Scholar digitizing index in Global Databases

Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Fattah A. Abdel-Megeed
PhD Hamburg University, Germany
Plant Protection Department
Pesticides Chemistry and Environmental Toxicology
Alexandria University
27 Feb. 2017
‫العلمى‬ ‫الباحث‬ ‫رقمنة‬
Scholar Digitizing Index in
Global Databases

Agenda
 Digitization Practices
 Introduction to Scholarly Publishing (incl. ORCID &
Google Scholar & H-index & Impact Factor & Scopus)
 Measuring Science
 Bibliometrics
 Take Home Message

Did you Navigate to
the world of scholarly
publishing ??
Have not you H.index
yet ??Have not you ORCID
yet ??Have not you RID yet
??
Have not you citation
alerts yet ??
Have not you JCR
annual report yet ??Have you Optimized
Research
Discoverability

Digital Mission
Online Content
Billions of web pages
Offline Content
Billions of items still unindexed
To organize the information and make it
universally accessible and useful.

Keep all your publications in one place
accessible anytime and anywhere on the
web

A guide to history of scholarly publishing
and practical advice for manuscript
preparation and author rights and
responsibilities
Navigating the world of
scholarly publishing

ORCID
= Open Researcher
and Contributor ID

 Unique, persistent identifier for researchers
& scholars
 Non-profit organization supporting linkages
between systems
What is ORCID?

 Improves discoverability
 Connects your work
 Eliminates name ambiguity
 Stays with you throughout your career
Get your free ORCID iD at http://orcid.org
Benefits to you?

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2753-3881
 Manuscript submission
 Grant applications
 Professional society membership
 Link with other identifiers & profiles
 Display on your CV, web page, and
more
Use your ORCID iD!

Grants
Repositories
Researcher
Information
Systems
Manuscript
submission
Other
identifiers
Society
membership

Optimizing Research
Discoverability

How can ORCID help?
ORCID provides you a unique and persistent
personal identifier that connects you and your
research activities throughout your career.
Registry use is internationalMore than 600,000 iDs issued to date
Open, non-profit,
community-
driven
organization
Website and
registry
localization for
multiple
languages in
process

Funders
• Funders are embedding
ORCID identifiers in their
grant submission systems
and awardee databases
Universities
• Opportunities for
integration with:
• Researcher profile
systems
• Institutional repositories
• Grants & contracts
• HR systems
• Safety/research conduct
training & compliance
Professional
societies
• Associations are
integrating into
membership renewal,
publishing and meeting
registration processes
Publishing &
repositories
• Publishers are integrating
into manuscript submission
and author/reviewer
databases
• Repositories linking with
deposition, search and
updating
• Both are linking internal ID
with ORCID record
ORCID is a hub connecting the
research landscape

Register for an iD
• Registration is easy. Signing up for an ORCID iD
only takes seconds. Then, enhance your ORCID
record with your professional activities and begin
to use your ORCID iD as you submit publications,
apply for grants, and in any research workflow to
ensure you get credit for your work.

Connect your ORCID iD:
search and add works

20
Connect your ORCID iD:
manually add works

Associate your ORCID
iD with ResearcherID
Exchange profile
and/or publication
data between ORCID
and ResearcherID
Connect your ORCID iD: link to
other identifiers

What does an ORCID page
look like?

Introduction to citation analysis
Historical background of citation index:
• 1873, ”Shepard’s Citations” was the first citation system,
created by Frank Shepard (law)
• 1960, Eugene Garfield’s Institute for Scientific
Information (ISI) introduced the first citation index for
papers published in academic journals called ”Science
Citation Index (SCI)”
• During the 1970s and 1980s ”Science Citation Index”
developed from print to digital form
• 1997, ISI launched ”Web of Science”, the web-based
interface of ”Science Citation Index”

Kinds of Citation Data
Articles
• Citation Impact
Authors
• h-index & i10 index
Journals
• Journal Impact Factor

H-index was born !
• We need an Index both to include quantity &
also quality of an authors' paper
Productivity
Impact
Not affected by “big hits”
Not affected by “noise”

h-index
• Hirsch, J. E. (2005).
"An index to quantify
an individual's
scientific research
output". PNAS 102
(46): 16569–16572. Jorge Eduardo Hirsch
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Volume 102, Issue 46, 15 November 2005, Pages 16569-16572

Definition
A scientist has index h if h of
his/her Np papers have at least h
citations each, and the other
(Np − h) papers have no more than
h citations each.

