Class presentation slides for ERM150 (second quarter) Spring Semester 2009

1. Plague of Justinian
542 AD
250,000 dead
Procopius
“sun’s light
without brightness”

2. Silk Road

3. Medieval Warm Period

4. Medieval World Population
Climate
Agricultural
Revolution
Few large cities

5. Medieval World Population

6. Viking Exploration

7. Black Rat
Litter < 20 pups
3 - 7 x/year
Mature at 3 mos

8. Flea

9. Black rats & fleas

10. Yersinia Pestis

11. Bubonic plague

12. Medieval Culture

13. Bubonic plague
“Ring around the rosie . . “

14. Plague in Europe

15. Plague effects
 Death art
 Cemeteries & Pest houses
 Quarantine
 Latin->vernacular
 Anti-Semitism
 Laborers, women
 Sheep

16. Death art

17. Anti-Semitism

18. Flagellants

19. Clergy

20. Great Fire of London
1666
Change in
architecture

21. Pathogenic Competition
Leprosy (Hansen’s disease)
Plague
Tuberculosis

22. Chinatown 1900
San Francisco 1900 -1904

23. Smallpox
Species jump
Ramses V
~1150 BC

24. Variola virus
 Largest & most complex
mammalian virus
 Respiratory
 Incubation: 10-14
days

25. Variola rash

26. Wigs and Powder

27. East meets West
Why were Native Americans so vulnerable?
Isolation
Few domesticated
animals
Famine?

28. Population losses

29. American colonies

30. Variolation
John Adams

31. Milkmaids and cowpox

32. Jenner’s vaccination

33. Eradication (1977)
World Health Org.
(WHO) campaign
Accidental lab
Contamination 1978

34. Measles
 Respiratory virus
 8 - 12 day
incubation
 Complications

35. Measles

36. Measles vaccine

37. MMR
Measles, Mumps, Rubella

38. 2008

39. Avoiding Immunizations
Health insurance coverage
Autism
Personal, Religious reasons
International travel

40. Vector Diseases

41. Yellow Fever
 Jaundice
 Flavivirus
 Carried by
Aedes aegypti
mosquito

42. Yellow Fever
1793 Philadelphia
Benjamin Rush

43. 1878 Memphis
Post Civil War
Immigrants
El Nino
River, train depot

44. Spanish American War
Walter Reed
1937 vaccine
(Max Theiler)

45. West Nile Encephalitis
 New York City 1999
 Crows, blue jays
 Flamingo, penguin

46. Spread of WNE
1999 2007

47. Transmission Cycle

48. Influenza Pandemic
1918 - 1919

49. Influenza virus

50. Flu viruses
Types A, B, C
H -> binds to cells
N -> degrades
mucous

51. Flu varieties
Epidemic Date Deaths Subtype
Asiatic 1889 - 90 1 million ?H2N2?
Spanish 1918 - 9 35 million H1N1
Asian 1957-8 1.5 H2N2
million
Hong Kong 1968-9 1 million H3N2

52. Flu transmission cycle

53. 1918 - 1919
 3 waves
 World War I
 Secondary
infections

54. Influenza virus
Orthomyxovirus
Respiratory
Fever, chills, aches

55. Age Profiles

56. Avian Flu

57. Avian Flu

58. SARS
(Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome)

59. Swine Flu 1976
Fort Dix, NJ
National
immunization
Guillain-Barre

60. “Killer Fever”

61. Legionnaire’s
 Philadelphia
July 1976
 Bellevue-Stratford
 34 deaths, 221 ill

62. Legionella pneumophila

63. 2008
Legionnaries' claims second life at St.
Peter's Hospital
Six adults diagnosed over last 2 weeks; chlorination process may be to
blame
By GENE RACZ • and RICHARD KHAVKINE • September 25, 2008

64. Revenge of the Germs?

65. Tuberculosis

66. “White Disease”
Chopin Keats Dostoyevsky

67. TB
Bacterial
Long incubation
Airborne
Uv light

68. 2007

69. Antibiotic Resistance
Nosocomial infections

70. MRSA
 Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

71. Penicillin

72. Penicillin
Fleming 1928
Florey/Chain 1945

74. Antibacterials

75. Antibiotics in food

76. Transduction

77. Transduction

78. Transduction

79. Bacteriophages

80. Zyvox
April 2000

81. Penicillin resistance

82. Antibiotic Resistance
Causes:
Overprescription/unnecessary use
Antibiotics in food/dairy
opportunistic bugs

83. Waterborne Bacteria
Cholera
Vibrio cholerae

84. 1854

85. Cholera Distribution

86. Food-borne bacteria
Sept 2006
June 2008

87. Salad Bars?
Raw food
Utensils
Residual soil

88. Produce
Sprouts
Melons
Greens

89. Bacteria
Salmonella
Shigella
Campylobacter

90. Salmonella Typhimurium
Typhoid Mary
(Mary Mallon
1869 - 1938)
1906
Oyster Bay, NY

91. Peanuts 2008/9
Heat products to
70° F (not 40° F)

92. Poultry

93. Chicken recall
(March 2008)

94. Antibiotics in food

95. Why Poultry?
Antibiotics in food
Close confinement
Chill baths
transportation

96. Is your dinner safe?
A=Premium Brands (Bett & Evans, Ranger, Readington Farms, Rocky, Rocky
Jr., Rosie, Springer Mountain Farms, Wegmans Premium, Wild Harvest;
B=Perdue;
C=Foster Farms;
D=Supermarket Brands (Albertson's, Big Bear, Cub Foods, Dominick's, Giant
Eagle, Giant Gold Star Meats, Jewel, Publix, Safeway, Shaw's, Stop & Shop
White Gem, Tops, Trader Joe's, Wegman's;
E=Pilgrim's Pride;
F=Tyson

