1. Philippine Constitution

2. A. Necessity of the Study Education for citizenship Essential part of liberal education Knowledge and understanding of government

3. Concept of State and Government State – a community of persons more or less numerous permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of its own to which the great body of inhabitants renders obedience, and and enjoying freedom from external control

4. Elements of the State People – mass of population living within the state Territory – fixed portion of the surface of the earth inhabited by the people of the state Government – agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out Sovereignty – the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience

5. Origin of the State Divine Right Theory – holds that the state is of divine creation and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the people Necessity or force theory – maintains that states must have been created through force Paternalistic theory – attributes the origin of states to the enlargement of the family Social Contract theory – asserts that the early states must have been formed by deliberate and voluntary compact among people to form a government of their own

6. Forms of Government As to the number of the persons exercising sovereign power: a. Monarchy – the supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single person. It is further classified into: absolute monarchy and limited monarchy. b. Aristocracy – the political power is exercised by the few priviledged class c. Democracy – the political power is exercised by the majority of people. It is futher classified into two: direct or pure democracy and indirect or representative democracy

7. As to extent of powers exercised by the central or national government a. Unitary Government – the control of national and local affairs is exercised by the central or national government b. Federal Government – the powers of government are divided between two sets of organs, one for national affairs and the other for local affairs

8. As to the relationship between the executive and the legislative branches of government a. Parliamentary – the state confers upon the legislature the power to terminate the tenure of office of the real executive b. Presidential – the state makes the executive constituionally independent of the legislative