1. +
Launching the New Nation

2. +
Washington
Heads the
New
Government
a. Had no desire to be president
b. wanted to retire in Mt. Vernon
c. Washington became the unanimous choice in the 1st
presidential ballot
d. reluctantly accepted on April 16th, 1789 and set off to
NYC [1st capital] to take the Oath of Office

3. +
The New Government Takes
Shape
 1st time a nation tried a government on Enlightenment ideals
 Constitution was not a detailed blueprint for governing
 Washington & Congress had to make many decisions
 How the raise revenue?
 Provide for defense? [w/ no precedent]
 James Madison: “We are in a wilderness without a single footstep to
guide us”

4. +
Judiciary Act of 1789
 Constitution authorized Congress to set up a federal court system- the
Supreme Court- but gave no details
 How many additional courts?
 What happens if federal court decisions conflicted with states?
 JA1789- created a judicial structure that is essentially intact:
 Supreme Court- Chief Justice, 5 Associate Justices
 3 Federal Circuit Courts
 13 Federal District Courts
 [the # of justices and courts increased over time]
 S. 25- allowed state court decisions to be appealed to a
federal court when constitutional issues were raised
 Guaranteed the federal laws remained: “the supreme Law of
the Land” as directed by Article 6 of the Constitution

5. A decision by the Supreme
Court to hear an appeal
from a lower court.

6. +
Washington Shapes the
Executive Branch
 Building the Executive branch
[to make policies and carry out the laws passed by Congress], while
Congress built the judiciary
 1789- EB = President + VP
 Created to assist: [3 Executive Depts.]
1. The Dept. of State [foreign affairs] – Thomas Jefferson
2. Dept. of War [military matters] – Henry Knox [Gen. or
Artillery]
3. Dept. of Treasury [manage finances] – Alexander
Hamilton
 Department heads = President’s chief advisers [Cabinet]

7. +
The Cabinet

8. +
Jefferson and Hamilton Debate
Who’s views proved to be the most enduring in American politics?

10. +
Contrasting
How did Answer: Jefferson
Jefferson’s & emphasized the rights
Hamilton’s view of states and average
citizens. Hamilton
of government
emphasized the rights
differ? of the national
government and the
ruling elite.

11. +
Hamilton revives the Corpse of
Public Credit
 An unquestionable genius, Hamilton still had critics who
claimed he loved his adopted country more than his
countrymen
 Doubts to his character and loyalty towards the republic always
swirled
 Hamilton regarded himself as a prime minister, and interfered
with other departments, including Jefferson’s [his archrival]
Dept. of State

12. +
Financial Wizard
 Hamilton set out to correct the economic vexation that crippled
the AoC
 Plan: have the fiscal policies of the adm. in a way to favor the
wealthier groups
 They, in turn, would lend the gov’t monetary and political
support
 New federal regime would thrive, the propertied classes would
fatten, & prosperity would trickle down to the masses.

13. +
Economic viability
1. Bolster the national credit
1. w/out public confidence in the gov’t, Hamilton could not secure the
funds to float his risky schemes
2. Urge Congress to “fund” the entire national debt “at par” &
assume completely the debts incurred by the states during the
war
1. Funding at par = fed. Gov’t. would pay off its debts at face value, +
accumulated interest – totaling: $54 million
2. Many believed the infant treasury could not meet these obligations
3. Gov’t bonds depreciated to ten or 15 cents on the dollar
4. Speculators held fistfuls of them
5. Congress passed Hamilton’s measure in 1790
6. Speculators/rich bought paper holdings of farmers, war veterans and
widows

14. +
Assumption
 Hamilton urged Congress to assume the debts of the
states, totaling $21.5 million
 Regarded as proper national obligation- for they had been
incurred during the war for independence
 Hamilton believed assumption would chain the states to the
“federal chariot”
 He wanted to shift the attachment of wealthy creditors from the
states to the national gov’t
 Support of the rich for the national adm. crucial in Hamilton’s
strategy of strengthening the central gov’t
 MA liked proposal, VA [w/ small debts] was less charmed
 Southerns resented assumption of state debts b/c they though
that they would be taxed to help pay N states debts

