Book Launch, "Transforming Food Systems for a Rising India"
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This document summarizes key points from the book "Transforming Food Systems for a Rising India". It discusses how India's food systems and rural economies have diverged in different states, driven by varying levels of economic growth and agricultural productivity. Poorer states lag behind in structural transformation and nutrition outcomes. The book also examines India's nutrition transition from undernutrition to overweight/obesity. It argues for diversifying food systems, safety nets, and agricultural technologies to tackle malnutrition across states. Commercializing small farms, enhancing market access, and climate-smart approaches are seen as important to make food systems more inclusive and resilient for continued rural prosperity.
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Book Launch, "Transforming Food Systems for a Rising India"
- 1. Transforming FoodSystems for a Rising India • Palgrave Series in Agricultural Economics and Food Policy • Authors: • Prabhu Pingali • Anaka Aiyar • Mathew Abraham • Andaleeb Rahman Download your free copy at: https://tci.cornell.edu/food-systems-book
- 3. Transforming Foods Systems for a Rising India Prabhu Pingali Anaka Aiyar Mathew Abraham Andaleeb Rahman Published June 2019
- 4. Multisectoral Approachfor Food System Transformation
- 5. Divergence in growth at the state-level has led to different welfare and nutritionoutcomes State GDP per capita of different states in comparison to other developing regions 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2011 international $)
- 6. Transforming Food Systems for a Rising India ● Chapter 1. Indian Food Systems towards 2050: Challenges and Opportunities ● Chapter 2. Economic Growth, Agriculture and Food Systems: Explaining Regional Diversity ● Chapter 3. Rural Livelihood Challenges: Moving out of Agriculture ● Chapter 4. Diet Diversity and the Declining Importance of Staple Grains ● Chapter 5. The Nutrition Transformation: From Undernutrition to Obesity ● Chapter 6. Reimagining Safety Net Programs ● Chapter 7. Enabling Smallholder Prosperity through Commercialization and Diversification ● Chapter 8. Linking Farms to Markets: Reducing Transaction Costs and Enhancing Bargaining Power ● Chapter 9. Agricultural Technology for Increasing Competitiveness of Small Holders ● Chapter 10. Managing Climate Change Risks in Food Systems ● Chapter 11. The Way Forward: Food Systems for Enabling Rural Prosperity and Nutrition Security
- 8. Data: National Accounts Statistics, Pingali et al 2019 Chapter 2 Key Takeaway:Subnationaldivergence in structural transformation Sub National Structural Transformation in India (1960-2015)
- 9. Initialinvestments in agricultural productivity growth kicked off different trajectories in economic growth District-level rice yields 1966 to 2016 Data: ICRSIAT VDSA
- 10. New classification of sub-national regions Lagging States Low urbanization rates Low GDP per capita Low productive agriculture sector drives growth Bihar, MP, UP, Odisha, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Rajasthan, J&K, North east states Agriculture- led States Low urbanization rates High GDP per capita Share of agriculture is relatively high Punjab, Haryana, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh Urbanizing States High urbanization rates High GDP per capita Share of agriculture is reducing Kerala, Goa, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Karnataka, Telangana, Uttarakhand
- 11. Key Takeaway: Growing income and urbanizationdrives diet change Share of expenditures on food, by rural and urban populations% of population living in urban areas Data: National Statistical Sample Organization, Pingali et al 2019 Chapter 4 Data: Census 2011, Pingali et al 2019 Chapter 3 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban 1972-73 1983 1993-94 2011-12 Cereal and products Pulses and Products Milk and Products Edible Oil Meat, Eggs and Fish Vegetables and Fruits Beverages and processed food Source: NSSO Various reports …But, supplyhas not kept pace with rising demandfor diverse foods.