H-index Concept through
its Graph

h-index calculation
Doc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Cit 49 23 15 14 6 3 1 1 0 0 0

33
Author A
Author B
Doc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Cit 55 45 20 10 5 4 3 2 1
Doc 1 2 3 4
Cit 25 20 9 6
H-index example

H-Index - How to calculate by hand?
& G-index
Author A Author B Author C
Article Citations Article Citations Article Citations
1 10 1 30 1 230
2 6 2 27 2 190
3 6 3 26 3 90
4 6 4 16 4 34
5 6 5 6 5 30
6 6 6 3 6 2
7 3 7 2 7 0
8 0 8 1 8 1
h-index 6 h-index 5 h-index 5
G-index 6 G-index 10 G-index 24
g-index can be seen as the h-index for an averaged citations count.

Another example (Cites/Paper)
Author 1 Author 2 Author 3
Paper 1 100 50 15
Paper 2 90 50 15
Paper 3 70 45 14
Paper 4 50 45 14
Paper 5 35 45 14
h-Index
Paper 6 4 4 3
Paper 7 4 3 3
Paper 8 1 1 2
Paper 9 1 1 0
Paper 10 0 1 0
Total Cites 355 245 80
Avg. Cites/Paper 35.5 24.5 8.0

Characteristic
 Thus, the h-index reflects both the
number of publications and the number
of citations per publication.
 The index is designed to improve upon
simpler measures such as the total
number of citations or publications.

• Meaningful when compared to others
within the same discipline area.
• Researchers in one field may have very
different h-indices than researchers in
another (e.g. Life Sciences vs. Physics).
The h-index

H-Index Advantages
• The h-index was intended to address the main
disadvantages of other bibliometric indicators,
such as total number of papers or total number
of citations.
• It simultaneously measure the quality and
sustainability of scientific output, as well as, to
some extent, the diversity of scientific research.

H-index drawbacks
• Like impact factors depends on subject area
• It is a growing function over time
• It does NOT show the current activity or
inactivity of the author
 Disadvantageous for younger researchers
(without previous track record)
• Scientists with short scientific life are out of
competition

Edward Witten
Physicist
h=132
Stephen Hawking
Physicist
h=62
But more people know
who I am!
My h-index is bigger
than yours!

HOW DO I CALCULATE THE h-index
OF MY SEARCH RESULTS?
• Web of Science - Citation reports
• Scopus - Citation Tracker
• Google Scholar
• Research Gate

h-Index at Career Level
According to Hirsch:
 For physicists, a value for h = 12 - Associate professor
at major research universities
 A value of about 18 - Professorship,
 15–20 could mean a fellowship in the American
Physical Society, and
 45 or higher could mean membership in the United
States National Academy of Sciences.
 GREEN CARD in Some countries

Web of science.com
researcherid.com

•General
Information
•Affiliations
•Publications list
•Privacy
Creating a profile

All the research work at a glance

Citation metrics from Web of Science

Connect to researchers in your field
and region

Retrieve all your papers in
Web of Science in a click

Promote your research with
ResearcherID
• Keep your own publication organized: any records from
any resources in any language
• Access citation metrics for your publications as well as
for other researchers
• Connect to experts and collaborators in your field
• Easily access to your publications in Web of Science by
searching your distinct identifier
• Free access anywhere

ORCID Integration
• Researchers can Create or Associate an
ORCID from ResearcherID.
• On Associating/Creating ORCID, the
ResearcherID number will be sent to
ORCID and displayed on ORCID Interface.
• Researchers can easily exchange data
between the two systems.

ORCID Integration Options
• Researchers with ORCID can
– Exchange Biographical Data
– Send ResearcherID Publications to ORCID
– Retrieve ORCID Publications to
ResearcherID

Retrieve ORCID Publications
• ORCID Publications can be added to
ResearcherID.

