1. INDIAN ECONOMY
IRAN – IRAQ WAR

3. • IRAN
• IRAQ
• IRAN-IRAQ War
• US Stance
• Role of other states
• Basij - Human wave/sea attack
• 1984 - Tanker War
• CW & BW
• ECONOMIC IMPACT
• US Crude Oil Prices
• GULF WAR: TIMELINE
• US-IRAQ Conflict
• IRAQ-ISRAEL Conflict
• Why did US invaded IRAQ?

5.  1900‟s - IRAN/Persia - Russia & Great Britain
 1920‟s - WW-I - military strong man
 1926 - overthrow - Qajarid Dynasty - Reza Shah Pahlavi
 1932 - British put Reza Shah "on the throne".
 He built railways, roads, hospitals, schools & universities
 Ruthful - enemies & rivals
 Not liked - Shia Clergy - outlawed “VEIL”, asked men to shave
REASONS FOR THE FALL OF THE SHAH

6. Reza Khan Pahlavi

7.  1941 - Invasion by British & Russians - needed supply route in WW-II
 Shah exiled - his 19 year son took over
 Nationalists and Communist tried to control the country
 Shah - create his own power block of rural people
 1949, he was attacked.
 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
 1951 - Dr. Mossadeq - issue of oil - Prime Minister
 Nationalist movement - Bill for nationalization of Oil Company
 British - worldwide boycott of Iranian oil
 Shah - stripped of his powers
 US President convinced - Mossadeq hand over - Russia - SHAH Card
REASONS FOR THE FALL OF THE SHAH

8. RETURN OF THE SHAH

9. MOHAMMAD
• Institutes
Western reforms
& ties with the
West .
• But, the majority
of his people
live in poverty.
• Brutal
suppression of
dissidents 

10. Iranian elite and intellectual
classes: very pro-Western
THE SHAH & HIS WIFE, FARAH

14.  Oil profits - American military hardware
 Little money to reinvest - Iranian economy
 Religious leaders angry - “Westernization”
 Government corruption
 Constitutional violations - Basic Human Rights
 Economic slump - 1970‟s frustrated millions
 Opposed the shah - Ayatollah Khomeini - banished - since 1964
 IRAN - Policeman
 Western Flaking - Unjust attitude - Political enemies
REASONS FOR THE FALL OF THE SHAH

15.  1973 - Western states - Cheap oil - OPEC quadrupled the oil prices
 Mid 70’s Shah hold all the political powers -undergoing treatment for cancer
 Invest - from OIL into economy - growing difference
 Religious and Cultural critics took over
 People wanted democracy
 Jimmy Carter took over USA (Human Rights & Less Sale of Weapons)
 Finally a press release stating Khomeini as a British Agent triggered riots
 BLACK FRIDAY – 100‟s killed but he didn‟t go for more blood
 Ordered arrest of 500 top officials
 Jan‟79, the King & Queen leave
REASONS FOR THE FALL OF THE SHAH

16. ANTI SHAH PROTESTS

17. • 1902 – 1989.
• Became an Islamic
scholar
• Began to speak out
against the Shah in the
1960s.
• Arrested and
imprisoned several
times by the Shah.
• Deported in 1978 &
went to France.
AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI (1979-1989)

18. When the devil leaves, the angel
returns!
IRAN REVOLUTIONARY POSTER

19. Shah - US for medical treatment.
4th, 1979 - Iranian militants - US embassy - 60 American hostages.
AMERICAN EMBASSY IN TEHRAN TAKEN OVER

