Role of nano tech in agri-green production

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET)
Volume 8, Issue 1, January- February 2017, pp. 34–50, Article ID: IJARET_08_01_004
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ROLE OF NANO TECHNOLOGY ON AGRI-GREEN
PRODUCT PRODUCTION PROCESS: EMERGING
NEEDS AND CHALLANGES
Prof. Dr. Ramesh Chandra Rath
Dean (R&D) Research Cell, Einstein Academy of Technology & Management (EATM),
Bhubaneswar Approved by AICTE Govt. of India New Delhi and affiliated to BPUT,
Rourkela Odisha, India
Prof. Puspita Acharya
Associate Professor in Applied Chemistry Department of Basic Science & Humanities,
Einstein Academy of Technology & Management (EATM) Bhubaneswar Approved by AICTE Govt. of
India New Delhi and affiliated to BPUT, Rourkela Odisha, India
Prof. Anoopa Laly
Assistant Professor in Applied Physics Department of Basic Science & Humanities,
Prof. Bishnu Chanran Rout
Assistant Professor in Applied Mathematics Department of Basic Science & Humanities,
ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology is one of the most important tools in modern agriculture, and in the field of
Agri-Green Technology of product Production .where, Agri-food nanotechnology is anticipated to
become a driving economic force in the near future. Agri-food themes focus on sustainability and
protection of agriculturally produced foods, including crops for human consumption and animal
feeding. Nanotechnology provides new agrochemical agents and new delivery mechanisms to
improve crop productivity, and it promises to reduce pesticide use. Nanotechnology can boost
agricultural production, and its applications include: 1) Nano formulations of agrochemicals for
applying pesticides and fertilizers for crop improvement; 2) the application of
nanosensors/nanobiosensors in crop protection for the identification of diseases and residues of
agrochemicals; 3) nanodevices for the genetic manipulation of plants; 4) plant disease diagnostics;
5) animal health, animal breeding, poultry production; and 6) postharvest management. Precision
farming techniques could be used to further improve crop yields but not damage soil and water,
reduce nitrogen loss due to leaching and emissions, as well as enhance nutrients long-term
incorporation by soil microorganisms. Nanotechnology uses include nanoparticle-mediated gene
or DNA transfer in plants for the development of insect-resistant varieties, food processing and
storage, nanofeed additives, and increased product shelf life. Nanotechnology promises to

Dr. Ramesh Chandra Rath, Puspita Acharya, Anoopa Laly and Bishnu Chanran Rout
accelerate the development of biomass-to-fuels production technologies. Experts feel that the
potential benefits of nanotechnology for agriculture, food, fisheries, and aquaculture need to be
balanced against concerns for the soil, water, and environment and the occupational health of
workers. Raising awareness of nanotechnology in the agri-food sector, including feed and food
ingredients, intelligent packaging and quick-detection systems, is one of the keys to influencing
consumer acceptance. On the basis of only a handful of toxicological studies, concerns have arisen
regarding the safety of Nanomaterials, and researchers and companies will need to prove that
these nanotechnologies do not have more of a negative impact on the environment.
Key words: Nano System of Agriculture (NSOA), Nano Food andNanotechnology (NFANT),
Nanoparticle (NP) Nanopesticides, (NP) Nanosensors Smart Delivery Systems (NSDS).
Cite this Article: Dr. Ramesh Chandra Rath, Puspita Acharya, Anoopa Laly and Bishnu Chanran
Rout, Role of Nano Technology on Agri-Green Product Production Process: Emerging Needs and
Challanges. International Journal of Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology, 8(1),
2017, pp 34–50.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJARET/issues.asp?JType=IJARET&VType=8&IType=1
1. INTRODUCTION
The practice of agriculture also known as “farming” is the process of producing food, feed, fiber, and many
other desired products by the cultivation of certain plants and the raising of livestock. Agriculture is the
backbone of most developing countries and it provides food for humans, directly and indirectly. The
world’s population will grow to an estimated 8 billion people by 2 025 and 9 billion by 2 050, and it is
widely recognized that global agricultural productivity must increase to feed a rapidly growing world
population. The agri-food production is of vital importance, as it has been one of the primary drivers of
economy. In addition, it can offer routes to value-added crops. Agricultural practices are often in the public
eye because climate change, energy and resource constraints, and rapidly growing global population are
placing unprecedented pressure on food and water resources. The Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations predicts that annual meat production of 200 million tons will be required by 2 050 to
respond to the food needs brought about by increasing global population, 1 and this predicted increasing
demand for meat puts further pressure on agricultural land because farmers need to grow crops to produce
animal feed. Land for food crops also faces increasing competition from the need for crops for other
purposes – such as the production of bio-fuels and pharmaceuticals. Thus food production capacity is faced
with many challenges, which include a falling ratio of arable land to population. Agriculture as a source of
food is becoming increasingly important in a world of diminishing resources and an ever-increasing global
population.2 Given the increasing world population, it is necessary to use the modern technologies such as
nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology in agricultural and food sciences. Nanotechnology has a
tremendous potential to revolutionize agriculture and allied fields, including aquaculture and fisheries.
Nanoagriculture focuses currently on target farming that involves the use of nanosized particles with
unique properties to boost crop and livestock productivity.
Agri-food nanotechnology is multidisciplinary in nature .Nanotechnology application to the agriculture
and food sectors are relatively recent compared with its use in drug delivery and pharmaceuticals.
Nanotechnology has the potential to protect plants, monitor plant growth, detect plant and animal diseases,
increase global food production, enhance food quality, and reduce waste for “sustainable intensification”.
Food and agricultural production are among the most important fields of nanotechnology application.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
In this section, we the researcher have trying to our level best to proof the authenticity and genuineness as
taken the said title “ Role of nano technology on Agri-Green product Production Process : Emerging
Needs and Challenges ” where, Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field, as it combines the knowledge

