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1.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSNIN – INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH 0976 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 1, January - June (2012), © IAEME ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (IJARET) ISSN 0976 - 6480 (Print) ISSN 0976 - 6499 (Online) IJARET Volume 3, Issue 1, January- June (2012), pp. 55-65 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijaret.html ©IAEME Journal Impact Factor (2011): 0.7315 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com A NEW TRISTATE SWITCHING MEDIAN FILTERING TECHNIQUE FOR IMAGE ENHANCEMENT R. Pushpavalli and G.Sivaradje Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry-605 014, India. pushpavalli11@pec.edu, shivaradje@pec.edu ABSTRACT A new Tristate Switching Median Filtering Technique is proposed for digital image enhancement while digital images are degraded by salt and pepper noise. The proposed filter is obtained by integrating two decision based filters with switching scheme. This technique is used to detect and reduce the impulse noise on digital images. Extensive simulation results shows that the proposed filter is better performance in terms of removing impulse noise while preserving image details. Index Terms — Decision based median filter, Impulse noise detection, Salt and Pepper noise and switching logic. 1. INTRODUCTION Digital images are often corrupted by impulse noise while transmission over communication channel or image acquisition. In early development of signal and image processing, linear filters were primary tools. Their mathematical simplicity and the existence of some desirable properties made them easy to design and implement. However, linear filter have poor performance in the presence of noise that is not additive as well as in problems where system nonlinearities or non-Gaussian statistics are 55
2.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 1, January - June (2012), © IAEME encountered. In addition, linear filters are not found to be more effective for processing the images as they smear the image edges [1 – 3]. Several filtering techniques have been reported in the literature over the years, suitable for various applications. Conventional median filter performs the median operation on all pixels without considering whether they are corrupted or uncorrupted. As a result, the image details contributed from the uncorrupted pixels are still subjected to filtering and this cause’s image quality degradation. An intuitive solution to overcome this problem is to implement an impulse-noise detection mechanism prior to filtering. Therefore, only those pixels identified as corrupted pixels would undergo the filtering, while the uncorrupted pixels would remain intact. This impulse detection mechanism is also called as switching scheme or Detail Preserving Scheme. Switching Median Filtering (SMF) partitions the whole filtering process into two sequential steps: Noise detection and filtering. Based on decision mechanism, the corrupted pixel is identified and median based filtering is performed on it. The median based switching techniques do not disturb the pixels classified as uncorrupted ones. Obviously in all the switching median filtering techniques, the accuracy of the noise detection is critical for eliminating impulse noise and preserving edges and fine details [4]-[14]. In order to overcome these problems, many decision based algorithm for impulse noise removal had been investigated [15-25]. Although these filters suppress impulse noise satisfactorily, it is establish to show insufficient performance in terms of preserving edges and fine details while digital images are contaminated by higher level of impulse noise. In order to improve the performance of existing filters in terms of noise removal and features preservation properties, decision based switching filtering techniques are currently being researched upon and reported in the literature. A good noise filter is required to satisfy two criteria of (1) suppressing the noise and (2) preserving the useful information in the signal. But, a great majority of currently available noise filters do not simultaneously satisfy both of these criteria when the images are corrupted by impulse noise at higher level. 56