20. 52 AMERICAN'S HELD HOSTAGE FOR 444 DAYS

22. The Ayatollah with
Yasir Arafat
Funds Hamas and
Hezbollah
SUPPORT FOR THE PALESTINIAN CAUSE

24. The birth of
Mesopotami
a
Becomes
British
mandate
King
Faisal
Independe
nce
Saddam
Hussein
come to
rule
Saddam
Hussein‟s
death
sentence
Saddam
Hussein‟
s death
A new start
for Iraq
c. 3500 BCE 1920 1921 1932 1979-2003
November
2006
Decemb
er 2006 May 2006
World's first
civilization
developed in
Sumer,
region now
in
southeastern
Iraq.
Iraq comes
under
British
mandate
after the
fall of the
Ottoman
empire in
1918.
Faisal 1
become
king of
Iraq
Iraq
achieves
independe
nce from
Britain.
Saddam
Hussein
seized
power in
1979.
UK & US
supported
Saddam
because
he helped
them fight
Iran.
Saddam
was
sentenced
to death
on 5 Nov
2006.
Saddam
Hussein
was
killed by
hanging
on 30
Dec,
2006, in
the Iraqi
capital
Baghdad
The people
who make
up the govt -
called the
cabinet -
were finally
approved in
May 2006
after a lot of
disagreemen
ts.

25.  America - break the British hegemony over IRAQ by a military coup
 1958 military threw - Monarchy and established a Republic
 Arab Nationalism - Withdrew from “Bagdad Pact”
 1961 – Nationalization of foreign oil companies
 Worked with communists and strengthened their position in Iraq
 America, British and Oil Companies rallied against it
 1963 – Ba-ath Party and National forces - Abdul Salam - backing of America lead to
another violent military coup
 General Ahmed Hassan Al-Bakr - new Prime Minister and Colonel Abdul Salam
Arif became President
 1968 - Al-Bakr supported by British staged another military coup with the help of his
deputy Saddam Hussein
NATIONALIST MOVEMENTS IN IRAQ

26. 1968 BA’ATH TAKEOVER
• Fascist, secular Party took over Iraq
• Saddam Hussein soon became President for life
• Hussein established cult of personality

27. OPPRESSED MAJORITY
• Saddam Hussein
took power in 1979.
He was a Sunni
Muslim
• Shia Muslims and
Kurds (an ethnic
group) were long
oppressed by
Saddam’s rule

28. • Kurd 15-20%
• Sunni Arab 33%
• Shia Arab 60%
• Turkomans 5-8%

31. GEOGRAPHIES

32. IRAQ AND IRAN CONFLICT
• Saddam Hussein becomes President- 1979
• Shortly after, Iran was established as a Shiite
Muslim Theocratic State
• Iran encouraged Iraqi people to overthrow
Saddam Hussein
• War becomes International
• UN Resolution passed 1987

33. • September, 1980
• Iraq invades Iran
• Calling for peace, UN passes Resolution 479, rejected by Iran
• December, 1986
• Following exposure of its double strategies, US sides with Iraq
• August, 1987
• US deploys American Armada : an aircraft carrier, a battleship, six
cruisers, three destroyers, seven frigates, and numerous supporting
naval vessels
• August, 1988
• War comes to an end: Total casualties around 1 million
IRAN – IRAQ WAR : TIMELINE

34. Pre War Trends

35. • Shatt al Arab formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, flowing SE to the Persian Gulf,
forming part of the Iraq-Iran border.
• Iraq and Iran have disputed navigation rights on the Shatt al Arab
• In 1935, International Commission gave Iraq total control of the Shatt al Arab, leaving Iran with control
only of the approaches to Abadan and Khorramshahr, its chief ports, and unable to develop new port
facilities in the delta.
• To prevent Iraqi political pressure and interference with its oil and freight shipments on the Shatt al Arab,
Iran built ports on the Persian Gulf to handle foreign trade.
• Iran and Iraq negotiated territorial agreements over the Shatt al Arab waterway in 1975, but by the end of
the decade skirmishes in the area became prevalent.