Role of Nano Technology on Agri-Green Product Production Process: Emerging Needs and Challanges
from different disciplines: chemistry, physics, and biology amongst others (Schmid, 2006; Schmid, 2010).
Nanotechnology is the art and science of manipulating matter at the atomic or molecular scale and holds
the
Promise of providing significant improvements in technologies for protecting the environment by
producing various Agri-Green products. While many definitions for nanotechnology exist, the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses the definition developed by the National Nanotechnology
Initiative (NNI). According to National Nanotechnology Initiative of the USA, nanotechnology is defined
as: research and technology development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels using a length
scale of approximately one to one hundred nm in any dimension; the creation and use of structures, devices
and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small size; and the ability to control
or manipulate matter on an atomic scale (USEPA, 2007). The technology has excellent prospects for
exploitation across the medical, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, engineering, manufacturing,
telecommunications and information technology markets in the present world.
3. AIM & OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
In this invited article, we the researcher set the following objectives for observing the impact of
nanotechnology for producing Agri-green product production in order to sustaining an ecology through the
green innovation with low level of monitoring of nanotechnology .The main theme of this report is to
provide a comprehensive overview of nanotechnology developments globally through a systematic and
also critical analysis of already available and comparable indicators and statistic. In particular, the report
aims to assess the following questions:
 What is nanotechnology and how has this field developed?
 Which are the expected socio-economic impacts of nanotechnology?
 What are the extent, nature and distribution of nanotechnology R&D activities?
 Which are the main, emerging, application fields of nanotechnology?
 How are countries positioned and specialised in nanotechnology application fields?
 How are companies responding, which are the main challenges in commercialisation?
4. WHAT IS NANO TECHNOLOGY?
As the word ‘Nanotechnology’ is concerned it is a modern science of engineering, and technology of
recent origin by conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanoscience and
nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other
science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering. This was
discovered by a famous Physicist named as Richard Feynman in 29th
December 1959 in USA, due to his
pen contribution he was called the “Father of Nanotechnology”.
5. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GENERAL PURPOSE OF TECHNOLOGY
5.1. Should provide rapid and significant scope for improvements over existing technologies
in economic terms
This characteristic is intended to reflect the performance of some function that is vital to the functioning of
a large segment of existing or potential products and production systems. For example, “continuous rotary
motion” and “binary logic” can be considered to embody these characteristics of steam power and ICT
respectively as key examples of previous general purpose technologies.

