1. Chapter 2: The Founding of America

2. Review: Evidence that supports Elite Theory? Evidence that supports Pluralist Theory? Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 2

3. Critically Analyzing the “Founding Fathers” Option 1: “a group of self-interested wealthy men” (a “bad” thing) Option 2: “a group of wealthy men of similar backgrounds & similar interests” Not judging “goodness or badness” Purely descriptive to explain/understand Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 3

4. Overview Background on pre-Revolution America Early American government Early demographics Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 4

5. 5 The Colonial Background Religious Freedom: Separatists broke with the Church of England Puritans & Quakers The irony… Economic Motivations: Entrepreneurs & the poor Varied by colony (The Granger Collection)

6. Early British Colonization First permanent colony at Jamestown, VA (1607) First representative assembly, Virginia’s House of Burgesses (1619) By 1732, 13 colonies with governing institutions 6

7. How the Colonies Were Governed Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 7

8. French & Indian Wars (1756–1763) North American theater of Seven Years War France vs. Britain (+allies) Colonists Britain won, but costly New territory & financing of war Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 8

9. 9 British Restrictions & Colonial Grievances In 1763, the British Parliament began to pass laws that treated the colonies as a unit. (National Portrait Gallery)

10. Economic Consequences of Interference Cost of defending colonies & war debt lead to unpopular taxes Renewed Enforcement of the Navigation Acts (limits trade) 10

12. “benign neglect”

13. With a compromise, future conflict may have been averted

15. 13 Second Continental Congress Established an army Put Washington in charge Directed the War 1/3 Rebelled, 1/3 Loyal, 1/3 Indifferent Painting by John Trumbull, 1819, Library of Congress

16. Revolutionary War (1775–1783) 14

17. Refresher Key question of the day: What is the worst 3-D movie idea currently out there? Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 15

18. USA, Version 1.0: Articles of Confederation (1781-1789) Recognized states as sovereign Citizens loyal to their state limits powers of central govt. No common currency or national army Hampered interstate commerce & tax collection 16

19. Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 17 The Confederal Government Structure Under the Articles of Confederation

20. Shay’s Rebellion (1786-1787) High state taxation High interstate trade competition led to high prices of goods Rising personal debt 18 © Bettmann/Corbis

21. Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 19 Weaknesses of the Articles No way to resolve disputes between states Need to organize the states for the collective good Cooperative trade policy & national army Addresses causes of and protects from outbreaks of rebellion

22. 20 Accomplishments Under the Articles Articles established to: Organize the states so they could defeat the British forces Gain independence from Britain

23. Amending the Articles Constitutional Convention (1787), called to amend the Articles created new governing document instead 21

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25. Class Breakdown of Early America Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 23

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27. Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 25

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29. Conclusion: Framers shared similar backgrounds & interests Limited diversity in U.S. Past experience shapes new system: Too much, too little power Copyright © 2009 Cengage Learning 27