sentence types and verb tenses

The course aims to
 simplify the language and nobody
should be intimidated by it.
 help you to feel at ease with the
mechanics of English and equip you
to deal with it in the classroom and
answer student queries.
 cover the important areas of
grammar.

Grammar
The study of the way the
sentences of a language
are constructed;
morphology and syntax.

Linguistics
the study of language,
including phonetics,
phonology, morphology,
syntax, semantics, and
pragmatics.

What this session will cover
Sentence Types

Sentence Types
according to structure
Simple & Compound
Sentences

Simple sentences are independent clauses.
They contain a subject and a predicate.
Rule 1 :
• Simple sentences can be very short, consisting of only one word
(a noun) for the subject and one word (a verb) for the
predicate.
• The noun is called the simple subject and the verb is the simple
predicate.
John laughed.

Rule 2:
• Simple sentences can be long, although they still consist of one
subject (a noun and modifiers) and one predicate (a verb and other
elements). The noun is called a simple subject, and the verb is the
simple predicate.
The tall, good-looking boy with the curly blond hair laughed
uproariously at his best friend’s suggestion.

Exercise : identify the subject and predicate in these
simple sentences.
1. Three beautiful kittens looked up at me from inside a box of old clothes.
Subject : kittens Predicate : looked
2. At the stroke of midnight, the carriage turned into a large orange
pumpkin.
Subject : carriage Predicate : turned
3. The three girls carried back packs filled with books, foods, make-ups
and other assorted items.
Subject : girls Predicate : carried

Grading
Rule 3 :
• Simple sentences can be declarative or interrogative.
You can shop at the mall on the weekend. (declarative)
Can you shop at the mall on the weekend? (interrogative)

simple sentences.
1. Who can tell me the answer to the question about the Civil War?
Subject : who Predicate : can tell
2. Did Mary have time to call her brother this morning?
Subject : Mary Predicate : did have
3. Where in the world did your sister put her purse and car keys?
Subject : sister Predicate : did put

Q&A
Rule 4 :
Simple sentences can have a verb in any tense (past, present & future).
My friend shops at the mall on the weekend. (present)
My friend shopped at the mall last weekend. (past)
My friend will shop at the mall next weekend. (future)

Exercise : identify the subject and predicate (verb) in
these simple sentences.
1. Three years ago, my baby sister was born on the first day of January.
Subject : sister Predicate : was born
2. Most of the times my classmates were wearing heavy clothes in the
winter month.
Subject : classmates Predicate : were wearing
3. The shiny yellow toy was easily caught by the eager puppy.
Subject : toy Predicate : was caught

Summary
Rule 5 :
Simple sentences can have a compound subject.
Simon and Sally recorded an album that year. (compound subject)
America’s well-known novelist, journalist and editors attended a
conference in New York last week. (compound subject)

Exercise : identify the compound subject and predicate
in these simple sentences.
1. You and I know the names of these flowers.
Subject : you and I Predicate : know
2. Frisky squirrels, jewel-like hummingbirds and little wild bunnies were
hiding in the garden.
Predicate : were hiding
Subject : frisky squirrels, jewel-like
hummingbirds, little wild bunnies
3. Every six weeks or so, her cousins and grade school classmates came
over to her house for a little tea party
Subject : cousins, grade school Predicate : came
classmates

Rule 6 :
Simple sentences can also have compound predicates.
Lily sang, danced and played the violin with passion.

simple sentences.
1. The telephone on the desk rang and rang then suddenly stop ringing.
Subject :
telephone
Predicate : rang, rang and
stop
2. Who’s coming to the party and bringing the ice-cream?
Subject : who Predicate : coming, bringing
3. The man in the brown raincoat slipped quietly and around the corner
and hid in a dark doorway.
Subject : man Predicate : slipped and hid

Rule 7 :
Simple sentences can also have both compound subject and compound
predicate.
The mashed avocado, minced garlic, vinegar, mayonnaise and olive oil
should be blended thoroughly and whipped briefly for a light consistency.

