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1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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A comparative evaluation of physical and chemical characteristics of
biofuel synthesized from kusum oil (Schleichera oleosa) and its blends
with diesel
Bhupendra Kumar Prajapati1, Ajay Singh Paikra2, Dilbag Singh Mondloe3
1M.Tech Student in Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College,
Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh, India
2&3Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College,
Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Abstract -Biodiesel derived from nonediblefeedstockssuch
as Kusum seed (Schleichera oleosa) is reported to be feasible
choices for developing countries including India. Kusum
biodiesel is prepared from kusum seed through trans-
esterification. This paper presents comparative results of
investigation of physical and chemical properties of biofuel
synthesized from kusum oil and its blends with diesel. In this
investigation, the blends of varying proportions of Kusum
biodiesel and diesel were prepared, analyzed the
characteristics compared with diesel. Various physico-
chemical parameters of the kusum oil have been studied to
evaluate its suitability as a potential feedstock for biodiesel
production. However, deviation from the properties became
larger for higher blending ratio. Therefore, in order to get
engine performance in close range of diesel, the optimum
blending ratio are lower blending ratio such as B10, B20.
Lower blends are expected to give engine characteristics in
close proximity to diesel overcoming thelimitationsofbiofuels,
while retaining the advantages.
Key Words: Biodiesel, Kusum seed & oil (Schleichera
oleosa), Transesterification, Kusum Biodiesel, Biodiesel
blends B10, B20.
1. INTRODUCTION
Biodiesel can be produced from a wide variety of plant oils,
both edible and non-edible biodiesel. In recent years
systematic efforts have been made by several researchersto
use vegetable oils like sunflower, cottonseed, peanut,
soybean, rapeseed, palm, olive, linseed, coconut, pongamia
and rubberseed etc. as alternate fuel for diesel. Many of the
vegetable oils are edible in nature, continuous use of them
cause shortage for food supply and proves far expensive to
be used as fuel at present. So far a very few of non-edible
vegetable oils have been tried on diesel engine leaving a lot
of scope in this area. Therefore, it is desirable to produce
biodiesel from the non-edible oils which can be extensively
grown in the waste lands of the country. Among the non-
edible oil sources, Jatropha, Karanja, Mahua, Neems, Sal and
Kusum are identified as potential biodiesel source and
comparing with other sources, whichhaveaddedadvantages
as rapid growth, higher seed productivity, suitable for
tropical and subtropical regions of the world like India.
1.1 Biodiesel
Biodiesel is a mono-alkyl ester produced through trans-
esterification processes. It is obtained from the transesteri-
fication of vegetable oil. Transesterification reaction is the
transformation of an ester, in this case, a triglyceride
(vegetable oil) and alcohol, ethanol, into anotherester inthe
presence of acid or base as a catalyst. In the production of
biodiesel, the products are mixtures of fatty esters
(biodiesel) and glycerol.
Fig-1 Kusum Fruit on Tree
1.2 Characteristics Kusum seed (Schleichera oleosa)
In India, Kusum is one of the forest-based tree-borne
nonedible oil.The botanicalnameofkusumiswidelyfoundin
the sub-Himalayanregion, throughoutcentral(Chhattisgarh)
and southern India. The estimated availabilityofkusumseed
is about 25,000 tons per annum. In the past kusum seed oil
was exported from India to Germany. This market has now
fallen away. From current productionpotential4000to5000
tons are collected. The one or two almost round seeds some
1.5cm in diameter and weighing between0.5and1.0g.Theoil
content is51-62%but the yieldsare 25-27%invillageghanis
and about36%oil in expellers. The viscosity ofkusumoilwas
found to be higher than that of diesel fuel. The high viscosity
of kusum oil may be due to its larger molecular weight
compared to diesel. The flash point of kusum oil was higher
than diesel and hence it is safer to store.

2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1067
Fig-2 Kusum Seed
1.3 Extraction of Kusum oil from its seed
The extraction of Kusum oil was done by using a screw
extruder machine in oil mill. Additional processbyhydraulic
manual pressing machine was performed to increase the oil
yield from Kusum seed which repeatedforseveraltimes.The
Kusum seeds were afterward sun dried for one week then
cleaned. Seed samples were cooked in an oven for 2 h then
were pressed with four replications in the screw press oil
expeller at an optimum screw-speed of 120 rpm. At each of
test conditions, crude oil and cake were collected and
weighed. The remained cake was wrapped with a filter and
placed inside the press machine. The extraction with press
machine was done several times and after the pre-
determined time, the extraction process stopped. The oil
yield of Kusum seed was calculated by the following
equation:
Oil yield = (OSO/WSO) ×100
Where, OSO = the extracted weight of Kusum seed (S. oleosa
oil) (g), WSO = the weight of Kusum seed (S. oleosa oil) (g).
1.4 Characterization of Kusum oil
The chemical and physical properties of the jatropha and
Neem oil as well as the biodiesel obtained from them were
determined with the view of characterizing the oil and the
biodiesel. The major properties determined includes the
density, specific gravity, iodine value, acid value, free fatty
value, moisture content. Ash content, saponification value,
flash point, cloud point, freezing point and pour point.
Table-1 Properties of Kusum oil and KOME
Property Unit
Kusum
oil
Kusum oil
Methyl Ester
Density at 40°C kg/m3 860 850
Viscosity at 40°C cSt 40.36 14.2
Flash point °C 225 150
Fire point °C 231 157
Calorific value MJ/kg 38.14 41.65
2. PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM KUSUM OIL
(TRANSESTERIFICATION)
A great variety of new approaches, based on different
principles such as supercritical fluid extraction,
microwave irradiation, closed system at high
temperature and pressure have been developed in the
last few years. Another problem with non-edible
vegetable oil seeds is that they contain high free fatty acids
and are not suitable as a feed stock for
production of biodiesel by conventional alkaline
transesterification method. Therefore, to use high free
fatty acid and high moisture contain oil as a feed
stock for production of biodiesel, several techniques
have been proposed in recent years like acid
catalyzed lipase catalysed and super critical
transesterification. The transesterification reaction
proceeds with catalyst or without catalyst by using
primary or secondary monohydric aliphatic alcohols.
RCOOR1 + R2OH ↔ RCOOR2 + R1 OH
Table - 2 Properties of Kusum Biodiesel & its blends
Properties Diesel
Kusum
oil
B10 B20 B30 B40
Specific
Gravity
0.831 0.876 0.834 0.842 0.848 0.851
Viscosity at
40Oc (cSt)
4.3 4.5 5.3 6.1 7 7.3
Flash point
(oC)
54 172 78 90 98 105
Fire point
(oC)
65 198 93 121 135 144
Calorific
Value(kj/kg)
42500 37710 42250 41638 41015 40500
3. CONCLUSION
This complete understanding of productionofbiodieselfrom
Kusum seeds will help in commercializing the product and
will also help our economy by reducing the import of crude
oil. The result of biodiesel characterization shows that the
fuel fulfillsmost of the ASTM and EN Standardsocanbeused
as a possible candidate for replacement forpetroleumdiesel.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Grateful thanks to HOD and faculty of department of
Mechanical Engineering, Government Engineering College,
Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh for allowing the use of their
institutional facilities.
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3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 03 | Mar-2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 6.171 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1068
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BIOGRAPHIES
BHUPENDRA KUMAR PRAJAPATI
MTech student of Thermal Engineering
in the Department of Mechanical
Engineering at Government Engineering
College, Jagdalpur, Chhattisgarh, India.