15. +
Good ol’ fashioned Horse Trading
 VA did not want the state debts assumed- but it did want the forthcoming
federal district* [*Auth. By the Constitution, Art I, Sec. VIII, para. 17]
 The District of Columbia- located by the Potomac River
 Hamilton persuaded a reluctant Jefferson to line up votes for assumption
in Congress
 In return, VA gets D.C. – bargain carried through in 1790

16. +
Customs, Duties and Excise Taxes
 keep a national debt, believing that the more creditors to
whom the government owed money, the more people
there would be with a personal stake in the success of the
government.
 In this objective, he expected tariff revenues to pay
interest on the huge debt and run the government.
 The first tariff law, a low tax of 8% on the value of
imports, was passed by Congress in 1789.
 to create revenue & to create a small protective wall
around small industries.
 He passed additional internal revenue and, in
1791, convinced Congress to pass an excise tax
 on a few domestic items, notably whiskey.

17. + Hamilton’s Financial Structure
Supported by Revenues

18. + Analyzing Issues
Why did the Answer: Demonstrating
new nation that the new government
need to pay was financially responsible
would make it more
off its debts?
credible in the eyes of
creditors, including foreign
governments, and bolster
the nation’s reputation.

19. +
Plan for a National Bank
 Having a national bank funded by both the federal government
and wealthy private investors would help the country’s welfare
 Bank of the United States – issue paper money & handle tax
receipts & other government funds
 Opponents like James Madison-
 Claimed bank would forge alliance
between gov’t & wealthy business
interests. Argued that Constitution
Oh Heck no!
made no provisions for a national
bank

20. +
DEBATE: Strict vs. Loose
Interpretation of the Constitution
Strict Construction Loose Construction
 The federal gov’t has very  Favors greater federal powers.
limited powers
 Appealed to the so-called
 Favored states’ rights, and an elastic clause of the
agrarian future for the nation Constitution [Article 1, Sec.
8, Clause 18]- gave Congress
 Planter-slaveholders the auth. To do whatever is
“necessary and proper” to carry
out enumerated powers [i.e.
regulating commerce]
 Favored commerce and
manufacturing

21. + The 1st Political Parties: 2-Party System
Washington tried to remain above the arguments b/w H/J &
encouraged them to work together despite their differences.
Conflict divided the cabinet and fueled growing division in nat.
politics
Federalists Democratic-Republicans
 Hamilton’s vision  Jefferson’s vision: no relation to
today’s Republican Party-
ancestors to today’s
Democratic party

22. +
Political Parties

23. +
• During Washington’s 2nd term
• 1794- farmers in w. PA refused to pay
excise taxes
• Whiskey main source of cash for
farmers
• Hamilton saw this as an opportunity for
the fed. Gov’t to show it can enforce
laws along w. frontier
• PA threatened to secede from Union

24. 15,000 militiamen
called upon
Led by Washington
part of the
way, Hamilton the
whole way
Scattered rebels
w/out loss of life
Consolidated federal
power in domestic
affairs

25. +
Summarizer:
Tell
a partner why President
Washington created a cabinet.
Tella partner the debates between
Jefferson and Hamilton over strict
and loose construction.
Explain how the Whiskey Rebellion
was an opportunity for the federal
government to demonstrate its
authority.

26. + Learning Goal:
Analyze the
impact of the
French
Revolution on
America’s
Foreign policies
[7.11.3]
Foreign Affair Trouble the Nation
Warm Up: What would you
do if two of your friends
were fighting with each
other?

