This is the full version of the presentation of GOwind!, Ghent Ostend Wind Research Insitute, powered by Ghent University Association (Belgium).

1. GOWind!GhentOstend Wind Research Institute Extendedversion Founded in Ghenton 06 April 2011

2. GOwind!

3. PoweredbyAUGent AssociationGhentUniversity (AUGent) is groupedaroundGhentUniversity, one of the two major universities in Flanders, Belgium. In totalit is home to 5.000 researchers and 32.000 students. It has 11 faculties, of which the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture is one of the biggestwith 2200 students and 850 (a.o. 150 professors) researchersworking in different fieldsrangingfromarchitecture, ICT, materials as well as electrical, mechanical and thermalenergysystems. The associate partners relevant forGOwind! are the university colleges HoGent(Ghent, Belgium) and HoWest (Kortrijk, Belgium). Both are stronglyconnected to the localSME-market and canrelyon excellent and extensive test infrastructure. More info and links at www.set.ugent.be/GOwind

4. Table of contents Research topics Test infrastructure Research groups Contact

5. Small, large and off-shore Small and medium turbines Large turbines Off-shore turbines

6. Research topics Conditionmonitoring Drive train Blades Tower Foundations Gridcoupling

7. Blades BLADES Composite blades Structural design of composites Fatigue of composites models Nondestructive inspection of composites using optic fibers Structural health monitoring using ultra sound polar plots Self-healing composite materials Smart blades Combined fluid-structural simulation

8. Structural design of composites Advanced calculation environment: CAE/CAD: SolidWorks, Catia Finite elements: Abaqus, LS-Dyna Composite draping modules: Catia/CPD, Simulayt Optimization software iSight UM software for kinematics and multibody dynamics Access to HPC cluster with 2000+ cores

9. Structural design of composites Adhesive joints in composite materials and hybrid materials Simulation of “mode I” crack growth in a Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) specimen

10. Fatigue of composites Damage behaviour of fibre-reinforced composites under biaxial fatigue loading Shape optimization with evolutionary strategies: coupling of Java master routine, ABAQUS FEA analysis and Python scripting in a fully automated loop for complicated optimization problems.

11. Fatigue of composites Residual stiffness models account for stress redistribution and load history dependence of damage evolution (in contrast to Miner’s rule)

13. Collaboration with Momentive Specialty Systems (formerly Hexion)Simulation of crack growth and self-healing -> regaining of static and fatigue strength

14. Nondestructive inspection NDT-characterization of fibre-reinforced composites C-scan of a delaminated carbon/epoxycomposite Polar scan

15. Simulation of Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulation of interaction between deforming or moving structures and the surrounding fluid (gas or liquid) Improved prediction of load on wind turbine blades Flow-induced vibration of turbine blades Additional motion when wake of blade passes tower Linked to so-called smart rotor blades Blade shape changes over wind speed and rotor speed to alleviate loads Fluid-structure interaction code Tango Used in several ongoing researchprojects, on own cluster and HPC Validated with internationallyaccepted benchmarks www.FSI.UGent.be FSI2 benchmark: Flexible beam behind a rigid cylinder in a horizontal channel

16. Tower/Foundation TOWER/FOUNDATION Foundations Sourprotectionaroundmono-pile foundations Wave slamming Prediction of wave run up Predicition of structural stress Tower Impact of imbalance of bladesontotower

17. Sourprotectionmono-piles Test setup for sour protection Optimal size of bricks (riprap) Design method for cost-effective sour protectionbased on dynamically stabile erosion protection strategies

18. Offshore foundations Wave run-up of off-shorestructures Simulationresults are validatedwithexperimentalresults

19. Coupled tower/blades sim Kinematic analysis of rotating vertical axis wind turbine with effects of imbalance (due to small mass differences between blades), resulting in precession motion. Body Element Model

20. Drive train DRIVE TRAIN Bearings and vibrations Frettingfatigue Precitionvibrations in drive trains Generator Design, simulation and prototyping of electrical machines Capex vs. Opex: impact of magneticmaterialchoicesonenergyyield Control Maximum power pointrackingtechniquesforsmall wind turbines Model predictivecontrol Sensorlesscontrol of electrical machines Vector control of permanent magnetelectrical machines

21. Axial-flux generators Axial flux generator forsmall wind turbines show excellent (low) coggingtorque and high efficiency Electrical, mechanical and thermaldesign and simulation of the generator Prototype building Experimentalresults

22. Impact of magneticmaterial Optimisation of annualyield (opex)fortwomagneticmaterialswitha different cost (capex). Does a more expensivematerialchoicepayoff?