36. • The Ottomans handed over Mohammareh, which was part of Iraqi territory, to Iran.
• The Iraqi regime's dissatisfaction with Iran's possession of the oil-rich Khuzestan province (which
Iraqis called Arabistan) that had a large Arabic-speaking population was not limited to rhetorical
statements.
• Iraq began supporting secessionist movements in Khuzestan, and even raised the issue of its
territorial claims at a meeting of the Arab League, without success.

37. • Iran became the main patron
of Iraq's Kurdish rebels in the
early 1970’s
• Iraq started supporting
separatism in Iran's Khuzestan
and Baluchistan provinces
• Both countries encouraged
separatist activities by
Kurdish nationalists in the
other country
• In the winter of 1974–75, Iran
and Iraq almost went to war
over Iran's support of the
Kurds in Iraq.
• However, the Iraqis decided
against war, and chose to
make concessions to Tehran
to end the Kurdish rebellion.

38. ALGIERS AGREEMENT
• In the 1975 Algiers Agreement, Iraq made territorial concessions—including the
Shatt waterway—in exchange for normalized relations.
• In return for Iraqi recognition, Iran ended its support of the Iraqi Kurdish
guerrillas.
• The Algiers Agreement was widely seen as a national humiliation in Iraq.
• The relationship between the Iranian and Iraqi governments briefly improved in
1978, when Iranian agents in Iraq discovered a planned pro-Soviet coup d'état
against the Iraqi government.
• When informed of this plot, Saddam Hussein, who was vice president at the
time, ordered the execution of dozens of his army officers, and to return the
favor, expelled Ruhollah Khomeini, an exiled leader of clerical opposition to the
Shah, from Iraq.

39. • Economic/ military
• Saddam also saw an opportunity to establish himself as the leader of the Arab world
• Significance of Shatt-al-Arab connected Persian Gulf with the Iranian port of
Khorramshahr and Abadan
• Traditional rivalry - both powers attempting to impose their hegemony on the Gulf region
• Gaining control of Iranian oil fields would result in Iraq becoming one of the most feared
powers in the Middle East
• Khuzestan's large ethnic Arab population would allow Hussein to pose as the liberator of
the Arabs from Persian rule.
• Iran rich in resources & it also had within it an extensive set of old trade routes
• Access to trade with Iran's neighbors, such as Pakistan, Armenian SSR, India, and others
• Direct train lines were established from the capital region into the Soviet Union along the
west coast of the Caspian sea. Control of the Shatt al-Arab river waterway by Iraq
LONG TERM REASONS

40. • Religious
• Most Iraqi population believed in Sunnis Islam, whereas most Iranian population believed in
Shias Islam. Sunnis and Shias Islam were split since 661, when the founder of Islam, Caliph
was assassinated
• Fears of Shia Islam insurgency among Iraq's long-suppressed Shia majority influenced by
the Iranian Revolution
• Prevent the spread of the Islamic Revolution in the region
• Ethnical
• Resentment existed between Arabians and Persians since Arabians invaded Persians
centuries ago.
• Persians could not form a consolidated country for almost 800 years
• Political
• 1961~1975, Iraq focused on the suppression of Kurdish rebellions, which led them to accept…
Algiers Agreement of 1975 according to which IRAQ has to give substantial area to IRAN for
not supporting the Kurdish people
LONG TERM REASONS

41. • Political
• Rise of the two ambitious leaders – Khomeini and Saddam Hussein
• Islamic revolution of 1979 caused confusion in Iran
• Iran seemed vulnerable because the revolution there had not yet ended.
• The Iranian army was still in disarray and radical Marxists were still battling the religious
fundamentalists
• Diplomatic
• ―Iran hostage crisis‖  bad relationship with the U.S.
• Persecution of communists in Iran because of bad relationship with USSR
• Military
• Persecution of key military commanders in Pahlavi Shah’s regime
• Ayatollah Khomeini, who had spent part of his exile in Iraq (he was expelled in October 1978),
began encouraging his former colleagues to overthrow Saddam Hussein
SHORT TERM REASONS

