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Geographically-Targeted Urban
Policies and the Complications of
      Space: Some Thoughts

                    Alasdair Rae
           Department of Town and Regional Planning
                  University of Sheffield, UK


   AESOP 2009: ‘Why can’t the future be more like the past?’
                   Liverpool, UK – July 15-18 2009
       City Futures ‘09, 4-6 June 2009, Madrid
Overview
•        Context (is the pot boiling again?)
     •      And, will the future be like the past?
•        Placing ABIs (conceptually/spatially)
     •      Rise to prominence of ABIs
     •      Urban problems or urban symptoms?
     •      A spatial framework
•        England’s North West (exemplar?)
     •      Post-industrial challenges
     •      Policy responses
     •      Some spatial data: commuting
4.       Complications
     •      Spatial complexity is a reality
     •      How should we understand it?
5.       Where now for ABIs?
     •      Re-invigoration or re-evaluation…
1. Context

             Why ask the question?
 • 40+ years of urban policy
 • New commitment in US…
     – e.g. Obama, 13 July 2009
 • What are the alternatives?
 • Questioning policy models
 • Will the future of urban
   policy be just like the past?
2. Placing ABIs (conceptually/spatially)


          Rise to prominence of ABIs
    • Markets:
        – Inefficiency
        – Failure
    • Spatial strategies
    • People vs. places?
    • ‘Good’ policies for
      ‘bad’ areas?
    • ‘Pathological’ issues                Cabrini-Green, Chicago, USA (2008)
Urban problems or urban symptoms?

• What is the focus?

  – Efficiency
  – Effectiveness


• Orientation reflected
  in policy formulation   Tourcoing, Lille Métropole, France (2009)
• Ontological paradox?
A spatial framework
• Macro-spatial (e.g. UK)                   Nation
   – National scale
   – Poverty as problem
   – Inequality

• Meso-spatial (e.g. France)
   – Spatial mismatch                City
   – Locational disadvantage
   – Inefficiency

• Micro-spatial (e.g. US)
   – Internal problems
   – Local solutions           Neighbourhood
   – Inadequacy
3. England’s North West (exemplar?)


          Post-industrial challenges




                                                  North West
                                   Economic                    Urban policy
                                 re-structuring                interventions




   • North West England
       – Dominated by Manchester and Liverpool
       – 4.0 million people in two metro areas
       – High levels of deprivation, lots of intervention
Policy responses
Some spatial data: commuting
• Targeted areas are not islands
• Evidence of spatial mismatch
• Labour market ‘inefficiencies’?
                                                                       Self       Workers
                                                                                            Commuting
                         IMD    Internal                               Contain-   Living
Ward                                       Inflow   Outflow Net Flow                        5km or
                         Rank   Flow                                   ment       Locally
                                                                                            More (%)
                                                                       (%)        (%)

Princess (Knowsley)      1      139        378      1,108   -730       11.15      26.89     54.37

Breckfield (Liverpool)   2      452        1,539    2,400   -861       15.85      22.70     24.79

Bradford (Manchester)    3      565        5,254    1,987   3,267      22.14      9.71      33.15

Granby (Liverpool)       4      441        1,805    2,028   -223       17.86      19.63     24.71

Speke (Liverpool)        5      465        836      1,799   -963       20.54      35.74     43.73

Longview (Knowsley)      7      177        395      1,130   -735       13.54      30.94     49.12
4. Complications


      Spatial complexity is a reality
   • Reality = challenging

   • Heal the patient by
     dressing the wound?

   • Is the model correct?

   • Spatial dynamics,       Toxteth, Liverpool (2005)

     e.g. mix = movement
How should we understand it?
• Need a coherent
  spatial framework

• Focus on mobility

• Understanding the
  ‘problem’
                       Red Road Flats, Glasgow, Scotland (2004)



• Evaluation factors
5. Where now for ABIs?

     Re-invigoration or re-evaluation…
   • New wave of policy
     transfer?

   • Continue ‘spatial
     rationalist’ approach?

   • More fundamental re-think?

   • No urban policy? What then?

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Rae Aesop09 Liverpool

  • 1. Geographically-Targeted Urban Policies and the Complications of Space: Some Thoughts Alasdair Rae Department of Town and Regional Planning University of Sheffield, UK AESOP 2009: ‘Why can’t the future be more like the past?’ Liverpool, UK – July 15-18 2009 City Futures ‘09, 4-6 June 2009, Madrid
  • 2. Overview • Context (is the pot boiling again?) • And, will the future be like the past? • Placing ABIs (conceptually/spatially) • Rise to prominence of ABIs • Urban problems or urban symptoms? • A spatial framework • England’s North West (exemplar?) • Post-industrial challenges • Policy responses • Some spatial data: commuting 4. Complications • Spatial complexity is a reality • How should we understand it? 5. Where now for ABIs? • Re-invigoration or re-evaluation…
  • 3. 1. Context Why ask the question? • 40+ years of urban policy • New commitment in US… – e.g. Obama, 13 July 2009 • What are the alternatives? • Questioning policy models • Will the future of urban policy be just like the past?
  • 4. 2. Placing ABIs (conceptually/spatially) Rise to prominence of ABIs • Markets: – Inefficiency – Failure • Spatial strategies • People vs. places? • ‘Good’ policies for ‘bad’ areas? • ‘Pathological’ issues Cabrini-Green, Chicago, USA (2008)
  • 5. Urban problems or urban symptoms? • What is the focus? – Efficiency – Effectiveness • Orientation reflected in policy formulation Tourcoing, Lille Métropole, France (2009) • Ontological paradox?
  • 6. A spatial framework • Macro-spatial (e.g. UK) Nation – National scale – Poverty as problem – Inequality • Meso-spatial (e.g. France) – Spatial mismatch City – Locational disadvantage – Inefficiency • Micro-spatial (e.g. US) – Internal problems – Local solutions Neighbourhood – Inadequacy
  • 7. 3. England’s North West (exemplar?) Post-industrial challenges North West Economic Urban policy re-structuring interventions • North West England – Dominated by Manchester and Liverpool – 4.0 million people in two metro areas – High levels of deprivation, lots of intervention
  • 9. Some spatial data: commuting • Targeted areas are not islands • Evidence of spatial mismatch • Labour market ‘inefficiencies’? Self Workers Commuting IMD Internal Contain- Living Ward Inflow Outflow Net Flow 5km or Rank Flow ment Locally More (%) (%) (%) Princess (Knowsley) 1 139 378 1,108 -730 11.15 26.89 54.37 Breckfield (Liverpool) 2 452 1,539 2,400 -861 15.85 22.70 24.79 Bradford (Manchester) 3 565 5,254 1,987 3,267 22.14 9.71 33.15 Granby (Liverpool) 4 441 1,805 2,028 -223 17.86 19.63 24.71 Speke (Liverpool) 5 465 836 1,799 -963 20.54 35.74 43.73 Longview (Knowsley) 7 177 395 1,130 -735 13.54 30.94 49.12
  • 10. 4. Complications Spatial complexity is a reality • Reality = challenging • Heal the patient by dressing the wound? • Is the model correct? • Spatial dynamics, Toxteth, Liverpool (2005) e.g. mix = movement
  • 11. How should we understand it? • Need a coherent spatial framework • Focus on mobility • Understanding the ‘problem’ Red Road Flats, Glasgow, Scotland (2004) • Evaluation factors
  • 12. 5. Where now for ABIs? Re-invigoration or re-evaluation… • New wave of policy transfer? • Continue ‘spatial rationalist’ approach? • More fundamental re-think? • No urban policy? What then?