27. +
U.S. Response to Events in Europe
 Most American initially supported the French Revolution, b/c it
was inspired by the ideal of republican rule
 Few non-American events left a deeper scar on American
political and social life
 French Revolution was a historic, global revolution
 Heartened by the American struggle against royal tyranny, the
French set out to create a government on the will of the people
 Alliance b/w France and the U.S. [Treaty of 1778]
 Whether or not the U.S. should support the French Revolution-
one of the most important foreign policy questions the young
nation faced

28. +
Reaction to the French Revolution
 Americans ÷ over Revolution  The key to the liberated Bastille was given
to George Washington
 Earl 1793, Jacobins seized power-
beheading Louis XVI, Marie  In Philly- effigies of King Louis XVI were
Antoinette, & launching the Reign of giollotined 20-30x a day during the winter
Terror
and summer- men, women and children
 French Revolution became more repeatedly watched and not one paper
ominous when France declared war commented negatively of this
on Austria
 Federalists were worried by the Reign of
 France named a republic leaving Terror, and Jeffersonians regretted the
Americans to sing “The Marseillaise” bloodshed
 King St. NY became Liberty  Jeffersonians did understand the new for a
Steet, Boston: Royal Exchange Alley few thousand aristocratic heads were
became Equality Lane necessary for human freedom

29. +
Reign of Terror + Neutrality
 Washington declared neutrality [Neutrality
Proclamation 1793]
 Hamilton and Jefferson agreed
 French sent a young diplomat: Edmond
Genêt to win American support
 Before following diplomatic procedure &
presenting credentials to adm., Genêt began
to recruit Americans on the war effort
 Outraged Washington, who demanded that
the French remove Genêt, whose political  Jacobins also declared war on
backers fell from power in Paris monarchies like Great Britain
 Fearing for his life, he became a US citizen
 Expected American help
 Federalists called Jefferson a radical for
supporting France  Democratic-Republicans
[Jefferson/Madison] wanted to honor
 Frustrated, Jefferson resigned in 1793 Treaty
 Federalists [Hamilton] wanted to back

31. +
Treaty with Spain
 Despite stating Neutrality, British and French officials seized
American ships overseas seeing them as a military liability
 Meanwhile the U.S. wanted to secure land claims w. of the
Appalachians and gain shipping rights on the Mississippi River
 Negotiations stalled due to the turmoil in Europe
 Spain, unlike Britain signed a treaty with France
 Spain feared British retaliation and suspected a joint British-
American action might be launched against the Louisiana
Territory
 Spain agreed to meet with US minister to Britain, Thomas
Pinckney on Oct. 27th, 1795

32. +
Pinckney’s Treaty [1795] aka Treaty
of San Lorenzo
 Spain gave up all claims to land
east of the Mississippi [except
Florida]
 Recognized the 31st parallel as
the southern boundary of the
US and the northern boundary
of Florida
 Opened the Mississippi River to
traffic by Spanish subjects and
US citizens
 Allowed American traders to
use New Orleans

33. +
Recognizing Effects
Why did the Answer: Travel and
U.S. want trade were difficult on
access to the the frontier, and the
Mississippi offered
Mississippi
the easiest means of
River? transportation for
frontier farmers and
merchants.

34. +
Native Americans resist White
Settlers
 Pioneers assumed 1783 Treaty of Paris gave free rein to the
area
 British still maintained forts in the NW Territory:
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan & Wisconsin – a direct violation
of the treaty
 Settlers met fierce resistance from Native Americans
 Native Americans claimed they never accepted treaty &
claimed their tribal lands
 British encouraged their resistance
 Native Americans often attacked white settlers

35. +
Cause: Native Americans
reject Treaty of Paris
Note Taking Skills
Effect:
Effect:
Effect:

36. +
Native American Conflicts
Cause: Native Americans
Fed gov’t set army led by
Native Americans
reject Treaty of Paris
Gen. Josiah Harmar vs
attacked settlers
Miami tribe: Little Turtle
Defeated them & Gen.
Arthur St. Clair
Fallen Timbers [1792]
Gen. Anthony Wayne- Little Turtle replaced
Little Turtle urged peace
August 20th, 1794- Wayne Treaty of Greenville- gave
defeated Miami up Ohio for $20k of goods
Confederacy and annual fee of $10k