42. • Economic
• Islamic revolution in Iran
• Industries were suffering and export of petroleum decreased because of the bad
relationship with U.S.
• Religious
• Islamic revolution in Iran also affected Shias population & even Kurdish people in
Iraq. Many of them fought on the Iranian side in the war.
• Khomeini insulted Saddam Hussein, by saying that his regime is “anti-Islamic”
• Ideological differences
• The ruling Ba'ath Party in Iraq was socialist and pro-Soviet
• Whereas the Iranian shah was anti-socialist (though certainly not democratic)
and pro-Western
SHORT TERM REASONS

43. • US announces neutrality in the conflict
• Recognizes number of advantages to be
gained by prolongation of the war
• Supports & condemns IRAQ
• Pursues two track policy for Iran too
US STANCE ON IRAN - IRAQ WAR

44. • The pillar of the US in West Asia, viz, the Pahlavi
monarchy in Iran, was overthrown. This made the US
deeply anxious at the prospect of similar developments
taking place throughout the region.
• Siding with Iraq: Attempt to oust the Khomeini regime
• US wanted to control, to the greatest extent possible, the
oil resources in the Middle East
• Prevent oil access to the Soviet in the Gulf
• Profit from the Arms trade with Iran and Iraq
• Attempt to solve the hostage crisis in Iran by secret deals
REASONS FOR US TWO-TRACK POLICY

45. • It wanted to weaken both IRAN & IRAQ
• US wanted to split the OPEC and hence reducing the capability of hurting
US with their Oil Price Weapon
• Need for arms & money would make Baghdad dependent on Egypt and
other conservative Gulf states, thus improving ties with Cairo and other
Arab states
• Iran, which used US supplied weapons would require military equipment
• Demands of war might make both nations willing to improve ties with US
• Dislocations of war would give US greater ability to carry out covert
operations in Iran or Iraq
• Turmoil in Gulf might make other states more susceptible to US pressure
for military co-operation
ADVANTAGES OF PROLONGATION

46. • 17 May 1987 - Iraqi Mirage F1 aircraft launched two missiles at USS Stark, killing 37
crewmembers and leaving 21 injured
• October 1987 - Operation Nimble Archer, U.S. attacked Iranian oil platforms,
retaliation for an Iranian attack on the U.S.-flagged Kuwaiti tanker Sea Isle City
• 3 July 1988 - Cruiser USS Vincennes shot down Iran Air Flight 655, killing all 290
passengers and crew on board
• US began to favour Iraq by reopening diplomatic channels, lifting restrictions on
the export of dual-use technology, overseeing the transfer of third-party military
hardware, and providing operational intelligence on the battlefield
• US indirectly supplied weapons to Iran as part of a complex and partially illegal
program that became known as the Iran-Contra Affair
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kGLvFI-XX1I
US AND THE WAR

47. • US approves sale to Iraq of 5 Boeing
Jetliners
• Removes Iraq from its list of “nations
supporting terrorism”
• Washington extends $400 million credit
guarantee for US exports to Iraq
• CIA establishes direct Washington-
Baghdad link to provide military
intelligence
• US “condemns” Iraq‟s use of chemical
weapons but doesn‟t support any
Council action against Iraq
US SUPPORT FOR IRAQ
US shoots down an Iranian
passenger plane in the Persian
Gulf : Iran sues US in World Court,
receives $131.8 million in 1996.