 Is a search engine that searches for scholarly literature
 Can search across many disciplines
 Searches for articles, theses, books, abstracts, court
opinions from:
 Academic publishers, professional societies, online
repositories, universities and other web sites
 Not all articles will have free full text
 Some articles are linked to library resources if you work
on campus
 Future wish list: to have all our library resources linked
to Google Scholar on- and off campus, if we can
overcome consortium and budget restrictions
 At the moment if not linked to full text, check in Library
Catalogue for print or electronic copy

WHERE DO I FIND
GOOGLE SCHOLAR?

GOOGLE SCHOLAR’S WEBSITE
ADDRESS: http://scholar.google.co.za/

• Google Scholar’s homepage is its basic search.
• This is a single search box, just like normal
Google.
• It is a simpler format, but it will give you access
to the same resources as the advanced search.
Google Scholar Basic Search

Citations: We can examine the article’s
influence by looking at citations to it
•It is likely to list resources that pick up where the original resource
left off, either by continuing its studies or updating its findings.
•When something has been cited a lot, it can mean that the resource
was foundational, revolutionary, or controversial.
•Remember that more recent works are less likely to have been cited a
lot simply because there hasn’t been time for new research to
emerge.

Impact Factor
The Impact Factor
• A ratio between citations and recent citable
items published in a journal; the average
number of citations received per published
article

Number of source items
published in 2009 and 2010
All citations in 2011
to articles published in 2009 and 2010
The 2011 Impact Factor
1339 + 1467 =
2806
350 + 462 = 812
3.456
=
Source: Thomson Reuters JCR

77
How to Evaluate
Research Impact of Journals

Historical Background on
Impact Factor
Eugene Garfield, "Citation
Indexes for Science: A New
Dimension in
Documentation through
Association of Ideas,"
Science 122, 3159 (July 15,
1955): 108

The article that got the ball
rolling:

80
Why Journal Impact?
 Librarians - can support selection or removal of journals
from their collections, and determine how long to keep
each journal in the collection before archiving it.
 Publishers and Editors - can determine journals’
influence in the marketplace and review editorial
functions.
 Authors - can identify the most appropriate, influential
journals in which to publish, as well as confirm the status
of journals in which they have published.
 Professors and Students - can discover where to find the
current reading list in their respective fields.

Journal Evaluation Tools
 Ongoing quest for discipline-specific ranking for
measuring ‘quality’.
 Some journal evaluation tools:
 Journal Citation Reports (Impact factor)
 Web of Science (h-index)
 Scopus (h-index)
 SCImago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)
 Other tools can be found at the Library website
 http://www.lib.ied.edu.hk/research/journalmetrics/index.html
 HKIEd Research Information Core Hub (RICH)
 https://oraas0.ied.edu.hk/rich/web/search_publication.jsp

Journal Citation Reports (JCR)

JCR is used to …
 Discover highest-impact journals
 Compare a custom selection of journals
 Analyze self-citations
 Identify review journals
 Identify impact factor trend
 Develop and manage journal collections

Access JCR (Social Sciences
Edition)

88
Edition)
Metrics
Journal Title

89
Edition)
Click on the abbreviated
journal title to view the full
journal record

90
 JCR Year (year under review)
 Total Cites
 Impact Factor
 Immediacy Index
 Cited Half-Life
 Citing Half-Life
Definition of the Metrics

91
JCR Year and Total Cites
1. JCR Year: The year you select is the JCR
year. All of the data that you see for journals
and subject categories come from journal
data published in that year. e.g. the current
JCR year is 2009
2. Total Cites: The total number of times that
a journal has been cited by all journals
included in the database in the JCR year.

92
Journal: ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT JOURNAL
Total Cites Calculation
Total Cites in 2009 of citations published in a
particular year:
41+124+654+612+711 … + 8846 = 15082

93
Impact Factor =
Cites in 2009 to 2007 or 2008 papers
Papers published in 2007 or 2008
The impact factor is calculated by dividing the number of
citations in the JCR year by the total number of articles published
in the two previous years.
Impact Factor Calculation

94
Implications of Impact Factor
 Tell us how frequently has the average article in a journal
been cited in a particular year.
 Tell us something about a journal as a whole
e.g. the extent to which its recently published papers
were cited in a given year.
 Impact factor > 1 implied a journal is frequently cited
 Higher citations rate means your article has higher
chances of getting cited or read by researchers.
 Tells us NOTHING concrete about any specific paper or
specific author.