23. Control of electric machines Efficient control, control of dynamics, field weakening at high speed Induction machines, permanent-magnet machines (PMSM) Modellingdynamicalbehaviour, stability studies Stabilitystudy of a digitallycontrolled PMSM drive byusing the root locus method vector controlled PMSM drive with rotor positionestimator

24. Model PredictiveControl MPC canbeappliedfor the supervisorycontrol of the MASTER of the wind turbine Challenges: Control over communciationnetworks Hierarchicalcontrol

25. Sensorlesscontrol Position sensors forelectrical machines are costly and vulnerable. This leads to additional black-out times. The use of sensors canbeavoidedbyinterpreting the electricalsignals of the electrical machines, this is sensorlesscontrol. UGent has patentedtechnology in this field.

26. Modeling of SMWT Full system model of small and medium wind turbines including the turbine rotor, the generator and the power electronics. An important parameter in predicting the energyyieldfrom wind turbines is the Cp. Three traditional models are used. However in realitythisCp is almostneverobserveddue to suboptimal maximum power point trackingalgoritms.

29. Gridinteraction GRID INTERACTION Gridcoupling of decentralised units Power electronicsforimproved power quality Advancedcontrol in µ-gridoperation LESTS aspectsoneco-industrialparks Farm operation

30. Gridcoupling Full threephase power gridinvertersfordecentralisedenergy resources. The invertersimplementing a three-phasedampingcontrolstrategy. Suchcontrolstrategyresults in the inverterbehavingresistivelytowardsunbalance and distortions in the grid voltage. Hence, the gridinverter supports the grid and improves power quality.

31. Wind turbines in µ-grids Small and medium wind turbines canbeincorporatedinto a µ-gridwetherornotconnected to the distributedgrid. Thisincorporationrequires special controlstrategies and power electronics.

32. Eco-industrial park The potential of wind energycanonlyberealisedif wind turbines becomemore acceptedby the different stake-holders. This is facilitatedbytechnicaladvances as well as non-technicalaspects. Oneway to structure and tackle these is using and investigating the LESTS: Legal aspects Economicalaspects Socialaspects Technicalaspects Spatialaspects

33. Model PredictiveControl Wind parks: SELFISH CONTROL (onesection) vs. SOLIDARY CONTROL (globaloptimization) Challenges: Control over communciationnetworks Hierarchicalcontrol

34. Conditionmonitoring CONDITION MONITORING Optical sensors embedded in bladesforconditionmonitoring Accelerometers to detectvibrations and wear Argus data-acquistion and communication platform to collect sensor readings

35. Structural health monitoring Multi-axialopticalfibre sensors + smaller diameter 80 m -> idealforembedding in compositestructures

36. Structural health monitoring Perfect relationship between optical fibre sensors and external extensometer! increasing number of cycles Embedded optical fibre sensors showing no stiffness degradation, and small permanent strain

37. Structural health monitoring New FP7 project “SMARTFIBER”, aiming at embedding wireless miniaturized strain sensors inside the composite blades

38. Vibrations Torsional vibrations of coupled rotors: transient and stationairy vibrations, techniques for absorption of vibrations, experimental test setups. Rotordynamics: analysis and experimental modelling, non-linear vibrations, model reduction, experimental test setups

39. Argus Modular platform withuser-friendlyinterface forremotemonitoring of plants of decentralisedenergy resources Allows to include the sensor read out ofnumerous sensors e.g. wind speed, direction, humidity, inverter temp., gridinjected power Possibility to remotelyreset the power inverter

40. Exploitation EXPLOITATION Noise Generation Propagation Annoyance research Repair and maintenance Planning System for lifting person and goods

41. Acoustics Microphones array allows identification of sources and feeds propagation models. Shortterm and longterm monitoring of windturbines at different sites, e.g. off-shoreduringpiling (C-power) and operation (BelPower).

