
if(status==MI_OK){
lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Tag ID:");
lcd.setCursor(8,1);
lcd.print(str[0]);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(6,LOW);
}
myRFID.AddicoreRFID_Halt();
}
5.6 Ultrasonic Sensors
1.) Custom Board
2.) POT-METER(10k)
3.) 2 x 16 LCD
4.) Breadboard
7.) HC-SR04
Interfacing of ultrasonic Sensors withAtmega-328p
HC-SR04 Ultrasonic distance sensors is a popular and low cost solution for non-contact
distance measurement function. It is able to measure distances from 1cm to 400cm with
an accuracy of about 3mm. This module includes ultrasonic transmitter, ultrasonic
receiver and its control circuit.
HC-SR04 module has 4 pins :
VCC – 5V power supply
TRIG – Trigger Pin

ECHO – Echo Pin
GND – Ground power supply
Code :
LiquidCrystal lcd(A0,A1,A2,A3,A4,A5);

const int trigPin=2;
const int echoPin=4;
void setup()
{
lcd.begin(16,2);
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.print("Distance Between Object and Sensors");
}
void loop()
{
long inches,cm,duration;
pinMode(trigPin,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(trigPin,LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin,HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin,LOW);
pinMode(echoPin,INPUT);
duration=pulseIn(echoPin,HIGH);//time
inches=microsecondsToInches(duration);
cm=microsecondsToCentimeter(duration);

lcd.clear();
lcd.print("Distance Finder:");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("INCHES");
lcd.setCursor(7,1);
lcd.print(inches);
Serial.print("INCHES");
lcd.print("CM:");
lcd.print(cm);
Serial.print(cm);
Serial.println("centimeter");
}
long microsecondsToInches(long microseconds)
{
return microseconds /74/2;
}
long microsecondsToCentimeter(long microseconds)
{
return microseconds /29/2;

CHAPTER 6 : RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
6.1 Results and Conclusions
Overthe years,Arduinohaswentouttobecome a huge successanda commonname among
students.Withgoogle deployingit,people’simaginationhaswentouttomuch higherlevelthanbefore.A
developerinthe annual GOOGLE IOconference said“whenArduinoandAndroidcomingtogether,this
reallyproves“INFINITYEXISTS”inthe future”.Ithinkastudyonarduinoand practical experimentson
arduinomustbe addedfor UG coursesof engineering,tohelpstudentstoleveragetheirtalents,and
imagination.
Before Arduino, the largest players in the design/hobbyist market segment were the PIC
microcontroller family (made by Microchip) and the BASIC Stamp (made by Parallax). Since
the introduction of the Arduino, other large companies have tried to enter the hobbyist market,
including Texas Instruments , and even Microsoft . However, the open-sourced tools
of the Arduino and the size of its community are large barriers for new platforms to overcome.
Figure 1 GOOGLE trends comparing ARDUINO with its biggest competitors

6.3 Uses and further scope
Arduino was basically designed to make the process of using electronics in multidisciplinary
projects more accessible. It is intended for artists, designers , hobbyists ,and anyone interested in
creating interactive objects or environments.
Arduino is used by all class of people in a different way. Some students use it in their
projects,some using arduino for fun,some went out to become entreupreuners.This only shows
how useful is this tiny device.
ARDUINO is spreading rapidly across the globe. Arduino is actually an open source hardware
project that can be programmed to read temperatures, control a motor, and sense touch.
The Arduino board is for anyone who wants to build a basic level of intelligence into an object.
Once programmed, it can read sensors, make simple decisions, and control myriad devices in the
real world. Using it is a snap: first, hook up a few sensors and output devices to the Arduino,
then program it using the free developer’s software. Next, debug your code and disconnect the
Arduino.Then,the little blue Arduino becomes a standalone computer.

Thousands of projects have been done worldwide using this tiny little device. Some of which to
mention are:
 Simple room temperature readout
 Interactive real-time auditory feedback system
 GPS receiver Module
 Ultrasonic Sensor
 Infrared detectors
 SONAR
 Various sensor projects like
 Keypad security code
 Sensor tube for heart monitor
 Pulse rate monitor
 Various light projects like
 Multicolor light display
 Seven-segment LED display
 Double seven-segment LED dice
 LED array
 LCD module
 Various sound projects like
 Oscilloscope
 Light harp
 VU meter
 Various power projects like
 LCD Thermostat
 Computer controlled fan
 The hypnotizer
 Miscellaneous Projects like
 Lie detector
 Magnetic door lock
 Infrared remote

CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES
1. http://www.arduino.cc -Arduino Official webpage
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino -wikipedia
3. http://www.google.co.in
4. http://forum.arduino.cc/index.php?topic=146315.0
5. http://www.circuitstoday.com/interfacing-hex-keypad-to-arduino
6. http://read.pudn.com - steve heath
7. hackveda-VMDD Technologies

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