Compound Sentence
A compound sentence has more than one part that can stand
alone (independent clauses)
Independent clauses are connected by coordinating
conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs or a semi-colon.

Compound Sentence
Subject Verb
Prepositional phrase
We went to London,
Coordinating
Conjunction
Predicate
and most of us shopped all day .
Subject Modifying phrase
Verb

Compound Sentences
 My parents caught a severe cold; consequently, they had to
cancel their vacation.
Conjunctive
Adverb
 Some people like basketball; others prefer baseball.
Semi-colon

Complex Sentence
A complex sentence has at least two parts: one that can stand alone and
another one that cannot
 The part that cannot stand alone is linked to the rest of the sentence by a
subordinating conjunction

Complex Sentence
Since we wanted to have
fun,
Subject Predicate
we went to Magic Planet
yesterday.
Subordinating
Conjunction
Part that cannot stand alone

Compound-Complex Sentence
This type of sentence has more than one part that can stand
alone, and at least one that cannot.
 Notice how the different conjunctions link the different parts of
this sentence

Compound-Complex Sentence
Since we wanted to have fun,
my sister and I went to Magic Planet,
Subject Predicat
e
and we played all day.
Subordinating
Conjunction
Coordinating
Conjunction
Part that cannot stand alone

For More Information
Index Sentence Types
http://eslbee.com/sentences.htm
Sentences
http://www.pitt.edu/~atteberr/comp/0150/grammar/sent
encetypes.html
Online writing type – sentence types
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/573/02/

End of first part of slide
We will proceed to
the next slide.. 

What this session will cover
Verb Tenses

Timeline
• Draw a timeline of your life. List 8-10 events on the time line.
– Make sure you list your future plan date!
38
Was Born
1978
Traveled
to Europe
KU
1999
Started
School 1983
Promoted to
HOD 2005
Finishes
my PHD
Had my
Masters
2006

The Six English Verb Tenses
Three Simple Tenses Simple continuous
Present – You walk.
I run.
You are walking
I am running.
Past – You Walked
I ran.
You were walking.
I was running.
Future – You will walk.
I will run.
You will be walking.
I will be running.
Three Perfect Tenses Perfect continuous
Present perfect – you have walked.
I have run.
You have been walking.
I have been running.
Past Perfect – You had walked.
I had run.
You had been walking.
I had been running.
Future Perfect– You will have
walked
I will have run.
You will have been walking.
I will have been running.

The Simple Present Tense
Expresses a habit or often repeated
action. Adverbs of frequency such as, often,
seldom, sometimes, never, etc. are used with
this tense.
She goes to work everyday.
They always eat lunch together.
On your handout, write one sentence that reflects
SIMPLE PRESENT: something you do often,
sometimes, never, seldom

The Simple Present Tense
This tense also expresses general truths
or facts that are timeless.
Snow falls in the December in Minnesota.
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

The Present Continuous
This tense is used to describe an action
that is occurring right now (at this moment,
today, this year, etc.). The action has begun
and is still in progress. It can be occuring now,
but is temporary
Formed by adding
Is/are before the verb
and –ing to the verb
She is typing a paper for her class.
He can’t talk. He is fixing the sink right now.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS: something that is
occurring right now.

The Simple Past
We use the simple past to indicate exactly
when an action or event took place in the past.
I visited my sister yesterday.
We went out to dinner last night.
SIMPLE PAST: something you did in the past that is
now completed (over, done).

The Simple Past
The simple past is used to describe
actions and/or events that are now completed
and no longer true in the present.
Formed by adding
-ed to REGULAR Verbs –
see IRREGULAR Verb forms
I attended MJC in 1998. (I no longer attend MJC.)
I saw a movie every weekend when I was a
teenager. (I don’t see movies very much
anymore.)