5.2. Should have a widening variety of uses in a widening number of application areas and
industries
This characteristic is intended to reflect the enabling and generic nature of general purpose technologies
that support its widespread adoption through industries and economies. The widespread adoption may not
only be a consequence of the scope of improvements of a technology, it also relates to a variety of actors,
and co-ordinating beliefs about the promise of the technology.
5.3. Should also both generate, and depend for its widespread use on, the development of
range of other complementary technologies or innovations
These technologies and innovations may not only relate to e.g. supporting production Methods,
components and other intermediaries. They may also relate to new organisations of companies and
industries, different types of business models or changes in the overall business environment of companies.
6. PROBLEM FORMULATION
6.1. Analytical Framework
As a theoretical framework, this study is based on the idea of innovation system. Invention is the first
occurrence of an idea for a new product or process, while innovation is the first attempt to carry it out in
practice ((Fagerberg, 2005). The innovation system permits to study activities, actors, norms, rules,
relationships, and other factors which influence innovation .The elements of the innovation system are
focused upon universities, research institutions, technological institutes, and R&D laboratories (Lundvall
and Borras, 2005). In context of this, the Indian Nanotechnology Innovation system can be assumed that it
consists of three broad segments which enable the journey of an idea from human mind to market. The first
phase is called the ‘Birth Phase’, where commercially viable idea gets converted into a workable process.
The next phase is called the ‘Survival Phase’ wherein up-scaling of the process to the pre-commercial
stage is done. The third phase is called the ‘Growth Phase’ wherein the pilot production is up-scaled to
commercial production (Gupta and Dutta, 2005). A model of the Indian Nanotechnology Innovation
System is illustrated in Figure 1.
7. THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
The relevance of what later became known as nanotechnology was first highlighted by the physicist
Richard Feynman in his seminal talk in 1959 at the meeting of the American Physical Society, at the
Californian Institute of Technology, entitled “There is plenty of room at the bottom”. In this talk he
anticipated the possibility of controlling matter at a very small scale and thus introduced the scientific
community to a new field of enquiry. The term “nanotechnology” was first introduced in 1974 by Norio
Tangichi from the Tokyo University of Science, while the basic idea of this technology was explored in
greater detail by Eric Drexler in his much-cited book “Engines of Creation – The Coming Era of
Nanotechnology” from 1986.
8. NANOTECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
The Nano science and Technology Mission (NSTM) was established by The Department of Science and
Technology (DST) during the 10th plan period (2002- 2007) with an allocation of Rs. 60 crores (about 12
million USD) (GOI, 2002). During the 11th plan period (2007-2012) this program was upgraded through
another major initiative known as ‘Nano Mission’ with a budgetary allocation of Rs. 1000 crore (about 250
million USD) for 5 years (GOI, 2007).The Union Cabinet has approved for the second phase of the Nano
mission in the 12th plan period (2012-2017) at a total cost of Rs. 650 crores (GOI, 2012).
Nano Mission aims to create the necessary innovation climate for nanotechnology in the country by
strengthening basic research through funding support, creating centres of excellence, fund application

oriented R&D projects, foster public private partnerships, organize international collaboration, education
and training to researchers and professionals.
Several other government funding agencies are engaged in, supporting nanotechnology in the national
arena. Department of Biotechnology (DBT) is one of the key stakeholders in nanotechnology and issued
projects related to nanotechnology in the fields of agriculture, including nutrition and mitigating soil
pollution, biology, Nano-biotechnology, drug delivery systems and medicine for both fundamental
research and technology development. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) is a network
of 39 laboratories that engages in scientific and industrial R&D in nanotechnology in diverse areas.
Department of Electronics and Information Technology (Deity) under the Ministry of Information and
CommunicationTechnology as well as the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) under the Ministry
of Health and Family Welfare is also supporting the expansion of nanotechnology in the areas of
electronics and health respectively. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is supporting
Nano-science and technology in India to utilize its potential in developing renewable energy sources like
photovoltaic and fuel cells etc.
8.1. Nano Products in phone Model Nano Centre way to USA
Figure 1 Nano i-phone models
Figure 2 Nano Mission and Technology Facilitation Centrein USA

Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) a network of 50 laboratories under the
Ministry of Defence as well as the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) directly under the Government of
India is Contributing to the expansion of nanotechnology and Indian Council of Agriculture Research
(ICAR) under the Ministry of Agriculture as well as the Ministry of Commerce and Industry has shown
interest in engaging with nanotechnology in India. Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry in
India (ASSOCHAM), Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI) and the
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) are three major industrial associations involved in the promotion of
nanotechnology in India. CII started its own nanotechnology initiative in 2002 to create a supporting
environment for industry through knowledge exchange missions, awareness programs, workshops, market
research and other range of services. Figure 2 exhibits the overview of projects supported by the Nano
mission from 2002-2014
9. AGRI-GREEN PRODUCTION PROCESS
It is a Production Process in which Agri-Products are produced through the scientific application of Nano
Technology. Here a structural model of Agri-Green product Production Process are given below
Figure 3 A structural model of agri-green product production process
10. WHAT IS GREEN TECHNOLOGY?
The term "technology" refers to the application of knowledge for practical purposes .The field of "green
technology" encompasses a continuously evolving group of methods and materials, from techniques for
generating energy to non-toxic cleaning products .The present expectation is that this field will bring
innovation and changes in daily life of similar magnitude to the "information technology" explosion over
the last two decades.
In these early stages, it is impossible to predict what "green technology" may eventually encompass
.the following components are enhancing the green field .i.e.
11. SALIENT FEATURE OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY
 It is an Environmental Friendly Technology
 It conserve natural resources & the environment Sustainable Development
 It focuses a radical thinking to change
 It is an innovation technology.