37. +
Jay’s Treaty
 Vs.
Britain for territories of
Appalachian Mts.
 Wayne’s victory prompted British
to agree to evacuate thieir posts
 Treaty signed on Nov. 19th, 1794
 Treaty
passed Senate, but many
Americans angry with terms
 AllowedBritish to cont. their fur
trade on the American side of the
U.S.-Canadian border

38. +
Analyzing Issues
Why were so Answer: Because
many Americans it allowed the
dissatisfied with British to continue
Hay’s Treaty with their fur trade on
Britain? the U.S. side of
the Canadian
border.

39. +
Washington leaves…
 Bitter fight over Jay’s Treaty
and the division of Federalists
and D-R convinced Washington
not to seek a 3rd term
 Urged the U.S. to “steer clear of
permanent alliances” w/ other
nations
 1797- retired to Mt. Vernon

40. +
Election of 1796
 Federalists nominated VP: John Adams
and Thomas Pinckney for VP
 D-R: Thomas Jefferson for
president, Aaron Burr for VP
 Adams received 71 electoral
votes, Jefferson 68
 Constitution stated that the runner-up
should be VP; country had a Federalist
President, D-R VP
 Election led to sectionalism- placing 1
region’s interests over the whole
 S. voted for Jefferson; N. for Adams

41. +
Adams tries to avoid War
 Pres. Adams faced his 1st crisis: a looming war w/ France
 Jay Treaty was seen as a violation of the French-American alliance
 France refused to receive the new American ambassador and began to seize
American ships bound for Britain
 Adams sent a 3-man delegation: Charles Pinckney, minister to France; future
Chief Justice- John Marshall; & Eldbridge Gerry to Paris to negotiate a
solution
 Reign of Terror had ceased, French gov’t had a legis. And 5-man ex. Branch
called the Directory.
 Gen. Napoleon Bonaparte was popular due to conquering most of western
Europe
 The Directory had little patience for U.S.; who planned to meet with French
foreign minister: Talleyrand

42. + XYZ Affair
Director sent 3 low officials:
X, Y & Z
Officials demanded $250,000
as a bribe for seeing
Talleyrand
Provoke anti-French feeling
“MILLIONS FOR
DEFENSE, BUT NOT ONE
CENT FOR TRIBUTE”
became a slogan
Audiences refused to listen to
French music

43. +
Millions for Defense…
1798- Congress created a navy-
auth. American ships to seize
French vessels
 1,200 men marched to the
president’s residence to
volunteer for war
 Congress auth. An army of
50,000 troops and brought
Washington out of retirement to
be Lt. Gen. & Com in Chief- war
was never officially
declared, but for 2 years naval
war occured

44. +
Witch-Hunt
 Anti-French feeling flourished
 Many Federalists believed French agents were
everywhere, plotting to overthrow the gov’t.
 New arrivals from foreign countries were soon held in particular
suspicion- esp. b/c many immigrants were active in the D-R
party
 Some of the most vocal critics of the Adams adm. Were
foreign-born
 Included French & British radicals as well as recent Irish
immigrants who lashed out at anyone pro-British inc. Adams
 Talleyrand let it be known if a new minister was sent, he’d
receive them with proper respect

45. +
Alien and Sedition Acts
 Federalists pushed through Congress- 1798: 4
measures:
 Raises residence requirement for American
citizenship from 5yrs to 14 yrs
 Allowed the president to deport or jail any alien
considered undesirable
 Sedition Act- set fines and jail terms for anyone
trying to hinder the operation of the gov’t or
expressing “false, scandalous and malicious
statements” against the gov’t
 Federal gov’t prosecuted and hailed a number of
D-R jounralists
 Law seen as a violation of freedom or speech