48. • Washington tries to instigate a coup in Iran
• Begins broadcasts into Iran (costing $30,000 pm) calling for
Khomeini‟s overthrow
• CIA broadcasts message from the overthrown Shah‟s son, to
cause instability and chaos
• US tries to establish ties with Iranian mullahs
• Supplies arms to Iran through Israel
• US passes military intelligence on border threats
• US provides support to Iranian paramilitary groups
TWO-TRACK POLICY TOWARDS IRAN

49. ROLE OF OTHER ARAB STATES
• April 1982, Syria at the request of Iran closed the Kirkuk–Banias pipeline that allowed Iraqi oil
to reach tankers on the Mediterranean, which reduced the Iraqi budget by $5 billion
US/month.
• Iraq's only means of exporting oil was the pipeline to Turkey which was quite insufficient to
pay for the war.
• Financial support from Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and the other Gulf states saved Iraq from
bankruptcy. It was estimated that the Gulf states provided Iraq with an average of $60 billion
USD in subsidies/per year.
• The other Arab states came to the rescue. Iraq has one of the most unpleasant governments
in the region and had shown constant hostility to the monarchies in Jordan, the Gulf and
Saudi Arabia.
• The threat of Persian fundamentalism was far more feared, and thus the conservative Arab
states could not afford to let Iraq be defeated.
• The Gulf states were especially inclined to fear an Iranian victory after Khomeini announced
that monarchy was an illegitimate and un-Islamic form of government.

50. BASIJ - HUMAN WAVE/SEA ATTACK
• Islamic Revolution's leader Ayatollah Khomeini
created Basiji, a mass movement
• They were encouraged through visits to the
schools and an intensive media campaign.
• Slogans "War, War until Victory" and "The
Road to Jerusalem Goes through Karbala" .
• Boys, aged anywhere from 6-16, had
volunteered to become martyrs.
• They had led the way, running over fields of
mines to clear the ground for the Iranian ground
assault.
• It is estimated that tens of thousands were killed
in the process.

51. 1984 - TANKER WAR
• IRAQ attacked - Kharg Island in early 1984.
• IRAQ brought American intervention into the war.
• Iran struck back by attacking tankers – Kuwait & Persian Gulf states
supporting Iraq.
• Both nations attacked oil tankers and merchant ships, including those
of neutral nations, in an effort to deprive the opponent of trade.
• Iranian attacks on Kuwaiti shipping, the United States Navy started to
escort Kuwaiti tankers in March 1987
• In April 1987, the Soviet Navy also started escorting Kuwaiti tankers.
• The Tanker War damaged 546 commercial vessels and killed about
430 civilian sailors.

52. • Large scale trench warfare
• Manned machine-gun
posts
• Bayonet charges
• Barbed wire across
trenches
• Human wave
attacks across no-man's
land
• Extensive use of chemical
weapons such as mustard
gas
Facets of war

53. • Ceasefire by the United Nations Security Council,
hostilities continued until 20 Aug’1988.
• The war finally ended with a United Nations
brokered ceasefire in the form of UNSC Resolution
598.
• It took several weeks for the Iranian armed forces
to evacuate Iraqi territory to honor pre-war
international borders between the 2 nations (1975
Algiers Agreement).
END OF WAR

54. • Iraq first used Chemical weapons when Iran started counter attacking
• Many attributed the use of CW in Iran-Iraq war as the lenient international policy
regarding CW&BW
• Nerve gas killed about 20,000 Iranian soldiers immediately, according to official
reports.
• Iraq also used chemical weapons on Iranian civilians, killing many in villages and
hospitals.
• Its estimated that Iran had suffered more than 100,000 casualties from Iraq's use of
several chemical weapons.
• United States, West Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and France.
CW & BW

56. • US was the sole country to vote against a 1986 Security Council statement condemning
Iraq‟s use of mustard gas against Iranian troops.
• US arranged massive loans for Iraq‟s burgeoning war expenditure from American client
states such as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
• “Crop-spraying” helicopters (to be used for chemical attacks in 1988)
• Let Dow Chemicals ship it chemicals for use on humans,
• Let its air force officers to work with their Iraqi counterparts (from 1986),
• Approved technological exports to Iraq‟s missile procurement agency to extend the missiles‟
range (1988).
• In October 1987 and April 1988 US forces themselves
• US provided to Iraq satellite,
• Prepared detailed battle planning for Iraqi forces in this period.
ROLE OF US IN CW & BW