95
Immediacy Index
3. Immediacy Index: Immediacy Index measures
the average number of times that an article,
published in a specific year within a specific
journal, is cited over the course of the same year.
e.g. The journal XYZ contained 100 articles in 2009.
These articles were in the same year quoted 1000
times, i.e. each article was quoted on average 10
times (Immediacy Index = 10).

The immediacy index is calculated by dividing the number of citations to articles
published in a given year by the number of articles published in that year.
Immediacy Index Calculation

Amim, M and Mabe, M (2007) Impact factors: use and abuse

Implications of Immediacy
Index
 Measures how quickly the average
article in a journal is cited
 Tells you how often articles published in
a journal are cited during their year of
publication

99
Cited Half-Life
Cited Half-Life – It measures the number of years,
going back from the current year, that account for half
the total citations received by the cited journal in the
current year.
e.g. In JCR 2009 the journal XYZ has a cited
half-life of 7.0. This means that articles
published in XYZ between 2003-2009
(inclusive) account for 50% of all citations to
articles from that journal in 2009.
* Only journals cited 100 or more times in the JCR year have a cited half-life.

100
Total cites in 2009: 41+124+654+612+ … +8846 = 15082
50% of the total cites in 2009 = 15082/2 = 7541
Total cites from 2009 to 2000 = 6236 (Cumulative % = 41.35%)
Conclusion: 50% of all citations from this journal cited in the
year 2009 were referred to articles published from over ten years.
Cited Half-Life Calculation
Cited Journal data show how many citations a journal received in the JCR year.

101
Implications of Cited Half-Life
 You use the Journal Cited Half Life to see if articles from a journal that
were published a long time ago are still being cited. This shows you if
the journal has a good track record and was producing good articles in
the past. A primary research journal might have a longer cited half-life
than a journal that provides rapid communication of current
information.
 The Journal Cited Half Life may be useful to library staff in order to
carry out collection management. If a journal has a low Cited Half Life it
means that older papers are not being cited as much and it may be a
reason for not binding these into volumes and archiving them.
 Dramatic changes in cited half-life over time may indicate a change in a
journals format. Studying the half-life data of the journals in a
comparative study may indicate differences in format and publication
history.

102
Citing Half-Life
Citing Half-Life – identifies the number of years from the current
year that account for 50% of the cited references from articles
published by a journal in the current year.
e.g. In JCR 2009, the journal Food Biotechnology has a
citing half-life of 9.0. That means that 50% of all
articles cited by articles in Food Biotechnology in
2009 were published between 2001 and 2009
(inclusive).
* Only journals that publish 100 or more cited references have a citing half-life.

103
Total citing in 2009: 40+106+227+247+ … +316 = 5194
50% of the total cites in 2009 = 5194/2 = 2597
Total cites from 2009 to 2000 = 2374 (Cumulative % = 45.71%)
Conclusion: 50% of all citations citing from this journal in the
year 2009 were referred to articles published from over ten years.
Citing Half-Life Calculation
Citing journal data show how many citations a journal made to other journals (including itself) in the JCR
year.

104
Implications of Citing Half-
Life
 A publisher may use this number to
adjust editorial policies to compete in
different market segments.

105
Eigenfactor Score & Article Influence
Score
 The Eigenfactor™ score of a journal is an estimate of the
percentage of time that library users spend with that journal.
 The Eigenfactor™ Score calculation is based on the number of
times articles from the journal published in the past five years
have been cited in the JCR year, but it also considers which
journals have contributed these citations so that highly cited
journals will influence the network more than lesser cited
journals. References from one article in a journal to another
article from the same journal are removed, so that Eigenfactor
Scores are not influenced by journal self-citation.