46. +
Alien and Sedition Acts 1798
Federalists planned to have the law expire in 1801 so it
could not be used against them in the next election

47. +
VA [Madison] & KY [Jefferson]
Resolutions
 Jefferson feared the acts would choke free speech and press
 Fearing prosecution for sedition, he penned a series of resolutions
KY approved in 1798-1799
 Madison did the same in VA
 Both stressed compact theory- in creating the fed gov’t, the 13
states entered into a compact or contract re: jurisdiction
 Individual states were the final judges of whether the contract was
broken
 Federal regime had exceeded its constitutional powers and the
acts were nullified by the states due to it being unconstitutional
 No other state agreed- but they highlighted the balance of power
controversy- the 1800 election would center on this debate

48. +
Analyzing Issues
How did the  Answer: They asserted
Kentucky the principal of
Resolutions nullification, which held
that, if a state considered
challenge the an act of Congress to be
authority of the unconstitutional, it had
federal the right to declare that
government? action null and noid- that
is not binding as law

49. +
The Death of Washington
 GW remained active until
Dec. 14th, 1799 when he died
from a severe cold
 Buried with a military funeral
in Mt. Vernon
 Death instrumental in
improving relations with
France
 Napoleon ordered 10 days of
mourning to be observed for
Washington
 Napoleon hoped to lure
American friendship away
from the British

50. +
The Country is too young for War
 1799- Adams submitted to the Senate a new name for a minister
to France
 Hamilton and his war-hawk faction were enraged
 Public opinion, Jeffersonian and reasonable Federalist alike-
favored one last try for peace
 1800- Napoleon seized dicatorial power, eager to free his hands of
the American squabble to continue European expansion and
maybe a New World Empire in Louisiana
 Convention of 1800 signed in Paris, France agreed to annul the
22 yr. old marriage of inconvenience- Franco-American Alliance
 U.S. agreed to pay the damage claims of American shippers
 Peace began, and the foundation for the Louisiana Purhcase
was placed

51. +
Summarizer
 Doyou see any comparisons to the present
day or other historical events with:
 The Alien and Sedition Acts?
 The XYZ Affair?

52. + Learning Goal:
Compare
Jefferson’s
Presidency with
his beliefs as a
founding father
pre-presidency
6.11.4, 6.11.1
Jefferson alters the
Nation’s Course
Warm Up: Rank the successes of
the Presidential office by this time.

53. +
Ugly politics of the 1800s
 Bitter campaign between Jefferson and Adams
 Hurled wild charges at others
 D-R: Adams was a tool of the rich who wanted to turn the
executive branch into a British-style monarchy
 Alien and Sedition Acts aroused host of enemies
 Federalists split with Hamilton’s group mad about being robbed
out of war with France, and Hamilton attacked the President in
a private pamphlet, Jeffersonians got and published
 Federalists believed Jefferson was a dangerous supporter of
Revolutionary France and an atheist bent on destroying
organized religion

54. +
Mudslinging
 Jefferson accused of having robbed a widow and her children of a
trust fund
 Having numerous mulatto children via his slave [confirmed true
through DNA testing in 2001 proved he fathered 6 children]
 As a liberal in religion, Jefferson incurred the wrath of orthodox
clergy
 They slandered him as an atheist
 Old ladies fearing Jefferson’s election
buried their Bibles orhung them in wells

55. +
Scandals of the Era

57. +
Electoral Deadlock
 Jefferson defeated Adams bu 8
electoral votes
 Aaron Burr, Jefferson’s running
mate- receives the same # of
votes
 HoR- called to choose between
the 2 highest vote getters
 6 days later the House took a
new vote- 35 ballots
 Hamilton intervened and
persuaded enough Federalists to
cast blank votes to give
Jefferson a majority
 Burr became vice president