61. Average Growth Rates of Selected Economic Indicators of Iraq, 1970-89
ECONOMIC IMPACT
1970-80 1980-85 1985-90
GDP 11.8 -8.1 -1.7
Government Consumption 13.6 -1.3 -4.4
Private Consumption 13.2 -7.6 -4.6
Gross Fixed Investment 27.6 -0.3 -1.5
Exports of Goods and Services 4.4 -8.8 -1.1
Imports of Goods and Services 22.5 -8.2 -2.9
Domestic Trade 16.8 1.3 -10.8

62. US CRUDE OIL PRICES

64. BACKGROUND
• Throughout much of the Cold War, Iraq had been an ally of the Soviet
Union, and there was a history of friction between it and the United
States.
• The U.S. was concerned with Iraq's position on Israeli–
Palestinian politics, and its disapproval of the nature of the peace
between Israel and Egypt.
• After Iran-Iraq war, Iraq was heavily debt-ridden and tensions within
society were rising. Most of its debt was owed to Saudi Arabia and
Kuwait. Iraq pressured both nations to forgive the debts, but they
refused.

65. GULF WAR: TIMELINE
August 2,1990 Iraq
invades Kuwait.
Saddam Hussein
proclaims Kuwait as
a province of Iraq.
August 7, 1990 Operation
Desert Shield begins. The
first US forces arrive in
Saudi Arabia.
November 29, 1990 UN authorizes
any force necessary to remove Iraqi
forces from Kuwait. Iraqis are given
to 15 January to leave Kuwait.
January 21, 1991 Congress
grants President George
H.W. Bush the authority to
use military force.
January 15, 1991
Deadline passes
for Iraqi to
withdrawal.
January 16, 1991. Air campaign
begins against military leadership
targets in Kuwait and Iraq
(concentrating on Baghdad).
February 24, 1991. Desert
Storm begins as coalition
ground forces drive on
Iraqi forces in Kuwait.
February 28, 1991. After 100
hours, Iraq agrees to a
ceasefire. Iraqi forces have
retreated from Kuwait.
3 March 1991—Iraq
accepts conditions for a
permanent cease fire.

66. • Hussein believed Kuwait should be Iraqi territory as it had traditionally been an „Iraqi district‟
during the time of the Ottoman Empire (1299 – 1923)
• Poor condition of Iraqi economy after the Iraq/Iran war 1980 – 1988
• Iraq also accused Kuwait of exceeding its OPEC quotas for oil production.
The UAE & Kuwait were consistently overproducing;
• Kuwait was doing it to repair losses caused by Iranian attacks in the Iran–Iraq War and to pay
for the losses of an economic scandal.
• The result was a slump in the oil price – as low as $10 a barrel from $18 – with a resulting loss
of $7 billion a year to Iraq, equal to its 1989 BOP deficit.
• Hussein accused Kuwaitis of „slant-drilling‟ ( i..e. Oil wells on Kuwait‟s land using pipelines that
tapped in oil in Iraqi land)
• Could lead to an invasion of Saudi Arabia which would mean Hussein was in charge of 40% of
the world‟s oil supply
• Hussein did not foresee intervention of the US or USSR, given their support in the Iran/Iraq
conflict
GULF WAR : REASONS FOR IRAQ INVASION

68. • A week before the war broke out, US ambassador
April Glaspie met Hussein and told him:
“We have no opinion on your Arab - Arab conflicts,
such as your dispute with Kuwait. Secretary (of State
James) Baker has directed me to emphasize the
instruction, that the Kuwait issue is not associated
with America.”
• This is seen by most analysts as America‟s way of
giving Saddam a nod and a wink for the Kuwait
invasion
INITIAL US POLICY DURING GULF WAR