The Past Continuous
The past continuous is often used with
the simple past to show that one action was in
progress when another action occurred.
I was taking a bath when the doorbell rang.
They were eating dinner when the neighbors
stopped by for a visit.
Formed by adding
Was/were before the verb

The Past Continuous
The past continuous is used to talk about
an activity that was in progress at a specific
point of time in the past. The emphasis is on
the duration of the activity in the past.
I was studying for an exam while my mother was
cooking dinner.
We were walking in the park around 7 p.m. last
night.
PAST CONTINUOUS tense.

The Present Perfect
The present perfect is used to talk about
an event that began in the past and continues
up to the present.
He has lived in Modesto for two years.
(He began living in Modesto two years ago and he still
lives there.)
Formed by adding has/have
before the verb and –ed to
the REGULAR verb

The Present Perfect
The present perfect is also used to talk
about an event that was completed in the past,
but the specific time of the event is not
important.
Formed by adding
has/have before the
verb and –ed to the
reugalr verb
I have seen that movie before.
He has already visited Vietnam.
(Specific dates and times are not mentioned.)
PRESENT PERFECT tense.

Simple Past or Present Perfect?
went
have gone
1. I __________ to Mexico in 2002. (go)
2. I __________ deep sea diving a few times (go).
3. The drummer in the band __________ percussions
since he was five. (study)
4. It __________ the jury two hours to reach their
verdict yesterday.
5. Washington, D.C., _____________ the capital of our
country for many years. (be)
has studied
took
has been

Present Perfect Continuous
This tense is used to describe the
duration of an action that began in the past
and continues into the present.
He has been studying grammar for an hour.
She has been cooking all day.
(He is still studying and she is still cooking.)

Present Perfect Continuous
This tense is also used to describe events
that have been in progress recently and are
rather temporary.
Formed by adding has/have +
be verb (been) before the verb
She has been living in Taiwan for the last two
months, but she plans to move soon.

The Past Perfect
This tense describes completed events
that took place in the past before another past
event.
The Titanic had received many warnings before it
hit the iceberg.
I had already eaten when my friend stopped by to
visit.
had received
had eaten
it hit
my friend stopped by
Formed by adding
had before the verb and –ed
to the REGULAR verb

Past Perfect Continuous
This tense is used to emphasize the
duration of an action that was completed
before another action or event in the past.
had been
driving she found the right office
Formed by adding
had + be verb(been)
before the verb and –ing
to the verb
She had been driving around the city for three
hours before she finally found the right office.

The Future
Will and be + going + to are often used to
describe future actions.
Thomas will graduate in June.
Maria is going to go to Mexico next week.

The Future
The simple present and present
continuous are also used to express future
time. These are often used used in connection
with schedules.
She is meeting a new client at eleven o’clock.
The train leaves at 6:00 a.m. tomorrow.

The Future Continuous
This tense is used to describe an event or
action that will occur over a period of time at a
specific point in the future.
at 10 a.m. tomorrow
by the time you arrive
Formed by adding
[will have]+ing
I will be teaching ESL 40 at 10 a.m. tomorrow.
They will be moving their furniture out of the house
by the time you arrive tomorrow.

The Future Perfect
This tense is used to describe an event or
action that will be completed before another
event or time in the future.
will have finished the exam class ends
We will have finished the exam by the time class
ends tomorrow.

Future Perfect Continuous
This tense describes an action that has
been in progress for a duration of time before
another event or time in the future.
finishes law school
will have been living in the
U.S. for eight years
By the time he finishes law school, we will have
been living in the U.S. for eight years.