11.1. Goals of Green Technology
The Green technology having a specific aim to achieve number of goals like
11.2. Re-Thinking
It focuses radical Things of fundamental Changes.
11.3. Recycling
It is an aggregate & concrete, paper, plastic, Can, Batteries, clothing etc.
11.4. Renewing
It consists of renewing energy, wind power, water power, solar Energy, Bio-fuel, waste water etc.
11.5. Reducing
It reduces Fuels, waste, Energy, Consumption etc.
11.6. Responsibility
It emphasized for one world & one dream.
12. TYPES OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY
As the types of green Technology Concerned, it has classified in to the followings i.e.)Green Energy
b)Green Building c)Green Purchasing d)Green Chemistry e)Green Nano Technology etc. let us come to
discuss in briefly as follows
12.1. Green Energy
Perhaps the most urgent issue for green technology, this includes the development of alternative fuels, new
means of generating energy and energy efficiency.
It is one type of energy which collects from the natural resources used in the energy generation process
is on the decline. Increasing pollution caused by the Non-Renewable sources
12.2. Green Building
Green building encompasses everything from the choice of building materials to where a High initial cost
of setting up the projects. Emerging technology, so risks involve Does not cater to the promoter’s short
term interest of profit.
13. ADVANTAGES
Green Technology has certain advantages by which we make the world pollution free & expected a
sustainable eco-environment. .i.e.
 It helps to reduce the cost of operation in the long term.
 It focuses about consumer’s more consciousness regarding a green environment.
14. GREEN PURCHASING
The government innovation involves the search for products whose contents and methods of production
have the smallest possible impact on the environment, and mandates that these be the preferred products
for government purchasing.

14.1. Product
A product has a need satisfying entity which will be satisfying the needs, desires, and wants of customer
due to its tangibility and intangibility characters or nature. In other words a product may be treated as: A
product dimension includes providing & using engineering with market drives, Trends for green Product
attributes such as energy savings ,organic, clothing ,low volatile organic compounds etc.
Greener selection & use of resources results in savings from less waste, less chemicals & less
processing.Wall mart has made tremendous strides in greening their transportation, Energy usages, facility
design and adoption of some greener products, such as organic clothes etc.
14.2. Green Chemistry
The invention, design and application of chemical products and processes to reduce or to eliminate the use
and generation of hazardous substances
 Its design of process to maximise the amount of raw material that ends up in the product.
 Use of safe, environment –begin substances including solvents, whenever possible.
 Design of energy efficient processes
 Best form of waste disposal not to create it in the first place.
15. Micro Scale of Atom Molecule Nanotechnology
It refers about the Atom Molecules of product production by Nano Technology in micro scale application.
Figure 4 A Micro model of Atom Molecules of Nano Technology
Figure 5 Nano-Architecture Models of Green Buildings
Nanotechnology involves the manipulation of materials at the scale of the nanometre, one billionth of a
meter. Some scientists believe that mastery of this subject is forthcoming that will transform the way that
everything in the world is manufactured. "Green nanotechnology" is the application of green chemistry and
green engineering principles to this field building is located .i.e.

 It refers to the use of Nano-technology to enhancing the environmental Sustainability of processes, currently
producing negative externalities.
 It aims to minimise potential environmental & human health risks associated with the manufacturer and use
of Nano-Technology Products and to encourage replacement of existing products with new Nano-Products
that are more environmentally, friendly throughout their life cycle.
16. SUSTAINABILITY OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY
In order to meeting the needs of society in ways that can continue indefinitely into the future without
damaging or depleting natural resources. In short, meeting present needs without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their own needs."Cradle to cradle" design:-Ending the "cradle to grave" cycle
of manufactured products, by creating products that can be fully reclaimed or reused
17. SOURCE REDUCTION
It reducing waste and pollution by changing patterns of production and consumption.
17.1. Innovation
It developing alternatives to technologies - whether fossil fuel or chemical intensive agriculture - that have
been demonstrated to damage health and the environment.
17.2. Viability
It creating a centre of economic activity around technologies and products that benefit the environment,
speeding their implementation and creating new careers that truly protect the planet.
18. APPLICATIONS OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY
The application of green technology is a wide spread in every sector of human & environmental life, which
can be applied in the following sectors i.e.
 The use of green technology can reduce the amount of waste & pollution & provide early warning, message
that is caused that’s created during production, consumption & impact of natural disaster.
 This issue /suggestion provide an international forum for scientists, research scholars, investigators,
Environmentalist, ecologist and professors for an open discussion. Besides that technocrats, engineers and
academician for consolidating research activities and findings in all experimental, theoretical & practical
aspects of green science, technology & engineering in to single & unique reference source.
19. WHAT WE DO & WHAT WE DON’T DO FOR GREEN ECOLOGY?
For a sustainable greenlogy, we should have responsible the followings to be followed i.e.
 We responsible for create a good environment
 Responsible for re- thinking the way we live.
 Reducing exhaustion.
 Re-Cycling waste Renewing new energy of petroleum and CNG fuels, Gasoline etc

