2. The frequency with which deaths occur
The relevant event in mortality is death
Not including fetal death
Death occurs only once
Determinants of mortality
socioeconomic status
public health
behaviors
medical technology
2
4. CDR
World = 8 per 1000 population
MDCs = 10 per 1000 population
LDCs = 23 per 1000 population
Least developed countries = 36 per 1000 population
4
5. CDR by region
Africa= 14 per 1000 population
Sub Saharan = 15 per 1000 population
Northern America = 8 per 1000 population
Latin American = 6 per 1000 population
South America = 6 per 1000 population
Asia = 7 per 1000 population
Europe = 11 per 1000 population
Oceania = 7 per 1000 population
5
6. Country
Name Death Rate
Ecuador
Algeria
France
Japan
Ethiopia
Ukraine
Source: www.prb.org
6
7. % of the
Country population
Name Death Rate > 65 yrs
Ecuador 6
Algeria 4
France 8
Japan 9
Ethiopia 15
Ukraine 16
Source: www.prb.org
7
8. % of the
Country population
Name Death Rate > 65 yrs
Ecuador 6 6%
Algeria 4 5%
France 8 17%
Japan 9 22%
Ethiopia 15 3%
Ukraine 16 16%
Source: www.prb.org
8
9. GNI PPP Infant
Country per capita Mortality
Name 2007 Rate (IMR)
$34600
$33470
$6810
$5490
$7040
$780
Source: www.prb.org
9
10. GNI PPP Infant
Country per capita Mortality
Name 2007 Rate (IMR)
Japan $34600
France $33470
Ukraine $6810
Algeria $5490
Ecuador $7040
Ethiopia $780
Source: www.prb.org
10
11. Infant
Country GDP per Mortality
Name capita Rate (IMR)
Japan $34600 2.8
France $33470 3.6
Ukraine $6810 11
Algeria $5490 27
Ecuador $7040 25
Ethiopia $780 77
Source: www.prb.org
11
12. Life Expectancy
It is an AVERAGE
Pollution levels, conflict, occupation, shelter, food,
medical facilities, income, literacy
12
13. Life Expectancy
You can divide the total population into different
groups (cohorts) to compare some of these
differences within a population.
Rich vs poor, urban vs rural, male vs female, ethnic
groups, age groups.
Life expectancy figures can be affected by high IMR.
If you survive infancy you could live much longer
than the life expectancy figures suggest.
13
15. The gender gap in life expectancy has been
growing until the recent past
Before the epidemiologic transition
Females in MDCs had higher mortality
15
16. Why the gender differential in life expectancy?
Improvements in conditions
Economic
Social
Health
Decline in maternal mortality
Female deaths associated with
Pregnancy
Labor
Puerperium
Change in the dominant immediate causes of death
in the MDCs
Affected sexes differently
16
17. Death Rate
The problem with using the CDR is that it is affected
by the age structure of the population of a country
If all other things are equal the CDR goes up as the
average age of the population goes up
17
18. Age Sex Specific Death Rate
The death rate for a particular age group within the
population (male/female)
Death is most common in the youngest and oldest
cohorts
18
19. Age Sex Specific Death Rate
Also called age-sex adjusted mortality rates
Age-specific death rate:
ASDR = Da x 1000
Pa
19
20. MDCs
2% of deaths are among children < 5yrs
2/3 of deaths are among those > 75 yrs
LDCs
50% of all deaths are among children < 5yrs
5% of all deaths are among those > 75 yrs
20
21. MDCs main decrease in death rates
occurred in the late industrial revolution
Due to improved
sanitation
water
housing
reduction in pollution
improved medical care
21
22. LDCs main decrease in death rates
occurred
more recently
more rapidly
and were due to
Spatial diffusion of medical technologies
22
23. Improved nutrition
Less death from infectious disease
Advances in agriculture
Improvement in personal cleanliness
Hand washing
Clothes washing
Public health interventions
Improved housing
Ventilation
Waste disposal
Social reforms
Advances in medicine
Reduction in reproductive risks
23
24. Malaria continues to kill between 1
and 3 million people a year mainly
in Sub Saharan Africa.
HIV AIDS has had a huge impact on
populations.
Emerging diseases?
24