3.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 1, January - June (2012), © IAEME In order to address these issues, switching filters and decision based median filters are suitably combined together called a New Tristate Switching Median Filter (NTSMF) is proposed for enhancing the images contaminated at higher level of salt & pepper noise. This filter is obtained by integrating two decision based filters [23 and 24] with switching scheme. This proposed filter is a tradeoff between Thresholding and decision based filters. The filtering characteristics of the proposed filter will be illustrated with the results obtained through extensive simulation studies. Image enhancement improves the quality of images for human visual perception. This paper is organized into four sections. Impulse detection mechanism is described in section 2. The filtering algorithm is enlightened in section 3. Section 4 presents the results obtained through extensive simulation studies carried out to evaluate the performance of the filter. Section 5 has drawn the conclusion. 2. IMPULSE DETECTION 2.1 Impulse Detection An impulse detector can realize detection of noise. In this work the absolute difference between the central pixel value for the given input image and the central pixel value from decision based filter provides a good measurement. Based on this absolute difference only, the impulse can be detected. Noisy Decision Filter Image Mechanism Enhanced Image Fig.1 Block diagram of impulse detection techniques Fig.1 illustrates the overall impulse detection techniques. The impulse detector is used to detect the impulse noise from sources, which is based on the thresholding (switching logic). Then the detected impulse noise can be eliminated using nonlinear filter. A threshold T controls switching logic. For the grayscale image, the threshold value should be from 0 to 255. Existing tristate filter depends only on thresholding logic 57
4.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 1, January - June (2012), © IAEME and weight changing properties of median based filters. Always median based filters alter both noisy as well as noise free pixels of digital images. In order to overcome this drawback; instead of median based filters, decision based median filters are selected in this paper. 3. FILTERING ALGORITHM Switching is referred as thresholding and only fixed threshold is selected for all the pixels in an image. Although at lower level of noise, the thresholding performance is satisfactorily restore the digital images. It is found to exhibit inadequate performance in the case of images corrupted at medium level and higher level of impulse noise. The main advantage of existing tri-state median filters [4 and 25] integrate the two filters into a new one and take advantages of that two filters, so it will reduce the degradation properties of impulse noise more efficiently. Behind this concept, new tristate filter is proposed for highly contaminated images. 3.1 proposed Tristate filtering algorithm The Tristate filter is obtained by suitably combining the output images from decision based median filter-1 and decision based median filter-2. Consider an image of size M×N having 8-bit gray scale pixel resolution is selected for these two filters. These decision based median filters are described in the following section 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 and then section 3.1.3 explains the proposed tristate filtering. 3.1.1 Decision based Median Filter-1 This filter has been illustrated in [24]. In this filter, edges on the noisy image are identified using one of the properties of edge detection. The central pixel is identified as corrupted one; it is replaced by the proposed edge preserving method. Therefore, edges on the image is detected by computing gradient value in the direction of horizontal, vertical, left diagonal and right diagonal within the filtering window respectively. Based on neighborhoods within the filtering window, the gradient value is obtained by determining the difference of two pixel intensities in direction of vertical (N and S), horizontal (W and E), left diagonal (SW and NE) and right diagonal (NW and SE) respectively. {NW = North West, N = north, NE = North East, W = west, E = east, SW = South West, S = south, SE = South East}. These four gradients of vertical, horizontal, left 58
5.
International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 1, January - June (2012), © IAEME diagonal and right diagonal values respectively. These four gradient values (according to the four different directions or neighbors) are considered for the decision to eliminate impulse noise as well as preserve the edges of the image. If the gradient value is quite large, any one of the pixel is affected in the corresponding direction with minimum/maximum value of impulse noise. The minimum gradient value is a good indication that those pixels are noise free edge pixels in the direction of orientation. The minimum gradient value with respect to (i,j) can be used to determine the direction of orientation of edge pixel. In order to preserve the edges, the corrupted central pixel is replaced by the average of two intensities which are obtained with respect to the direction of minimum gradient value. Then the window is moved to form a new set of values, with the next pixel to be processed at the centre of the window. This process is repeated until the last image pixel is processed. 