71. • US changes its position abruptly, and condemns
Iraqi invasion
• The alliance with Iraq is reversed and the
demonization of Saddam Hussein and all things
Iraqi begins.
• The UN passed a resolution for member states to
use „all necessary means‟ to force an Iraqi
withdrawal
• American president George Bush (snr) deployed
troops in Saudi Arabia and awaited Hussein‟s
withdrawal from Kuwait
• Iraq was given until January 15 1991 to withdraw:
Hussein did not bow to International pressure
• US launches offensive, defeats Iraq and leaves it
crippled
U-TURN IN US POLICY DURING GULF WAR

72. • A six week aerial bombardment of Iraq and Kuwait, eventually demoralizing the Iraqi
forces
• Through new war and media technology, the war became a televised spectacle:
Strictly censored
• During the conflict, Hussein fired missiles at Israel, hoping to provoke a response and
invite other Arab nations into the conflict. Israel were persuaded by the UN not to
retaliate
OPERATION DESERT STORM: AERIAL ASSAULT

73. OPERATION DESERT STORM: GROUND ASSAULT
• By late February 1991, coalition forces were able to begin a ground assault
• Iraqi forces retreated immediately, setting fire to Kuwaiti oils wells as they
moved back to Iraq
• Fighting lasted 100 hours
• The UN did not proceed to attack Hussein in Iraq: Their mandate was remove
Iraq from Kuwait. As such, the success of Operation Desert storm was only a
temporary solution to Hussein‟s dictatorship

76. IRAQ – ISRAEL
• The Iraqi government made no secret that it would attack Israel if invaded.
• Saddam Hussein declared that "The great duel, the mother of all battles has begun.
The dawn of victory nears as this great showdown begins.“
• Iraq responded by launching eight Al Hussein missiles at Israel the next day. These
missile attacks on Israel were to continue throughout the war. A total of 42 Scud
missiles were fired by Iraq into Israel during the 7 weeks of the war.
• The Iraqis hoped that they would provoke a military response from Israel. It was
expected that many Arab nations would withdraw from the coalition, as they would
be reluctant to fight alongside Israel.
• However, President Bush pressured Israeli Prime Minister not to retaliate fearing
that if Israel attacked Iraq, the other Arab nations would either desert from the
coalition or join Iraq.
• It was also feared that if Israel used Syrian or Jordanian airspace to attack Iraq, they
would intervene in the war on Iraq's side or attack Israel.

77. Scud missile being prepared to be fired on Israel

78. Border between Iraq and Kuwait

79. • American tanks complete destroyed over 500 Iraqi tanks without losing a single
tank.
• Iraqi army began a headlong retreat from Kuwait and southern Iraq in doing so set
over 400 Kuwait oil wells on fire.
• Their retreat being cut off by allied aircraft and with their vehicles being destroyed
from the air the Iraqis fled on foot.
Day 3: The largest tank battle in history.

84. It took 6 weeks to get the Iraqis out but not
before they started one of the largest
environmental incidents in history.

85. WHY DID US INVADE IRAQ?

86. • US believed Kuwait could be a stepping stone to an
invasion of Saudi Arabia
• This would mean Hussein was in charge of 40% of
the world’s oil supply
• After the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the UN imposed
sanctions on all exports and imports with Iraq
(excluding medicine). They would last through the
1990’s and bring about many social problems in
Iraq
• The UN was now ‘more unified’ with the USSR
crumbling: ‘The United States was able to use the
United Nations to construct a... Coalition opposed
to Iraqi aggression’
REASONS FOR

87. THE END AND THE CONSEQUENCES
• Iraq was defeated and Kuwait became it‟s own country.
• There were no-fly zones made
• There was a lot of structure damage, such as the sewage
plant destruction. This made the sewage overflow into the
Tigris River, which is where civilians get drinking water, and
caused a lot of sickness.
• They suffered enormous property damages.
• The UN made it where Iraq couldn‟t make weapons of
destruction.
• The casualties are between 35,000 and 60,000.

88. TRUE LIES…

90. Questions?