97. Contaminated Beef

98. Why ground beef?
Greater surface area
Parts of different cows
Kid appeal
“Make mine rare”

99. Beef ranches
Crowded herds
Antibiotic use
Inspections??

100. Beef Recall
October 2007

101. E. Coli O157:H7
1982 fast food burgers
1985 associated with HUS
1991 apple cider
1993 fast food burgers

102. Escherichia Coli

103. HUS
(Hemolytic uremic syndrome)
 Destroys red blood cells
 Kidney failure
 Shiga toxin

104. HUS

105. BSE
(bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
“Mad cow”

106. Beef & Byproducts

107. Salmonella (1984)
The Dalles, OR

108. Rajneeshees
Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh Ma Anand Sheela

109. Biological Terrorism
Poisoned arrows
Pots with snake venom
Plague victims

110. Sweet Sabotage
Mandrake
“Mad Honey”
Ergot of rye

111. French-Indian War
Amherst

112. Plague as weapon
Kaffa

113. World War I

114. Gassing
 Chlorine gas
 Mustard gas
 Phosgene
 Chlorpicrin
 HCN

115. Gas Effects

116. Geneva Convention (1925)
Article 32
“Whereas the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all
analogous liquids materials or devices, has been justly condemned by the
general opinion of the civilized world; and
 Whereas the prohibition of such use has been declared in Treaties to which the
majority of Powers of the world are Parties; and
 To the end that this prohibition shall be universally accepted as a part of
International Law, binding alike the conscience and the practice of nations;

117. Second Generation
Nerve gases:
Sarin
Tabun
VX
Colorless, odorless

118. Nerve Cells

119. Synapse

120. Nerve cells
Overstimulation -> convulsions
Blocking neurotransmitter
-> paralysis

121. Iran Iraq War
(1980 - 1988)

122. Cold War

123. Biological vs. Chemical
More specific
Persistent, contamination
Cheap

124. Serratia Marescens

125. Yellow Rain

126. Bioweapons Convention
(1969)
 “never in any circumstances to develop,
produce, stockpile or otherwise acquire or
retain:
(1) Microbial or other biological agents, or
toxins whatever their origin or method of
production, of types and in quantities that
have no justification for prophylactic,
protective or other peaceful purposes;
(2) Weapons, equipment or means of delivery
designed to use such agents or toxins for
hostile purposes or in armed conflict.

127. Sverdlovsk

128. Desert Storm
Gulf War Syndrome
anthrax vaccine
chemical weapons
depleted uranium

129. Aum Shinrikyo
1990 botulinium
1993 anthrax
1993 botulinium

130. Sarin
March 20, 1995 Tokyo Subway

131. 2001
 9/11 WTC

132. October 2001
10/5/2001
Bob Stevens dies of
respiratory
disease

133. October 2001

134. October 2001

135. Anthrax

136. Anthrax
Koch
“Wool-sorter’s”

137. Spores

138. Natural exposure

139. Attacks 2001

140. Cleanup

141. Global storage

142. Bioterrorism agents
Class A: highly infectious
high mortality rate
easily disseminated
Class B: easily treated
lower mortality

143. Viral Agents
Smallpox
Ebola
Hantavirus
Influenza

144. Smallpox
Eradicated 1977
Few vaccinated
contagious

145. Ebola
1st cases 1976
90% fatality rate
Bat vector?
Reston 1989

146. Hantavirus
1993: 12 deaths
2003:

147. Hantavirus

148. Flu
Mutations
Avian flu

149. Bacterial agents
 Botulinium
 Plague
 Cholera/salmonella
 Tularemia/Q fever

150. Clostridium Botulinum
Aum Shinrikyo
Unit 731
Botox
anaerobic

151. Yersinia Pestis
Black Death
Unit 731
Antibiotic resistance
(Madagascar 1995)

152. Vibrio Cholerae
Rehydration
Fresh or salt
water
Type O most
susceptible

153. Salmonella
 Typhoid Mary
 The Dalles 1984
 Oct 2008:
frozen chicken

154. Tularemia
“Rabbit fever”
Flu-like symptoms
Ticks/flies = vector

155. Q(uery) Fever
Cattle, sheep, goats
Disinfectant
resistant

156. Chimera

157. Biological Chimera
Organism produced from the
combination of genetic materials from
two or more pathogens

158. Mission Impossible II
Russian
Supervirus

159. Gene Splicing

160. Genetic Engineering
 Fluorescent
animals
 Super Salmon
 Golden Rice

161. Veepox
1990 Vector
VEE
Venezuelan
equine
encephalomyelitis
+ smallpox