3.1.2 Decision based Median Filter-2 In this section, homogeneous region of image is preserved by applying decision based switching median filtering technique and it has been illustrated in [23]. The pixels inside the sliding window are classified as corrupted and uncorrupted pixels by comparing their values with the maximum (255) and minimum (0) values. A two-dimensional square filtering window of size 3 x 3 is slid over the noisy image. As the window move over the noisy image, at each point the central pixel inside the window is checked whether it is a corrupted pixel or not. If the pixel is an uncorrupted one, it is left undisturbed and the window is moved to the next position. Separate the corrupted and uncorrupted pixels inside the filtering window at its current position. Check if the uncorrupted pixels inside the window add up to an odd number. If so, the median of the uncorrupted samples is set out as the filter output. If the uncorrupted samples sum up to an even number, then the Range Estimator (RE) is determined for the uncorrupted samples. A suitable threshold value T is chosen for determining the presence of an edge at the central pixel. If RE is greater than the threshold value T, the central pixel is declared an edge and therefore, it left unaltered; otherwise, the central pixel is replaced by the arithmetic average of the uncorrupted pixels inside the filtering window. Then the 59
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 1, January - June (2012), © IAEME window is moved to form a new set of values, with the next pixel to be processed at the centre of the window. This process is repeated until the last image pixel is processed. 3.1.3 Proposed new Tristate filtering algorithm A new switching scheme, called tri-state median (TSM) filter, is proposed and discussed in this section. Impulse noise detection is realized by an impulse detector, which takes the outputs from the Decision based Median Filter -1 and Decision based Median Filter -2 filters and compares them with the origin or center pixel value within the filtering window on given contaminated digital image in order to make a tri-state decision. The switching logic as shown in Fig. 2 is controlled by a threshold T (T = 24; [0 - 255] for gray-scale images). Decision based filter-1 Restored Input image Impulse image Detector Decision based filter-2 Fig. 2 Tri state based median impulse detector Fig.2 Illustrate the switching logic for newly proposed Tristate decision based median filter. Here, there are two types of comparison can be carry out to improve the noise reduction. First one is based on decision based median filter1 and second one is based on decision based median filter2. The absolute difference between original pixel value from noisy image and center pixel value from filtered image is compared with threshold value. This comparison is based on the following condition: d1 = A(i,j) – YDBF1(i,j) (1) d2 = A(i,j) – Y DBF2(i,j) (2) where, d1 is an Absolute difference between original pixel value and decision based median filter1 (DBF1), d2 is an Absolute difference between input pixel value and decision based median filter2 (DBF2)output, A(i,j) is the Noisy image, Y DBF1(i,j) is the decision based median filtered (DBF1) output, Y DBF2(i,j) is the decision based median 60
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 1, January - June (2012), © IAEME filtered (DBF2) output. This impulse noise detection and filtering is based on the following condition: if T > d1(i,j) {Z(i,j) = Noisy free image} end if T < d2(i,j) {Y DBF2(i,j) = DBF1 output} end if d2(i,j) ≤ T < d1(i,j) {Y DBF2(i,j) = DBF2 output} end where, T is the threshold value and the tristate decision depends on fixing the threshold value. Various threshold values are applied one by one. Among these T=24 gave optimum value for quantitative and qualitative measures. Therefore this value is chosen for the proposed filtering technique. The existing tristate median filters had been investigated by utilizing median based filters. (i.e. standard median and centre weighted median filter). These median based filters are used to identify the nearest neighborhood pixels in local statistics and also filtering operation is controlled by fixed threshold value. Therefore it explores the advantages of integrated filters. Even though the proposed filter utilizes median based filters as base filter for tristate switching logic so it exhibit insufficient recital in terms of noise elimination and edge preservation when digital images are corrupted by higher level of impulse noise. Constantly the performance of median based filters like weighted median filter and center weighted median filter alter noisy and noise-free pixels on digital images. Therefore decision based median filters are considered as base filters and are suitably combined, referred as Tristate Switching Median Filter for Image Enhancement. Because decision based median filters are used to minimize the misclassification of pixels on digital images and also it show improved performance in terms of impulse noise elimination and edge preservation of images. 61
