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- 1. Chapter 14 : Reformations pp. 406-433
- 15. The Spread of Lutheranism
- 19. GROWTH OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
- 23. Calvin’s World in the 16 c
- 26. Calvin’s World in the 16 c
- 28. The Anabaptists Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)
- 35. I need a son. I have been married for 20 years and my wife, Catherine of Aragon is too old to have any more children. Who will inherit my throne when I die? I spy an attractive lady – in-waiting called Anne Boleyn. If only I could marry her instead. Will the Pope give me a divorce? The Church is very rich. I need money for my luxurious court. If only I could get my hands on it. The new Protestant ideas are spreading in Germany. Princes there are reforming their churches and throwing out the Catholic Church. Some people in England like the new Protestant ideas. They believe that the Bible should be in English not Latin. The Church takes money out my country in taxes to help build St Peter’s in Rome. What do I get in return?
- 40. The Wives of Henry VIII
- 48. The Wives of Henry VIII Anne Boleyn Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Anne of Cleves Jane Seymour Catherine of Aragon
- 57. Elizabeth I The red-haired daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she became England’s greatest leader. She kept control of England by refusing to marry anyone and playing one noble against another – many hoping to marry the Queen. She kept religious wars down, advanced exploration, became a patron of the arts, and brought England to the position of world power with the defeat of the Spanish Armada
- 66. Effects of the Reformation The Counter-Reformation/The Catholic Reformation
Notas del editor
- I. The Early Reformation E. The Radical Reformation and the German Peasants’ War 1. Radical Reformers — Wanted to create a community of believers separate from the state. Some were pacifists; others believed in communal ownership of property and a life of simplicity. Anabaptists — adopted the baptism of believers (rejected the sacraments). 2. Impact of Radical Reformers — Initially, they triggered persecution, both from Protestant and Catholic authorities. But some groups like the Quakers, the Baptists, and the Congregationalists had an impact on the growth of American religious and democratic ideals. 3. Peasant Rebellion — The peasants, after crop failures in 1523 and 1524 and the seizure of village common lands by the nobility and the imposition of additional rents and taxes, rebelled, citing Luther. Luther initially sided with them, but later turned against them as the Peasants’ War (1525) unfolded, arguing that independence from the Roman church did not mean opposition to legally established secular powers. F. Marriage and Sexuality 1. Attack on Clerical Celibacy — Most Protestant reformers married, arguing that vows of celibacy ran against human nature and God’s commandments. Many sought to close convents and monasteries, and many nuns left. 2. Position of Women — Reformers argued that men and women were to be spiritually equal in marriage but women were still supposed to be subject to men. 3. Marriage — Created by God as a remedy for human weakness, but marriages in which spouses did not support each other endangered their souls and their own communities. Most reformers therefore allowed divorce and remarriage. 4. Condemnations of Prostitution — Believing that marriage was the only proper remedy for lust, most Protestants condemned prostitution and brothels.
- II. The Reformation and German Politics (The election of Charles V [r. 1519–1556] greatly shaped the course of the Reformation) A. The Rise of the Habsburg Dynasty 1. Strategic Marriages — Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor who ruled most of Austria) to Eleonore of Portugal; his son married Mary of Burgundy (this brought together Burgundy and the Habsburgs). Additional marriages took place among their children and the children of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. 2. Charles V (1550–1558) — Heir to a vast and diverse collection of states and peoples — he believed that it was his duty to maintain the political and religious unity of Western Christendom.
- III. The Spread of Protestant Ideas E. The Reformation in Eastern Europe 1. Bohemia — Mixed outcome — there was strong appeal of Lutheranism to the Germans in Bohemia, yet the Catholic counter-reformation also took hold there. 2. Poland-Lithuania (diverse population — Germans, Jews, Tartars, Poles, and Lithuanians) — Luther’s ideas took root but the Counter-Reformation effectively took hold, thanks in particular to the activities of the Jesuits. 3.Hungary — (Complicated because of the Turkish conquest in 1526) — many Hungarian nobles embraced Lutheranism, as did peasants — but in late 17 th century, Hungarian nobles recognized Catholic Habsburg rule after the Turkish withdrawal in 1699, and Catholic rule was restored.