Score
 The Article Influence determines the average influence of a journal's
articles over the first five years after publication. It is calculated by
dividing a journal’s Eigenfactor Score by the number of articles in the
journal, normalized as a fraction of all articles in all publications. This
measure is roughly analogous to the 5-Year Journal Impact Factor in that
it is a ratio of a journal’s citation influence to the size of the journal’s
article contribution over a period of five years.
 The mean Article Influence Score is 1.00. A score greater than 1.00
indicates that each article in the journal has above-average influence. A
score less than 1.00 indicates that each article in the journal has below-
average influence.

107
Score
EF:
Cites in {2009} to items published in 2004-2008, also take
into account:
• estimate of the percentage of time that library users
spend with that journal.
• eliminate journal self-citation.
• considers which journals have contributed these citations
so that highly cited journals will influence the network more
than lesser cited journals.
• calculation included both Science and Social Science
journals.
AI:
• A score greater than
1.00 indicates that each
article in the journal has
above-average
influence. A score less
than 1.00 indicates that
each article in the
journal has below-
average influence.
ai is the number of articles published by journal i over the five-year
target window, divided by the total number of articles published by
all source journals over the same five-year window. Notice that a is
thus normalized to sum to 1 and it’s i-th entry specifies the fraction
of all published articles that come from journal i.

Mark and Export Records
Select record and click “Update Marked
List”

110
Mark and Export Records
Click “Marked List”,
then select “Save to
File”

Eigenfactor Score
• Times articles from a journal have been cited
over past 5 years
– Gives more weight to highly cited journals
– Journal self citations are removed
– The scores of all JCR journals add up to be 100
Article Influence Score
• A weighted 5 year impact factor
– Normalized so the average influence score = 1
See Eigenfactor.org for more information

112
Journal Selection Process
1. Basic Journal Publishing Standards : timeliness,
editorial conventions, English Language Bibliographic
Information, peer review
2. Editorial Content : subject, specific category, compared
with other similar editorial content.
3. International Diversity : reflect the global context of
scholarly research
4. Citation Analysis : expert use of citation data help
identify influential useful publications

113
Using Journal Citation Reports
Wisely
Should not depend solely on citation
data in journal evaluations.
Other conditions also can influence
citation rates such as language, journal
history and format, publication
schedule, and subject specialty.
 http://admin-
apps.isiknowledge.com/JCR/help/h_using.htm

Further reading
• HAMMOND, C. C. & BROWN, S. W. 2008. Citation Searching: Search Smarter
& Find More. Computers in Libraries, 28, 10-12.
• ROBIN, K. & DANIELLE, C.-L. 2011. Citation searching and bibliometric
measures: Resources for ranking and tracking. College & Research Libraries
News, 72, 470.
• STEPHANIE, B. & MARCIA, H. 2006. CITATION SEARCHING: New Players,
New Tools. Searcher, 14, 24.
• WIKIPEDIA. Citation index [Online]. Available:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation_index [Accessed 2012-05-02.

Take Home Message
 Keep all your publications in one place
accessible anytime and anywhere on the web
 Navigate to the world of scholarly publishing
research
 Reconsider Citations as a proxy of scientific
impact
 Optimized Research Discoverability

 Digitize your Scholar Index in
Global Databases ASAP
It is never too late

Research
Editorial supply chain and journal
management structure: journals
Author Editor
Publisher/
Managing
Editor
Production Users
Quality research
papers
EAB and reviewers
Solicits new
papers
Handles review
process
Promotes journal
to peers
Attends
conferences
Develops new
areas of coverage
The link between the
publishing company
and editor
Helps editors
succeed in their role
and build a first class
journal
Overall responsibility
for journal
Promotion and
marketing
Attends conferences
Handles production
issues
QA – sub-editing
and proof reading
Convert to SGML
for online
databases
Print production
Despatch
Added value from
publisher
Access via
library
Hard copy
Database
Third party

Crossmark gives readers quick and easy access to the
current status of a piece of content
Crossmark
 Publishers can reassure readers that they’re keeping their
content up-to-date and showcase additional metadata.
 Researchers and librarians can easily see the changes to
the content they are reading, find out who funded the
research, what licenses apply to the content and more.

Scholar digitizing index in Global Databases

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