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 1, January - June (2012), © IAEME IV. SIMULATION RESULTS The filtering technique is tested using 3 x 3 windows with Lena image of size 256 x 256. In this paper, Lena image is used as a test images. In order to analyze the performance of the proposed filter approach, the performance evaluation factors like Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) is used. This performance evaluation is based on threshold values and noise levels. Filter has higher PSNR values are considered to be superior filter in terms of noise elimination and restoration of image features. A New Tristate Switching Median Filtering Scheme (NTSMF) is quantitatively evaluated using objective measures are defined as: 255* 255 PSNR = 10log10 (3) MSE Σ X(i, j) - F(i, j) ² where, MSE = (4) row * col (i,j) denotes the number of rows and columns in the image data, X(i,j) represents the pixel intensities of the original image at the position of X(i,j), F(i,j) represents the output intensities in the filtered image at the position of (i,j). The proposed filter has very good subjective improvements for lower level of mixed impulse noise (i.e. fine details preservation of the image). The enhancement result for the corrupted ‘Lena’ image by different level of impulse at suitable threshold has been estimated. The estimated values are tabulated and are given in the Table1. TABLE.1 PSNR VALUES OBTAINED USING PROPOSED FILTER AND COMPARED WITH DIFFERENT FILTERING TECHNIQUES ON LENA IMAGE CORRUPTED WITH VARIOUS DENSITIES OF IMPULSE NOISE Filtering Noise Level in % Techniques 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 MF 31.74 28.23 23.20 18.80 15.28 12.41 9.98 8.24 6.58 WMF 23.97 23.06 22.58 21.65 20.11 18.55 15.73 12.65 8.83 CWMF 28.72 23.80 20.28 17.28 14.45 11.96 10.04 8.24 6.75 TSMF 32.89 28.35 24.96 20.06 16.82 13.93 11.33 9.11 7.58 MDBSMFS 34.83 30.03 24.79 20.59 16.99 13.92 11.28 8.89 6.97 NID 37.90 31.85 28.75 26.52 23.42 18.89 14.65 10.83 7.77 IDBA 36.5 33.39 29.72 28.64 26 24.40 23.5 22.64 19.3 DBF1 40.8 35.8 31.0 27.3 22.6 17.6 13.42 9.63 7.06 DBF2 38.42 34.28 30.47 27.38 24.92 22.05 18.84 14.12 10.03 Proposed 42.57 38.87 35.38 33.17 29.34 25.75 19.52 13.47 10.13 Filter 62
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 1, January - June (2012), © IAEME 45 MF WMF 40 CWMF TSMF NID MDBSMF 35 IDBA DBSMF1 DBSMF2 30 proposed filter PSNR 25 20 15 10 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Noise percentage Fig.3 PSNR obtained using proposed filter on Lena image corrupted with different densities of impulse noise and compared with other existing filtering techniques Figure 3 illustrates the objective performance for human visual perception and Figure 4 graphically illustrates the objective improvement of the proposed filter with respect to other switching schemes. The performance of this filter is evaluated using various impulse corruption ratios from 10% to 90% with suitable threshold. This filter has better performance than the other filtering schemes for the noise densities up to 50%. It shows that the better performance in removing impulse noise from digital images without distorting the useful information in the image. 63
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International Journal of
Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 1, January - June (2012), © IAEME (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) Fig.4 Subjective Performance comparison of proposed filter with other existing filters on test image Lena (a) Noise free images, (b) image corrupted by 50% impulse noise, (c) images restored by MF, (d) images restored by WMF, (e) images restored by CWMF, (f) images restored by TSMF, (g) images restored by MDBSMF, (h) images restored by NID, (i) images restored by IDBA, (j) images restored by DBF 1, (k) image restored by DBF 2 and (l) image restored by the proposed filter 5. CONCLUSION In this paper, the efficacy of the proposed filtering technique is investigated and is well suited for digital images when the images are contaminated by impulse noise up to 50%. Since the new impulse detection mechanism can accurately detect the corrupted pixels on digital image and are replaced with the estimated central noise-free ordered median value. Extensive simulation results show that the filtering technique has better performance in terms of both quantitative and qualitative measurements. REFERENCES [1] J.Astola and P.Kuosmanen Fundamental of Nonlinear Digital Filtering. NewYork:CRC, 1997. [2] I.Pitasand .N.Venetsanooulos, Nonlinear Digital Filters:Principles Applications. Boston, MA: Kluwer, 1990. [3] W.K. Pratt, Digital Image Processing, Wiley, 1978. [4] T.Chen, K.-K.Ma,andL.-H.Chen,Tristate median filter for image denoising,” IEEE Trans.Image Process., vol.8, no.12, pp.1834-1838. 1991. 64
