This presentation is prepared By Sreenivasan Kartha in connection with Madam Curie Day, July 4. This for conducting science classes in Kerla. You can share, remix or adapt this presentation under the conditions of Creative Commons 3.0 licence with attribution to KSSP.

1. ck-X{´hÀjw 2011 tIcf imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j¯v

2. amUw tacn Iyqdn Ah-X-cWw X¿m-dm-¡n-bXv ]T-tI-{µw, sIm«m-c-¡-c.

5. 1867 w_À 7 t]mf­nse hmÀkbn P¨p. tacn kvt¢mtUmhvkvIn F¶mWv bYmÀ° t]c.v Iq«pImcpw ho«pImcpw Ahsf enänÂab F¶p hnfn¨p.

7. ]¯p hb-Êm-b-t¸mÄ A½ -¯n-bn-cp¶ t_mÀUn§v kvIqfn tNÀ¶v ]Tn-¡m³ XpS-§n. ]n¶oSv s]¬Ip«n-IÄ¡pÅ kvIqfn tNcp-Ibpw 1884  AhnsS ¶v ]mkm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.

11. 1891  ]mcoknse tkmÀt_m¬ kÀÆIemimebn tNÀ¶v KWnXw, `uXnIimkv{Xw, ckX{´w F¶nh ]Tn¡m³ XpS§n. 1893  `uXnIimkv{X ¯nepw 1894  KWnX¯nepw _ncpZwtn

13. 1895 Pqssebn ]nbdnbpw tacn-bp-am-bpÅ hnhmlw ¶p.

14. FIvkvþtd ¡v kam-amb HcpXcw civan-IÄ bp-td-b¯n ¶pw ]pd¯p hcp¶Xmbn sl³{Sn _Iz-d Is­¯n. Cu hnIn-c-W-§-sf-¸än Bbn-cp¶p tacn-bpsS Kth-j-W-hn-j-bw .

16. Bä-¯n--Ån- ¡p-¶ GtXm {]{In-bbmWv Cu hnIn-c-W-ap­m¡p-¶-sX¶ K-a-¯n AhÀ F¯nt¨À¶p. tacn CXn ‘tdUntbm BIvSn-hnän’ F¶p t]cn«p.

17. A¶v tdUntbmBIvSohv Bbn Adn-b-s¸-«ncp¶ c­p aqe-I-§tf D­m-bn-cp-¶p-Åp. bptd--bhpw tXmdn-b-hp-w.

18. tacntbm-sSm¯p {]hÀ¯n¡p-¶-Xn-bn ]nbdn {InÌ-ep-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Xsâ ]T À¯nh-¨p. k¦oÀ®-X-bpÅ Hcp [mXp-hmb ‘]n¨v»³UnÂ’ tacn Xsâ {]hÀ¯ XpSÀ¶p.

19. Xsâ P·--SntSpÅ AZ-ay-amb {]Xn-]¯n-sIm­v Cu ]pXnb ]ZmÀ°s¯ tacn ‘s]mtfm-Wnbw’ F¶p hnfn-¨p. 1898 Pqssebn bptd--b-t¯-¡mÄ tdUn-tbm- B-IvSnhXbpÅ Hcp ]pXnb ]ZmÀ°w AhÀ thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¯p.

20. 1899 P-h-cn-bn bptd--b-t¯-¡mÄ ]¯p-e£w C-c«n tdUn-tbm-B-IvSn-h-X-bpÅ Hcp aqeIw IqSn Is­-¯n. CXn ‘tdUnbw’ F¶v t]cv In.

21. tacnbpsS ]Tfn ¶pÅ {][m Is­-¯epIÄ tdUnbw {]Im-ihpw NqSpw ]pd-¯p-hnSp¶p F¶Xpw Cu hnIn-c-W-§Ä ssPh-tIm-i-§sf n-¸n¡p¶p F¶-Xpam-Wv.

23. tdUn-b-hpw AXn-tSv kmay-apÅ KpW-[À½-§-fpÅ t_cn-bhpw AS-§nb k¦oÀ®-amb Hcp [mXp-hmWv ]n¨v»³Uv. AXn- tdUnbw am{Xw thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¡pI Gsd t¢i-I-c-am-Wv. 1898 Bb-t¸m-tg¡pw IyqdnZ¼-Xn-amÀ t_cnbw H«pw Ie-cm¯ Hcev]w td-Unbw thÀXn-cn-s¨-Sp-¯p.

29. ]nb-dn-bpsS t]cn a-I-cWw sN¿-s¸« tdUnbw C³Ìn-«yq-«nsâ ]Wn-IÄ 1914 BKÌn ]qÀ¯o-I-cn¨p. {^©p-K-h¬saân ¶pÅ [k-lm-b-t¯msS À½n¨ C³Ìn-äyq«v {][m-ambpw sshZyimkv{X ta-J-e-bn-se Kth-j-W§Ä¡p th-­n-bmWv Øm]n-X-am-bXv.

31. ]nb-dn-þ-tacn Iyqdn Z¼-Xn-IÄ¡v t_Â k½m-t¯m-sSm¸w e`n¨ kzÀ®-sa-UÂ bp²-^­nte¡p kw`m-hsN¿pIbpw Hcp vkmbn tkh-a--jvSn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

34. tUmIvSÀamÀ tcmKn-bpsS tcmK-_m-[n-X-amb tImi-§sf n-¸n-¡m³ Cu Syq_p-IÄ tImi-§-fpsS ASp¯v tNÀ¯phbv¡pw.

37. tdUn-b-hp-am-bpÅ c-´-c-k-¼À¡w aqew 1911 Bb-t¸m-tg¡pw tacn ISp¯ hr¡-tcm-K-¯n-Sn-s¸-«p.