Agriculture Hydroponics
Nano Food
Nano Technology
Nano Technology
Figure 6 Refers about the Agri food Nano-Technology production Process]
20. NANO TECHNOLOGY IN NANODENTISTRY
Besides the above that Nano Technology is not restricted in the process of production, it also useful in
medical sciences by producing number of nanoparticle such nano teeth, jaws, bones, covers of bony skull
etc.(Fiber) for example if you have a cavity? Ask your dentist about filling it with a mixture of
nanoparticle including silica and zirconium. These white fillings (known as nano-composite resins)
resemble teeth better than their metal alternatives and are less likely to come loose or fracture teeth. This is
just the beginning argue Brazilian scientists in a review of "Nano dentistry," Published on October 19 in
Trends in Biotechnology. Next-generation dental materials incorporating nanotechnology aim to help teeth
self-heal, rebuild enamel, and protect against bacterial infections.
"Nanotechnology can be faced sometimes as a paradigm that promised a lot and delivered very little,"
says senior author Nelson Durán of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas. "The evolution of dental
materials though nanotechnology is real and remarkable, reflecting on a billionaire market. In this way,
dentistry was in fact one of the most benefited areas from the development of nanotechnology."In this
section, we have studied number of application part of nano technology in the therapeutic application of
various nano materials in diiferent section i.e in dentistry Oral Application ,Oral Cancer Management
,organ fixation, hydrogels, dendrimers,solid lipid and quantum dots etc.By application of this the medical
science has tremendiously developed in its research and product production for meets the requirements of
patient.
Figure 7 A Therapeutic use of Nanomaterials in nanotechnology and dentistry
Bio Technology Nano Chemicals
Live stock
Nano bio -Technology

Table 1 A schematic data table of Various Companies using Nano Technology in the Process of production in world
[A schematic data
table of Various
Companies using
Nano Technology in
the Process of
production in world
Table :01Countries
Name of Companies/
Industries
Category /Nature of
product producing
No. of
Company
Response
USA Nano Bizz.pvt.Ltd. Nano product (Food) 12 Positive
USA Nano Technology. Nano Food 11 Positive
USA Nano pro food Nano Pro food GMBH 08 Positive
USA Industrial nano Tech. Nano Product 06 Positive
CHINA Top China Nano science and
Technology
Nano Pro. Tech Pvt..Ltd. 07 Positive
CHINA Changzhou Keyuam Pvt. Ltd. Nano Green Product 06 Positive
CHINA Shanghai Herzberg Nano
Technology co ltd.
Nano Particle 44 Positive
INDIA Inspiraj Nanofood 07 Positive
INDIA Chemical industry limited. Nano Product 06 Positive
INDIA Bioni CS Nano Product 06 Positive
UK Nanosys Nano Product 15 Positive
UK Dimond fusion International Nano Product 05 Positive
FRANCE CTC Nano tech. Nano Product 16 Positive
JAPAN n.Tech Gmbh. Nano product 06
SOUTH AFRICA Surf pore SA Nano Product 13 Positive.
Total 162
21. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In this section, the researcher have followed the methodology as followed by the previous researchers of
ourselves that we collected the data’s through the empirical mode of study rather than the primary mode of
study. We collect the data from the reliable sources of various magazines , web portal and publishing
sources of print and electronic of various industries and companies which were producing green and
agricultural products However, the researcher had followed the methodology of research work i.e data
collection ,data presentation , data analysis and data interpretation and finally got the findings .here, we
have gone through the on line surveys around 162 companies and industries of various segmentation of the
world and their response’s are tabled in the followings
21.1. Hypothesis
For this invited article, we the researchers have taken 100 companies of international repute of different
location and their employees regarding to study the aforesaid problem. (See figure -07) Thus, we had
taken two hypotheses for proof the authenticity of the above said titled problem such as Observational
Hypothesis (Ho) and Alternative hypothesis (He) with comparison of between two through rejection zone
of Normal Probability Curve (NPC) and taken Null hypothesis if required. Henceforth we have taken two
variables as related with the said two hypotheses such as variable I(One) refers as “Role of Nano
Technology on Agri-Green Product Production has a tremendous impact for qualitative product Production
where as the variable II (Second) refers about “The application of Nano-Technology in various sector has
a great impact for facilitating and sustaining an Ecological Environment in world (He).finally we observe
that in both the taken hypothesis has a tremendous impact and useful for both the condition that product
production and application in number of segmentation such as , agriculture, food Processing, Management,
Engineering ,Sciences ,medicines ,product production, construction technology and even the socialization