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Advanced Research in Engineering and Technology (IJARET), ISSN 0976 – 6480(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6499(Online) Volume 3, Number 1, January - June (2012), © IAEME [5] T.Sun and Y.Neuvo, “Detail preserving median filters in image processing,” Pattern Recognition Lett., vol. 15, pp.341-347, 1994. [6] Zhang and M.- A. Karim, “A new impulse detector for switching median filters”, IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 360–363, Nov. 2002. [7] M. Barni, V. Cappellini, and A. Mecocci, “Fast vector median filter based on Euclidian norm approximation”, IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol.1, no. 6, pp. 92– 94, Jun. 1994. [8] Z. Wang and D. Zhang, “Switching median filter for the removal of impulse noise from highly corrupted images”, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II, vol.46, pp.78–80, Jan. 2002. [9] E.Abreu, M.Lightstone, S.K.Mitra, and K. Arakawa, “A new efficient approach for the removal of impulse noise from highly corrupted images”,IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol. 5, pp. 1012– 1025, 1996. [10] H.-L. Eng and K.-K. Ma, “Noise adaptive soft –switching median filter,” IEEE Trans.Image Processing, vol. 10, pp. 242–251, Feb. 2001. [11] Sebastian hoyos and Yinbo Li Weighted, “ Median Filters Admitting Complex -Valued Weights and their Optimization”, IEEE transactions on Signal Processing, Vol.52, no.10, Oct, 2004. [12] Pei-Eng Ng and Kai -Kuang Ma, “A Switching median filter with boundary Discriminative noise detection for extremely corrupted images”, IEEE Transactions on image Processing, vol.15, no.6, pp.1500-1516, June, 2006. [13] Tzu – Chao Lin and Pao - Ta Yu, “salt – Pepper Impulse noise detection”, Journal of Information science and engineering, vol.4, pp189-198 June, 2007. [14] E.Srinivasan and R.Pushpavalli, “ Multiple Thresholds Switching Median Filtering for Eliminating Impulse Noise in Images”, International conference on Signal Processing, CIT, Aug. 2007. [15] R.Pushpavalli and E.Srinivasan, “Multiple Decision Based Switching Median Filtering for Eliminating Impulse Noise with Edge and Fine Detail preservation Properties”, International conference on Signal Processing, CIT , Aug. 2007. [16] Yan Zhouand Quan-huanTang, “Adaptive Fuzzy Median Filter for Images Corrupted by Impulse Noise”, Congress on image and signal processing, 2008. [17] Shakair Kaisar and Jubayer AI Mahmud, “ Salt and Pepper Noise Detection and removal by Tolerance based selective Arithmetic Mean Filtering Technique for image restoration”, IJCSNS, Vol.8, No.6, June, 2008. [18] T.C.Lin and P.T.Yu, “Adaptive two-pass median filter based on support vector machine for image restoration ”, Neural Computation, Vol. 16, pp.333-354, 2004. [19] Madhu S.Nair, K.Revathy, RaoTatavarti, "An Improved Decision Based Algorithm For Impulse Noise Removal", Proceedings of International Congress on Image and Signal Processing - CISP 2008, IEEE Computer Society Press, Sanya, Hainan, China, Vol.1, pp.426-431, May 2008. [20] V.Jayaraj and D.Ebenezer,“A New Adaptive Decision Based Robust Statistics stimation Filter for High Density Impulse Noise in Images and Videos”, International conference on Control, Automation, Communication and Energy conversion, 2009. [21] Fei Duan and Yu – Jin Zhang,“A Highly Effective Impulse Noise Detection Algorithm for Switching Median Filters”, IEEE Signal processing Letters,Vol.17, no.7, July 2010. [22] R. Pushpavalli, E. Srinivasan and S.Himavathi, “A New Nonlinear Filtering technique”, 2010 International Conference on Advances in Recent Technologies in Communication and Computing, ACEEE, Oct.16, 2010. [23] R.Pushpavalli and E.Srinivasan, “Decision based Switching Median Filtering Technique for Image Denoising”, CiiT International journal of Digital Image Processing, Vol.2, no.10, pp.405-410, Oct.2010. [24] R. Pushpavalli and G.Sivaradje, “Nonlinear Filtering Technique for Preserving Edges and Fine Details on Digital Image”, International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering and Technology, vol.3, issue no.1,January 2012. © IAEME. [25] Chin-Chen Chang, Ju-Yuan Hsiao and Chih-Ping Hsieh, “An Adaptive Median Filter for Image Denoising”, Second International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology Application, December 2008, pp. 346 – 350. 65
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