58. +
Flaw in the electoral college
 Revealed by the deadlock
 As a result Congress passed the 12th Amendment, which called
for electors to separate ballots for president and vice-president.
This system is still in effect today
 Decisive in Jefferson’s win was the ⅗ Compromise
 Northern critics called Jefferson a “Negro President” and an
illegitimate embodiment of the “slave power” s. states had
 Jefferson claimed the election as the Revolution of 1800 since
it was a peaceful transfer of power between rival parties and
solidified faith in America’s political system

59. +
The Midnight Judges
 Judiciary Act of 1801- last important law passed by the expiring
Federalist Congress, increased # of Judges to 16
 President Adams remained at his desk until 9pm on his last
evening of office- signing midnight judges [3 commissions]
 Federalist judges now appointed to the Supreme Court- whose
term of office is life
 Jeffersonians condemned the last-minute appointees in violent
language, denouncing the trickery of Federalists
 Congress attempted to repeal the Act
Take
that, Jefferson! I
will have the
last word

60. +
Jefferson as President
 Inaugural address:[March 4th, 1801]
“Every difference of opinion is not a
difference of principle”; “We are all
[Democratic-] Republicans; we are
all Federalists”
 Jefferson replaced some Federalist
officials with Democratic-
Republicans
 1803- government bureaucracy was
more evenly balanced

61. +
Simplifying the Presidency
 Walked to his inauguration rather then riding in a carriage
 Took of his powdered wig, and work work clothes and frayed
slippers
 Tried to shrink the government and cut costs wherever possible
 Reduced size of the army
 Halted planned expansion of the navy
 Lowered expenses for government social functions
 Rolled back Hamilton’s economic program by eliminating all
internal taxes and reducing the influence of the Bank of the U.S.
 Favored free trade, then gov’t controlled trade & tariffs
 Believed free trade beneficial with raw materials and food
Americans had being in short supply in Europe

62. +
Drawing Conclusions
How did  Answer: He
Jefferson’s simplified the
actions reflect his federal government
and emphasized the
philosophy of importance of
government? ordinary citizens
through such
policies as free
trade.

63. +
Fall of the Federalists
 Decline hastened by Jefferson’s
political moderation
 Refused to participate in
political campaigns b/c they did
not want to appeal to common
people for support
 National expansion worked
against them- new states
tended to vote for D-R, who
represented farmers interests

64. +
John Marshall & the Supreme Court
 Federalistscontinued to
exert control in the
Judicial Branch
[Midnight Judges]
 John Marshall- chief
justice, Federalist-
served for more than
30s, strengthened the
power of the Supreme
Court & Federal Gov’t

65. +
Marbury v. Madison [1803]
 The argument over Midnight Judges led one of the most
important Supreme Court cases of all time
 William Marbury was a midnight judge who never received his
official papers
 James Madison was the Sec. of State whose duty it was to
deliver them
 Judiciary Act 1789 req. Supreme Court to order that the papers
be deliver- Marbury sued to enforce this
 Chief Justice Marshall decided this provision was
unconstitutional b/c the Constitution did not empower the
Supreme Court to issue such an order
 Affirmed the principle of judicial review- the ability of the
Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional

66. +
Marbury v. Madison

67. +
Summarizing
What is judicial  Answer: It is the
principle that the
review and why Supreme Court has
is it important? the right to review acts
of Congress to
determine if they are
unconstitutional. The
Supreme Court
checks the power of
Congress.

68. +
The Louisiana Purchase- 1803

69. +
Doubling the U.S.
 1800- Napoleon Bonaparte persuaded Spain to return the Louisiana
Territory taken in 1762]
 News leaked, Americans were alarmed of a strong French presence which
may force a British-American alliance
 Sent James Monroe to join Robert Livingston in Paris
 By the time Monroe arrived in April 1803- Napoleon decided to sell the
entire territory to the U.S.
 With no time to consult the government, Monroe and Livingston closed the
deal for $15 million
 Jefferson was unsure if the purchase was constitutional
 However he submitted the treaty and the Senate ratified it, Jefferson used
loose construction to acquire the lands or enumerated powers
 The U.S. was now doubled