etc.it is too useful in both the levels of alpha i.e 0.1 and 0.5 and the obtained result is higher than the
expectation. Henceforth, we accept the observed hypothesis (Ho) and rejected the Null hypothesis (Please
see the Pie chart and graphical model of Nano Technology Application)
Figure 8 A Semiotic Model of Nano-Technologyin therapeutic use of Nanomaterials
Figure 9 A graphical model of Nano-Technologyin therapeutic use of Nanomaterials
22. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANO MATERIALS
Nanoscale refers to size dimensions typically between approximately 1–100 nm and more appropriately,
0.2–100.0 nm) because it is at this scale that the properties of materials differ with respect to their physical,
chemical, and biological properties from those at a larger scale. A single nanometer (nm) is 1 billionth of a
meter. Nanotechnology refers to the understanding and control of matter at nanoscale, where a unique
phenomenon enables novel applications. The Nanosensors can be utilized to detect the presence of insects
or fungus accurately inside the stored grain bulk in storage rooms. Researchers suggested models for use of
nanobiotechnology, either on a standalone basis or through complementarities with the existing
technologies. In 2004, the researchers had been able to alter rice colour from purple to green.Cellular
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Category 1 Category 2 Category 3 Category 4
Series 1
Series 2
Series 3

“injection” with carbon nanofibers containing foreign DNA has been used to genetically modify golden
rice. Nanobiotechnology provided industry with new tools to modify genes and even produce new
organisms. This is due to the fact that it enables nanoparticle, nanofibers, and nanocapsules to carry foreign
DNA and chemicals that modify genes. In addition, novel plant varieties may be developed using synthetic
biology (a new branch that draws on the techniques of genetic engineering, nanotechnology, and
informatics).
In a recent breakthrough in this area, researchers completely replaced the genetic material of one
bacterium with that from another – transforming it from one species to another. Nanotechnology possesses
the potential to augment agricultural productivity through genetic improvement of plants and animals
along with cellular level delivery of genes and drug molecules to specific sites in plants and animals. Using
a medicinally rich vegetable crop, bitter melon, researchers demonstrated the accumulation of carbon-
based nanoparticle Fullerol (C60(OH)20) in tissues and cells of root, stem, petiole, leaf, flower and fruit at
particular concentrations, as the causal factor of increase in biomass yield, fruit yield, and phytomedicines
content in fruits. Fullerol treatment resulted in increases of up to 54% in biomass yield and 24% in water
content. Increases of up to 20% in fruit length, 59% in fruit number, and 70% in fruit weight led to an
improvement of up to 128% in fruit yield. Further, contents of two anticancer phytomedicines,
cucurbitacin-B and lycopene, were enhanced up to 74% and 82%, respectively, and contents of two
antidiabetic phytomedicines, charantin and insulin, were augmented up to 2 0% and 9 1%, respectively.
Chemists have successfully made DNA crystals by producing synthetic DNA sequences that can self-
assemble into a series of three-dimensional triangle-like patterns. When multiple helices are attached
through single-stranded sticky ends, a three-dimensional crystal is formed. This technique helps in
improving important crops by organizing and linking carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to
this crystal Chemically coated mesoporous silica nanoparticle help in delivering DNA and chemicals into
isolated plant cells. The coating triggers the plant to take the particles through the cell walls, where the
genes are inserted and activated in a precise and controlled manner, without any toxic side or after effects.
This technique has been applied to introduce DNA successfully to plants, including tobacco and corn
plants
23. NANOSENSORS /NANOBIOSENSORS IN AGRI-FOOD PRODUCTION
Nanobiosensors can be effectively used for sensing a wide variety of fertilizers, herbicide, pesticide,
insecticide, pathogens, moisture, soil pH, and their controlled use can support sustainable agriculture for
enhancing crop productivity. Precision farming, with the help of smart sensors, could increase productivity
in agriculture, as this Technology provides farmers with better fertilization management, reduction of
inputs, and better management of time and the environment. Nanosensors and nanobased smart delivery
systems could help in the efficient use of agricultural natural resources like water, nutrients, and chemicals
through precision farming. Precision farming’s enabling technologies include satellite positioning systems,
geographic information systems, and remote sensing devices that could remotely detect crop pests or
evidence of stress such as drought.
Nanosensors dispersed in the field can also detect the presence of plant viruses and other crop
pathogens, and the level of soil nutrients. Levels of environmental pollution can be evaluated quickly by
nano-smart dust (the use of tiny wireless sensors and transponders) and gas sensors. Nanobarcodes and
nano-processing could also be used to monitor the quality of agricultural produceNanotechnology-based
plant regulation of hormones such as auxin helps scientists understand how plant roots adapt to their
environment, especially to marginal soils
The development of sensors/biosensors based on specific interactions makes atomic force spectroscopy
more effective in detecting enzyme-inhibiting herbicides. A nanobiosensor based on an atomic force
microscopy tip functionalized with the acetolactate synthesis enzyme was successfully detected for the
herbicide metsulfuron-methyl (an acetolactate syntheses inhibitor) through the acquisition of force curves.