- 12. Key Takeaway: Safety net programs need to evolve with growth and nutritional needs • Diversifying food-based programs away from an exclusive focus on staple grains • Delinking food-grain procurement and food-based safety nets • Looking beyond food-based safety nets Photo: J. Ames © Tata-Cornell Institute
- 13. Anaka Aiyar
- 14. Data: NFHS 2015-16, Based on Authors Calculations Key Takeaway: The nutritiontransitionfrom under-nutritionto obesity is happening now! Prevalence of triple burden of malnutrition in India (2015-16) Percentage point change in malnutrition (2005-06 & 2015-16) Data: NFHS 2005-06 & 2015-16, Pingali et al 2019 Chapter 5 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 Percent Undernourished Percent Overweight Children Women Men -60.0 -40.0 -20.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Underweight Overweight Children Men Women
- 15. Data: NFHS 2015-16, Pingali et al 2019, Chapter 5 Data: NFHS 2015-16, Pingali & Aiyar 2019 Structural transformation and the interstate and intrahousehold differences in malnutrition Structural transformation and the changing malnutrition burden (2015-16) Prevalence of undernutrition in the household (2015-16) [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE][CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] [CELLRANGE] 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 PrevalenceofUnderweightwomen(BMI<18.5) Prevalence of Overweight Women (BMI>25) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Lagging India HighAg Productivity Urbanizing Men Women Children
- 16. Key Takeaway: Refocusing public policy to transformthe food system and tackle the triple burdenof malnutrition Program Focus Program Focus Cash transfers / Health insurance / Other insurance Transformational safety nets for vulnerable groups Behavior change (nutrition, sanitation) + Public finance tools (taxes for unhealthy foods, food safety laws, food labeling) Population-wide changes to nutrition behavior Boosting ST through non-farm sector Investing in supply chains & urban safety nets Green Revolution 2.0 Increasing local production diversity
- 17. Mathew Abraham
- 18. Key Takeaway: Commercializationand diversificationare essential for income and supply • Changing demand has brought about opportunities for diversification and new markets • Opportunities have not translated into benefits due to smallholder inability to commercialize • Limited access to credit, inputs, technology and markets hinders diversification • Smallholder transaction costs make it difficult to access new value chains Source Justdial.com
- 19. Small farm aggregation models enable production diversity • Cooperatives and Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) offset scale disadvantages and improve access to inputs and markets • In agriculture-led states: focus on linkages to value chains and higher value agricultural products • In lagging states: focus on traditional constraints, like access to inputs, technology and markets Source: https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/XuO23B0AqPgkGwiHQtgAaI/A-company-for-farmers.html
- 20. KeyTakeaway: Enhancingsmallholder productivityand competitiveness requires moving beyond staple grain technologies • Green Revolution 2.0 diversifies beyond staples and into lagging states • Breeding technology should improve yield, nutrition and resilience • Equitable access to technology- the case of Bt cotton • ICTs and big data can transform food systems Yield trends in selected crops in India from 1950-51 to 2016-17
- 21. Key Takeaway: Climate change can have significant adverse impacts on rural welfare and nutrition • In agriculture-led states: increasing water scarcity threatens existing staple crop systems • In lagging states: non-staple crops that are important to the poor, such as millets & pulses, will be severely affected • Changing geographies for disease vectors will affect human and animal health – women and children disproportionately affected Source: https://www.huffingtonpost.in/
- 22. Technology+ approachfor Adaptation andMitigation • Region specific approaches for tackling climate change have been proposed in the energy sector, but not much implemented in the agriculture sector • National and state policies for climate change adaptation are yet to take shape • There has been very little private sector participation in these efforts, though consumer awareness is growing • Technology plus conservation plus community action Agriculture 20.6% Industry 21.7% Energy 57.7% Emissions by Sector (2008-09) Data: MoEf 2009, Pingali et al 2019, Chapter 10
- 24. Concluding remarks: So what does this all mean? • Dealing with intra-country diversity in growth patterns • Managing India’s nutrition transition through food system diversity • Rising urban demand for diversity could lead to new opportunities for small farms • Diversifying the food system is constrained by staple grain focused policies and poor market infrastructure for non-staples • Delinking food grain procurement from safety net programs is crucial for enhancing food system diversity • Aggregating small farms into producer groups could help reduce transactions costs for accessing value chains • Mitigating climate impacts on nutrition-rich food crops important to the poor • Drawing inter-state and inter-country learnings from the India rural growth story
- 25. Q & A Panel
Notas del editor
- Motivation – Tackling individual nutrition requires a micro and macro approach In the micro approach, increasing hh access to dietary diversity and individual access to nutrition is important to achieve better nutrition indicators
- Ours brings it all together. (not unidimensional) Once we look at the macro factors and through the lens for ST, then we need the food systems approach This approach takes into account the need to increase rural prosperity, food production, nutrient availability, and urban food security. Linking the food systems development agenda to job creation and human capital investments will also be key to lower both regional and inter-personal inequality. Policy recommendations are oriented towards creating a robust food system and moving the country towards a nutrition secure future. (Chapter 11)
- use for title of graph: state GDP per capita of different states in comparison to other developing regions ST Regional growth policies – identify regional development challenges Renew focus on key challenges – intra-household, gender, demography Refocus agriculture towards demand opportunities Redesign safety nets to address obesity & urbanization challenges Prepare and promote strategies to alleviate climate change effects Policies should be multi-sectoral and inter-disciplinary in approaches 2011 Per Capita PPP USD$ The sub-national growth story Because there are different growth stories, there are different outcomes in terms of nutrition, etc. Differential Growth Stories at the State-level (GDP per capita) (2015) Indian states have grown differently
- Point out examples of states (which is Goa vs which is Ag-led vs which is lagging) Reflect different ST rate
