The document discusses anti-collision devices for trains and cars. It describes an anti-collision device called "Raksha Kavach" developed by Konkan Railways for trains that uses radio communication, GPS, and microprocessors to automatically assess trains' courses and prevent collisions. It also discusses the concept of "crashless cars" that use sensors, cameras, radars and vehicle-to-vehicle networking to monitor traffic and issue collision warnings to drivers or automatically apply brakes to avoid accidents by recognizing objects over 100 feet away and detecting unintentional lane departures. The document notes that while such technologies could prevent most train and vehicle collisions, high costs remain a major obstacle to their widespread adoption.

1. -
ANTI COLLISION DEVICES
&
THE CONCEPT OF CRASHLESS CARS
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2. Anti Collision Device(ACD)
Network-”Raksha Kavach”
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A train collision preventing system
Invented by Konkan Railways, over a period
of 90 days.
Meets the challenges of Railway Transport
safety.
India the only country to possess such a
technology.
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3. The Technology…
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Based on radio communication,
Microprocessors and GPS Technology.
Enables trains to automatically assess each
other’s course and prevent an imminent
head-on collision.
Also prevents side and rear end collisions.
Intel 80386 Microprocessor , integrated
radio modem works on real time operating
system.
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4. Working…
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5. The ACD Network
Works on engine battery system, and also powered by solar
technology, if required.
 A Network of ‘on-board’ (Locomotive and Guard) and
‘track-side’ (Station, Level Crossing, Loco shed, Repeater
and Sensor-based) ACDs that work on the principle of
‘Distributed Control Systems’.
 ACDs interact en-route with each other through radio
communication within a radial range of 3 Kms.
 On-board computers use input from GPS system for
determination of Train location, Speed, Course of travel and
Time.

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6. 
Mobile and stationary components of ACD
Network
exchange information and take decisions
based on train working rules.

If 2 ACDs are deemed to be at a risk of
collision, the
ACD system activates automatic braking
operation to
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7. The Network..
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8. Functions..
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Detection & Prevention of Head-on, Rear-end
and Side Collisions – A UNIQUE feature even
when a train is not protected by a signal, as in a
block section.
‘Train Approach’ Warning for road users at
Level Crossings both manned and unmanned.
Station Approach Warning to Drivers - Can
result in saving of manpower.
Manual SOS functionality available for Drivers,
Guards and Station Masters.
Auto Brake Test – Generating braking
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9. Efficacy Of ACDAnalyzed For Indian
Railways
 82 % train collisions ‘preventable’ by this
system, during the analysis period of five
years.

Rest cases ‘non preventable’, based on
other factors.

Phenomenal increase in the volume of
trains running on the same track.
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10. Crashless Cars
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Next generation automotive safety
technology to make driving safer and faster.
Leading car makers already offering
advanced technologies in top-end cars.
Heavy investment- key obstruction in
making it popular.
Also a possibility of robotic vehiclesdriverless cars.
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11. Existing Safety
Features..
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Anti-lock Braking Systems(ABS)- improve
steer ability and hasten deceleration.
Traction Control System(TCS)- improving
overall vehicle control.
Enhanced Stability Control(ESC)- prevention
of de-alignment.- results in 30% less single
vehicle crashes.
Latest technology uses the above in
addition to some newer techniques.
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12. Developments..
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Use of sensors, cameras , radars to monitor
incoming and surrounding traffic.
Networking between the
cars’ computers to take
quick decisions.
Collision Warnings- cruise
control systems.
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13. 
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A long-distance, 77-gigahertz, microwave radar
sensor monitors out to 400 to 650 feet ahead.
Shorter-range, 24-gigahertz, radar unit scans
several tens of meters up front.
Wide-angle video cameras recognize objects
about 130 to 165 feet away
Warning system in case of danger- prepares for
emergency braking.
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14. Automatic Braking &
Lane Departure Systems
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System automatically hits the brakes or steers
cars back into their lanes to avoid accidents
altogether.
Use of laser beams to look for reflections from
objects upto25 feet away.
In case of driver’s inaction, applies brakes
automatically.
Warning the drivers in case of drifting from
lane- appropriate braking to re-align the car.
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16. Other Devices..
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Blind Spot Cameras- cameras on the
outside of the vehicles that can identify
objects normally hidden from view.
Use side-mounted ultrasonic or radar
sensors.
Backover Detection
Automatic Pedestrian Recognition
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17. An Example…
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18. Issues With Automation
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Cost factor- major obstacle.
Multiple warnings overlap.
Spurious warnings- cry wolf.
Prioritizing attention.
Driver’s role gets diminished- not much
acceptable.
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19. Thank You…
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