BioNanosensors also allow the more quantification and rapid detection of bacteria and viruses, thereby
increasing the safety of the food for the customer.
Noble metal (palladium, platinum, and gold)/DNA/single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) hybrid
nanostructure-based gas sensor arrays were fabricated by means of inkjet printing of metal ion-chelated
DNA/SWCNTs on micro fabricated electrodes, followed by electro less deposition to reduce metal ions to
metal. DNA served as a dispersing agent to effectively solubilize pristine SWCNTs in water and as metal
ion-chelating centres for the formation of nanoparticle. The results on the sensitivity and selectivity of the
gas sensors toward various gases such as H2, H2S, NH3, and NO2 indicated the enhancement of the
sensitivity and selectivity toward certain analytes by functionalizing with different metal nanoparticle (e.g.,
PD/DNA/SWCNTs for H2 and H2S). The combined responses give a unique pattern or signature for each
analyte by which the system can identify and quantify an individual gas.
Nanosensors are expected to impact agricultural, food, and environmental sectors. The Nanotechnology
Signature Initiative “Nanotechnology for Sensors and Sensors for Nanotechnology: Improving and
Protecting Health, Safety, and the Environment” is the fifth to be launched by agencies of the National
Nanotechnology Initiative. Portable nanodevices can rapidly detect insects, diseases, pathogens, chemicals,
and contaminants and can result in faster treatments.
Nanosensors based on using electrochemically functionalized SWCNTs with either metal nanoparticle
or metal oxide nanoparticle, and metal oxide nanowire and nanotube for gases such as ammonia, nitrogen
oxides, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, and volatile organics have potential application in monitoring
agricultural pollutants for the assessment of impacts of these pollutants on biological and ecological health
and in increase of crop productivity and reducing land burden. Researchers addressed the fabrication,
functionalization, assembly/alignment, and sensing applications of field-effect transistors based on carbon
nanotubes, silicon nanowire, and conducting polymer nanowire. Further, they evaluated how such sensors
have been used for detection of various biological molecules and how such devices have enabled the
achievement of high sensitivity and selectivity with low detection limits.
Nanotechnology-enabled devices will increase the use of sensors linked to global positioning systems
for real-time monitoring of crops. In the field of sensor research and development, bio nanotechnology is
poised to make significant contributions and has the potential to radically alter the way sensors are
designed, constructed, and implemented. Biomimetic nanosensor designs based on immobilized tyrosinase
for determination of toxic compounds and smart biosensors for determination of mycotoxines were
reported. Biosensor design showed good compatibility between membranes and enzymes without a change
of the conformation of the enzyme molecule, and binding always takes place outside the enzyme active
centres.
Carbon–ceramic electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes–ionic liquid nanocomposite
was used for electrochemical determination of the food dyes, sunset yellow and tartrazine, in food and
beverage samples.
24. CONCLUSION
In sum, we conclude that many diverse opportunities for nanotechnology exist to play an important role in
agriculture and food production as well as in livestock production. The potential uses and benefits of
nanotechnology are enormous. Productivity enhancement through nanotechnology-driven precision
farming and maximization of output and minimization of inputs through better monitoring and targeted
action is desirable. Nanotechnology enables plants to use water, pesticides, and fertilizers more efficiently.
Nanotechnology use may bring potential benefits to farmers through food production and to the food
industry through development of innovative products through food processing, preservation, and
packaging. Anticipated Agri-Green Nanotechnology applications include Nanosensors/Nanobiosensors for
detecting pathogens and for soil quality and for plant health monitoring, nanoporous zeolites for slow-
release and efficient dosage of water and fertilizers for plants and of nutrients and drugs for livestock,
nanocapsules for agrochemical delivery, creating bio-fuels, nanocomposite for plastic film coatings used in