- Can see that much of the progressive states in india have had sig ag Y growth. Point out Punjab (Whereas there are other states lagging behind. We’ll use rice as a proxy) In general, ag-led growth has happened
- However, we’ve seen that some of the early ag-led growth states that did not look at opportutnieis to diversity to non0ag sector have seen their growth stagnating Where as the states that never invested in ag are the ones we see lagging today. First describe lagging 🡪 ag-led 🡪 urbanizing Lagging = way behind Ag-led = stagnating (bc not looking at new opps beyond ag.. E.g Andhra.) (anecdote on apples in HP) Urbanizing = started with ag then expanded beyond (Gujarat) (other stories: Goa – tourism; Kerala – remittances. Diversified via services)
- Change in demand Issue of food security has changed from availability to access…. Calories 🡪 diversity Feeding the urban pop. Nature of urbanization (different forms of ST in peri-urban areas). Transformed differently so we need to think about it differently. Opp to develop the food sector. Diets are changing. Demand for higher value foods. Much of that in urban centers. Therefore we say urban areas create opportunity for rural growth if smallholders can supply to increasing demand in the cities. Opportunities for changing demand. Lagging areas can benefit from urbanization if they can plug in to markets (which we’ll talk about more later). Growth opportunities for the rural poor = focal point. (both in farm and non-farm sectors)
- While there is diet transition and rising demand, we don’t see rising demand. Change image to: change of relative prices in food categories (wheat vs green leafy vegetables v pulses)
- Food-based programs based upon grains But diets diversifying away from it Food security more about diet quality rather than quantity Nutritional needs and problems are changing Farm procurement for food distribution further inhibit transitions Interlocked procurement-stocking-distribution operation The future of safety nets requires a rethink Objectives and design Alternatives: Cash, UBI, Health Insurance, etc. Because safety net programs are still focused on grain, it means we’re not meeting demand for diversity. India has a very large public distribution program and therefore there is a very large procurement program that feeds into that. How do we procure better/differently? Where markets function from other countries (e.g. Mexico, Brazil), we know cash-based programs can support diet diversification. For states with higher ST, maybe we should look at more cash-based options. (learning from other examples) For lagging states, food-based safety nets are still important Urban safety nets (if enough time) Mention: we discuss more safety nets in the book but here we only talk abou pds
- Clarify dates of nfhs 3 and 4 … Talk through 1. Status of Malnutrition and how things have changed in just 10 years. Reductin in undernutrition but Massive increases in OW/OB 2. Focus on the intra household story here – show that children are vulnerable to this problem
- Intrahousehold burden (women and kids bearing brunt of it) 🡪 therefore we focus interventions on addressing change among these groups Interventions that are already happening (e.g. vaccinations, increasing coverage of ANC) 🡪 we need to do more & more intensely Not just from perspective of undernutrition but from over-nutrition as well. Increasing access to diverse diets Govt policy related to food safety…. Including considering sugar-beverage tax Undernutrition and OW/OB issues and how do we manage that. Instead of what govt SHOULD do – say we should/could look to other country examples re: sugar taxes. We need to understand the policy issues around… and look at how we can promote consumption.
- Cash Transfers / Health insurance / Other insurance Transformational safety nets for Vulnerable groups Behavior Change (nutrition, sanitation) Public finance tools (taxes for unhealthy foods, food safety laws, food labeling) Population wide changes to nutrition behavior Green revolution 2.0 Increasing local production diversity Boosting ST through Nonfarm sector Urban labor markets, urban safety nets, supply chains
- Add NSSO Rural expenditure graph Sets stage for argument of changing diets = new opportunity for diversification of produce and for new marketing strategies These opportunities have yet to benefit small farmers. Verbally (simplified) could talk about Product and commodity markets Costs of commodity to product shift Spatial disadvantages for VC Cost of organizing contracts Limited access to newer marketing platforms
- Shift from commodity based production to specialized / high value Here’s ways one can promote better aggregation. = key message. Challenges and solutions for aggregation models
- Improve yield, nutrition quality of crops and resilience in face of climate change
- Climate change – significantly higher impact on non-staples and livestock Water scarcity and mono-cropping systems threaten agriculture led states. Non staple crops that are important to the poor – millets, pulses will see a shift out of lagging regions Research from India indicates increased heat days & flooding will reduce human capital Health environment, water and sanitation access will be effected. This will impact malnutrition of women & children more drastically Inter-relationship with disease vectors & temperature will increase vulnerability in northern areas (including zoonotic disease) For bullet point 2: it can have a disproportionately higher effect on non-staple foods Need to get from general statements to something that reflects that we’ve learned something new here. Climate change will have a bigger impact on non-staples than staples. (This is a key learning of ours.) Mention the climate change results India is going to have e.g. what happens in rice belt, vs Eastern India. Rain-fed regions are far more vulnerable; irrigation has smoothening effect. Climate change & GDP lagging states are more vulnerable Crops that are important to the poor. (millets, sorghum, pulses, livestock). And areas currently that can only grow millets may not be able to grow them any more (so if millets won’t grow there, then nothing will grow there. Where do the millets go?) Health environment – water and sanitation access will be effected. Interrealtion with disease vectors (including increase vulnerability of livestock to zoonotic disease) non-staples Crops that important to the poor Health environment Regional differences in effects (in ag-led & lagging states) Next slide = what do we do about it. (crops that are heat, drought tolerant, tillage work, insurance systems. Building resilience in communities (watershed management, etc.)
- Beyond GM – there are investments to be made in better crop breeding. what do we do about it. (crops that are heat, drought tolerant, tillage work, insurance systems. Building resilience in communities (watershed management, etc.) Changes in nutrient quality of crops. Breeding plant varieties (for resilience and nutrient quality a la biofortification) become really important. Mitigation and Adaptation Mitigation – we see the shift to renewables going on Adaptation – we gotta do more.