70. +
Why, Napoleon, why? vie…
C'est la
 Napoleon decided to sell all of Louisiana and abandon his
dream of a New World Empire for 2 reasons:
 He failed in his efforts to re-conquer the island of Santo
Domingo, for which Louisiana was to serve as a source of
foodstuffs.
 b/c Britain controlled the seas, Napoleon didn't want Britain to
take over Louisiana. So he wanted the money from the
Americans. He also hoped the new land for America would
help to thwart the ambitions of the British king in the New
World.
 The Purchase: 820,000 square miles at 3 cents/acre.

71. +
Lewis & Clark
 Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis
to lead the expedition- Corps of
Discovery [St. Louis to Pacific Coast]
 Collect sci. info. On unknown
plants/animals
 Learn as much about the Native
American tribes
 Lewis chose William Clark as 2nd in
command
 50 soldiers and woodsman, pack
became smaller but added Sacajawea
who served as interpreter and guide
 Took 2 years and 4 mo. And recorded
valuable info.

72. +
Meanwhile…

73. +
Summarizer
Explain the significance of
Jefferson’s Presidency
Was Jefferson a hypocrite for
purchasing the Louisiana Territory?

74. + Learning
Goal: Analyze
the Cause and
effects of the
War of 1812
6.11.4
The War of 1812

75. +
Warm Up

76. +
The War Hawks demand WAR
 Jefferson won reelection in 1804
 During 2nd term- Fighting b/w Britain & France threatened
American shipping
 1806- Napoleon decided to exclude British goods from Eurple
 G.B then created a blockade of Napoleon’s Europe
 By 1807, Britain had seized more than 1,000 ships and
confiscated their cargoes and France had seized about ½ that
number
 Americans focused anger on British policy of impressment-
seizing Americans at sea and drafting them into British navies

77. +hesapeake incident
C
June 1808- commander of a British
warship demanded the right to board
and search U.S. naval frigate- U.S..
Captain refused, British opened
fire, killing 3 Americans and wounding
18.
Jefferson convinced Congress to
declare an embargo banning on
exporting products to other
countries, believed Embargo Act of
1807 would hurt Britain and Europe
and force them to honor American
neutrality
Embargo hurt Americans more then
British, lifted in 1809 exceot with
France and Britain

78. +
Repeal
 Embargo Act repealed on
March 1, 1809
 Jefferson miscalculated the
unpopularity of such a self-
crucifying weapon and the
difficulty of enforcing it
 3 days before Jefferson’s
retirement: Non-Intercourse
Act, formally opened trade with
all nations except Britain and
France
 Economic coercion continued to
be the policy of Jeffersonians
until 1812

79. +
Tecumseh’s Confederacy
 1809- Gen. William Henry
Harrison, gov of Indiana Territory
invited several Native American
chiefs to Fort Wayne, Indiana and
persuaded them to sign away 3
million acres of tribal land to U.S.
 Shawnee chief, Tecumseh formed a
confederacy against white settlers
aided by his brother, the Prophet
 Cast off all traces of white civilization
i.e.- Christianity
 Warned that the Great spirit was
angry with all the tribes for
abandoning their beliefs

80. +
Alliances
 Tecumseh was a brilliant
strategist and a skillful diplomat
 Pressed Harrison to withdraw
from Native American land
 Began negotiations with the
British
 Through 1810 and 1811
travelled to increase
Confederacy
 Prophet led an attack on
Harrison at Tippecanoe
 Harrison’s troops suffered
losses, but he burned the
Shawnee capital

81. +
War Hawks
 Young congressmen from the South
and West
 Called for war against Britain
 Motto: “On to Canada”
 Sen. John C. Calhoun [SC]
 Henry Clay, KY- Speaker of the
House