food packaging, antimicrobial nanoemulsions for applications in decontamination of food, nanobiosensors
for identification of pathogen contamination, and improving plant and animal breeding.
Even so, less effort is going into applications of nanotechnology in agri-food sectors. Further, existing
efforts are more oriented to reduce the negative impact of agrochemical products in the environment and
human health, rather than the utilization of nanotechnology applications to improve their properties for
food and livestock production.
Experts envision numerous nanoparticulate agro formulations with higher bioavailability and efficacy
and better selectivity in the near future. Multidisciplinary approaches could potentially improve food
production, incorporating new emerging technologies and disciplines such as chemical biology integrated
with nanotechnologies to tackle existing biological bottlenecks that currently limit further developments.
The potential benefits of nanotechnology for agriculture, food, fisheries, and aquaculture need to be
balanced against concerns for the soil, water, environment, and the occupational health of workers.
Finally we conclude of the above said titled, with the followings recommendations that:
 Green technology has some defects; everything done should have both positive & negative impact in world.
 Global warming & energy cross cannot be solved with one & two years.
 It really requires our determination & continues effort in improving the situation.
 Green technology, will definitely help us to the afore said problem solution to get the potential in order to
solve those problems & improve our environment
25. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, We the researcher are tender our deep thanks and obligatory to the almighty for their blessing to us
by given this opportunity to complete this article
Secondly, we also tender solidarity and gratitude with bowing heads to our beloved parents for their
valuable support and encouragement to us in order to complete the said invited research article
Besides, we also thank full to the esteemed Management of EATM, for providing their valuable
support for doing the research work at the centre of Excellence of EATM by the personal guidance of Prof.
(Dr.) Ramesh Chandra Rath Dean (R&D) for his personal guidance from time to time for doing the
valuable research work.
Lastly. We are also thankful to our friends, colleagues, research scholars, Professors, readers for their
valuable support and encouragement to us, without their support it is not possible to complete the research
article.
REFERENCES
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AUTHOR PROFILES
Prof. Dr. Ramesh Chandra Rath
He is an eminent Professor & Academician of an international repute in the field of
management education (Mkt. & HR) and psychology, he served 23 years service in
various Government Colleges. Universities in Odisha and abroad. He has obtained his
PG in Psychology from Sambalpur University, Concurred his MBA Degree from Delhi
University in 1996, PhD, Degree Department of Management Studies “Birla Institute of
Technology , Meshra , Ranchi” in 2000 on the area of Green Marketing & Supply
Chain Management (Marketing Management specialization) and Concurred his Post- Doctorate Degree
from Patna University in 2003,on the area of “Advanced physiology and Criminology ” He has presently
working as a Professor-Cum-Dean at Research & Development Cell, EATM Bhubaneswar. Dr. Rath has
guided four PhD research scholars in area of Green Marketing & supply Chain Management, Consumer
Behaviour, and Organizational Behaviour, Production & Operational Management etc. There are 25
International journals and 28 National Journals with two books of publication in his credit.
Prof. Anoopa Laly
Prof. Anoopa Laly is a well known Teacher since last 4 years with Specialization of
applied physics and secured 8.17 SGPA. She has completed her M.S.C Degree in
applied physics from VSSUT, Burla Sambalpur Odisha she is a reputed research
scholar with publishing many research articles in national and international repute of
journals. Presently she is working as an Assistant professor in Physics, Department of
Basic science and Humanities, at EATM, Bhubaneswar. Odisha.

Prof. Puspita Acharya
Prof. Puspita Acharya is a well known Teacher in the field of Chemistry with
specialization polymer, Nanoscience and organic Chemistry since last 18 year. She
has completed her M.S.C Degree in polymer from Ravenshaw College Cuttack, and
M.Phil Degree Analytical chemistry from Utkal University, vanivihar, Bhubaneswar
Odisha. Besides she has also completed PGDCA, from institute of Neuron Cuttack
and pursuing her PhD in the area of solution chemistry from BPUT, Rourkela. She is
a reputed research scholar with publishing many research articles in national and international repute of
journals. Presently she is working as an associate professor cum-Head of the Department of Basic science
and Humanities, at EATM, Bhubaneswar. Odisha
Prof. Bishnu Charan Rout
Prof. Bishnu Chanran Rout is a well known Teacher in the field of pure mathematics
from Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odishahe is a
reputed research scholar with publishing many research articles in national and
international repute of journals. Presently she is working as an assistant professor at
the Department of Basic science and Humanities, at EATM, Bhubaneswar. Odisha.

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