Practicing with sequence
1. The program will continue only after the coughing
and fidgeting __________ . (stop)
2. Because he was poor and unappreciated by the
music world when he died in 1791, Mozart did not
realize the importance his music __________ in the
future. (have)
3. Dad will tell us tonight if he ____________ a new car
next month.
have stopped
would have
will buy

Practicing with sequence
4. Albert Einstein failed the entrance exam at the
Swiss Federal institute of technology because he
__________________ had never been
a very disciplined student.
(be + never)
5. Einstein studied only subjects that he __________ .
(like)
liked
6. Cancer researchers think it’s likely that a cure for
will soon be
most cancers ____________ found. (be + soon)

Unnecessary Shifts in Tense
Read this paragraph. Identify the verb tenses. Revise the
paragraph to be a consistent tense.
 The customer demanded to see the
manager. He was angry because
every jacket he tries on has something
wrong with it. A button was missing on
the first, the lining did not hang
properly on the second, and the
collar had a stain on the third.
• The customer demanded to see the manager. He was angry
because every jacket he tries on has something wrong with it. A
button was missing on the first, the lining did not hang properly
on the second, and the collar had a stain on the third.
Past tense Present tense

Correct unnecessary shift
• The customer demanded to see the manager. He was angry
because every jacket he tried on had something wrong with it. A
button was missing on the first, the lining did not hang properly
on the second, and the collar had a stain on the third.

Correcting Shifts
Charles dickens was a nineteenth-century author
whose work is well known today. One of the reasons
Dickens remained so popular is that so many of his
remains
stories are available not only as books but also as
movies, plays, and television productions.
know
We all knew from our childhood the famous story of uncle
Scrooge and Tiny Tim.
see
We often saw a television version of A Christmas Carol at
holiday time.

Quick Test
Directions: In the items that follow, choose
the option that corrects an error in the
underlined portion(s). If no error exists, choose
“No change is necessary.”
Show me
what you
know.

Item 1
We knew that Charley had hidden the cookies
We knew that Charley had hid the cookies in
in
A B
A B
his bedroom, so we stole his key and searched
in
his bedroom, so we stole his key and searched
in
C
C
all the dresser drawers.
all the dresser drawers.
A. knowed
B. hidden
C. stealed
D. No change is necessary.
A. knowed
B. hidden
C. stealed

Item 2
If we had known that you were serving squid
eyeball stew, we would of come for dinner!
A. of came
B. have came
C. have come

Item 3
Priscilla use to have a pet parakeet; her
mother’s
used to have a pet parakeet; her
A
story is that the bird escaped and flew away,
but
Priscilla believes that the cat ate it.
A. used
B. flied
C. eaten
B
C
A

Item 4
Julissa was soaked during the afternoon
thunderstorm because she had choosed to
walk to school rather than drive.
A. chosen
B. choosen
C. chose

Item 5
James brung roses and begged forgiveness,
but
brought roses and begged forgiveness,
A
when Rhonda saw that her ex still hadn’t
shaved
B
his ridiculous mustache, she shut the door in his
face.
A. brought
B. seen
C. shutted
C
A

Item 6
If Toby had tooken Charlene’s advice, that
bottle of soda wouldn’t have exploded all
over the front of his new white shirt.
A. took
B. tooked
C. taken

Item 7
Cooper laid the 10-page paper on Professor
Cooper laid the 10-page paper on Professor
A
A
Cook’s desk; he had written the last sentence
at
Cook’s desk; he had wrote the last sentence at
B
B
2:50 p.m., and then he ran across campus to
2:50 p.m., and then he ran across campus to
C
C
deliver the work by the 3 o’clock deadline.
deliver the work by the 3 o’clock deadline.
A. layed
B. written
C. run
A. layed
B. written
C. run

Item 8
We would have knowen that Dr. Carlson had
moved up the date of the quiz if we attended
her calculus class more frequently.
A. of knowen
B. have known
C. have knew

Item 9
Margaret breaked the cookie and gave half to
broke the cookie and gave half to
A A B
B
the young man stuck in the elevator with her;
they
told stories to pass the time as mechanics
C
worked on the hydraulics.
A. broke
B. gived
C. telled

Item 10
Meredith would have went to the concert, but
Gregory misplaced the tickets, which they still
haven’t found.
A. of went
B. have gone
C. have goed
to the concert, but

The End.
Don’t let the
right verb
form get
away!

sentence types and verb tenses

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