42. Acoustics Annoyanceresearch te Oostakker (turbines @ Volvo). Most noise isgenerated in the direction in which the turbine blades are coming down and in case of higherwind speeds.

43. Planning Industrial management and planning. Leanmanufacturing. Impact in terms of efficiency and costof materialkitting, sequencing and downsizingin the lineassembly.

44. R&M activities of wind turbines Repair and maintenanceactivitieson windturbines need to beminimised. Stillsuchactivities are required and oneneeds to beable to performthemon asave, (cost)efficient and (energy)efficientmanner. This project developsanefficient, user-friendlyelectricalpulleyfor R&M activitieson wind turbines. (in collaborationwithFallProtec, Lux)

45. Table of contents Research topics Test infrastructure Research groups Contact

46. SWT-FieldLaboratory Field laboratory @ Greenbridge, Ostend (B) 10 turbine mastsoperating as a field laboratory (not demo) for research institutes and manufacturers Rearchinfrastructureincludes: Noise camera’s and microphonearray to investigatenoisepropagation Acoustic camera forstructuralhealthmonitoring Meteo-mast Mobile data aquistion systemincl. straingauges, speed, torque, voltage and currentsensors

47. Materials Tribology Fatigue Fracture µ-tomografie Stress

48. Electrical test infrastructure Power electronics and electrical machines, e.g. 240kVA power source Test rigsforelectrical machines Vibrations

49. Simulation tools Expertise and knowhow in using, a.o. Matlab/simulink Mathcad CAD Abaqus Fluent Ansys Catia Comsol Own software tools + HPC cluster with 2000+ cores!

50. Table of contents Research topics Test infrastructure Research groups Contact

51. Research groups (1) Mechanics of Materials and Structures – J. Degrieck, W. Van Paepegem Structural design of composites Fatigue of composites Nondestructive inspection of composites Wave slamming on offshore structures Structural health monitoring Acoustics – D. Botteldooren Noisesources and propagationfrom wind turbines and monitoring MER-reports (Environmental Impact Reports) Annoyanceresearch Coastal Engineering – J. De Rouck, P. Troch Sourprotection of foundation Mobility and Spatial Planning – G. Van Eetvelde Use of wind turbines in eco-industrialparks

52. Research groups (2) Mechanical Construction and Production - LaboratorySoete – P. De Baets Frictions, bearings, frettingfatigue, Electrical Energy Laboratory – J. Melkebeek, A. Van den Bossche, L. Dupré, L. Vandevelde Electrical, magnetic and thermal design of electrical machines Power electronics Gridcoupling and incorporation in µ-grids SYSTeMS – R. De keyser, M. Loccufier Controltheoryfor low level control of individualcomponents, model predictivecontrolformastercontrol of wind turbines/farms, analysis and prevention of vibrations FluidMechanics – J. Vierendeels ComputationalFluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulation of Fluid-StructureInteraction (FSI) Industrial management – H. Van Landegem Leanmanufacturing, cost and efficiency impact of industrial planning

53. Research groups (3) UGent – Associate partners HoGent – Electrotechnics – P. Sergeant Design and testing of electrical machines HoWest – Electromechanics – K. Stockman, J. Desmet Gridcoupling Test infrastructureforelectrical machines Vibrations Ostendbased – G. Van Eetvelde UGent-Greenbridge: clean tech incubator and science park located in the inner harbour of Ostend (B) UGent-Power-Link: clean techknowledge platform coupled to the incubator

54. More information Jeroen De Maeyer p/a UGent-EELAB Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41 B-9000 Ghent T +32 9 264 79 14 M +32 471 58 88 32 Jeroen.demaeyer@ugent.be www.set.ugent.be/GOwind