82. +
Election of 1808
 James Madison took the
presidential oath on March
4th, 1809
 Unable to dominate Congress like
Jefferson could- he found himself
holding the bag for foreign policies
not of his own making
 Congress dismantled the Non-
Intercourse Act with Macon’s Bill
no. 2
 Lured British or France into
retaliation
 Ultimately Madison had no choice
but to reestablish embargo with
just Britain ending American
neutrality

83. +
A Declaration of War
Madison told Congress in  Madison’s complaints on
1808, that Britain was already in a British:
State of War w/ the U.S.  Impressment of U.S. citizens
 Continued violations of U.S.
neutrality
 War Hawks complained of
British aid to American Indians
and a desire for:
 American Expansion
 Protecting American honor

84. +
Congress Acts
 Southern and Western Representatives vote for WAR!
 Delaware, New England States [NY, NJ, PA] oppose war…
 War Hawks won

85. +
Who will win?

86. +
The War in Canada
 American military unprepared for war
 Detroit captured by the British shortly
 Failed attempt to take Montreal
 Oliver Hazard Perry defeated a British fleet on Lake Eerie
 American soldiers retook Detroit
 Native American groups allied with both factions
 Tecumseh fought for the British
 Tecumseh killed in the Battle of the Thams in 1813

87. + Battle of Lake
The
Eerie
Sept. 1813-
Perry fought the
British for 3 hours &
finally his small fleet
defeated the British
who were forced to
withdraw

88. +
Victory at LAKE EERIE =

89. +
The War at Sea
 Young U.S. Navy tested
 Badly outnumbered w/ only 16 ships; aided bu its three 44-gun
frigates, or warships: the President, the United States, the
Constitution- known for their speed and ability to sail close to
enemy vessels and open fire
 Each scored victories against British vessels
 Nov. 1812- British government ordered a blockade of the
Chesapeake and Delaware Bays
 w/ more victories, more blockades occurred- by the end of
1813 most American ships were bottled at ports

90. +
British burn the White House
 1814- British were raiding towns all along Atlantic
 Brushed aside U.S. troops and entered D.C.
 In retaliation for victory at the Battle of York- the capital of upper
Canada, in which U.S. burned the governor's mansion and
legislative assembly buildings- the British burned the
Capitol, White House and other buildings
 August 24th, Madison and other federal officials had to flee from
their own capital
 http://youtu.be/Ety2FEHQgwM

91. +
In the War of 1812

92. +
The White House and Dolly
Madison

94. +
The Battle of New Orleans
 @ the same time, Gen. Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, won a
series of battles gaining national fame
 Defeated Native Americans of the Creek tribe at Horseshoe
Bend in March of 1814
 All but 36 of 553 were killed
 Greatest victory on Jan. 8th, 1815 defeating British troops at the
Battle of New Orleans… which occurred AFTER the war was
over.

96. +
If only they knew…
 New England Federalists
[who opposed the war] met
@ Hartford Convention
 Some delegates wanted NE
to withdraw from the U.S.
 Decided to send a group to
Congress to demand more
states rights… HOWEVER
mefore reaching
Washington…

97. +
Ending the war…

98. +
The Treaty of Ghent
 British and Amercan diplomats signed the Treaty of Ghent on Christmas
Even 1814- declaring an armistice, or end to the fighting
 In 1815- a commercial treaty reopened trade between the two countries
 1817- Rush-Bagot agreement limited the number of warships on the Great
Lakes
 1818- British-American commission set the Northern boundary of the
Louisiana Terr. At the 49th parallel- as far West as the Rocky Mts.
 Agreed to a ten year joint occupation of the Oregon Territory
 Treasury however, was bankrupt and unable to meet maturing obligations

99. +
Aftermath
 Federalists were accused of  Americans were proud that
treason and lost much their young nation had
political power stopped the mighty British!

100. +
Summarizer
What was the most important
achievement of the U.S. in this period?
Think about:
Relations between the U.S. and
Britain
The results of the war