The True Height of the Waist: Accurately locating the waist in 3D Body Scanning
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How to locate the most suitable waist location with a 3D Body Scanner to a higher accuracy and precision than any previous method. REFERENCE Gill, S., Parker, C.J., Hayes, S., Wren, P. and Panchenko, A. (2014), “The True Height of the Waist: Explorations of automated body scanner waist definitions of the TC2 scanner”, 5th International Conference and Exhibition on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Hometrica Consulting, Lugano, Switzerland, pp. 55–65.
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The True Height of the Waist: Accurately locating the waist in 3D Body Scanning
- 1. THE TRUE HEIGHT OF THE WAIST Dr Christopher J. Parker and Dr Simeon Gill @UserGenDesign
- 4. A bit of text goes here :)
- 9. WAIST DEFINITIONS Retailers Pattern Books Measureme nt Guides and Standards Totals Count % Count % Count % Count % 0 No Clear Guidance 2 3 5 50 0 0 7 9 1 Narrowest-Slimmest Point 19 32 2 20 0 0 21 27 2 Natural Waistline 29 48 1 10 0 0 30 38 3 Relative to a Landmark 2 3 0 0 4 44 6 8 4 Relative to Fit Preference 1 2 1 10 0 0 2 3 5 Narrowest/ Slimmest and Natural 7 12 0 0 0 0 7 9 6 Narrowest/ Slimmest and Landmark 0 0 1 10 1 11 2 3 7 Natural and Landmark 0 0 0 0 4 44 4 5 TOTAL 60 10 9 79
- 10. WAIST PLACEMENT No. Waist Placement Definition No. Waist Placement Definition 1 Height of Mid Waist Position (Midway [WR1] and [WR2] 10 Small of the Back +6cm_Height_Back 2 Scan Waist Height (Small of the Back +4cm) 11 Small of the Back +8cm_Height_Back 3 Waist_68%_to_CB_neck_Height 12 Small of the Back +10cm_Height_Back 4 Waist_Start68%+4cm_CB_neck_Height_ Bk 13 Small of the Back +12cm_Height_Back 5 Waist_70%_to_CB_neck_Height 14 Small of the Back - 2cm_Height_Back 6 Waist_72%_to_CB_neck_Height 15 Small of the Back - 4cm_Height_Back 7 Waist_Start72%+4cm_CB_neck_Height_ Bk 16 Waist-Narrowest_Height_Back 8 Small of the Back _Height_Back 17 Waist_Narrowest-4cm_Height_Back 9 Small of the Back +2cm_Height_Back
- 11. WHY HEIGHT?
- 13. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. How does the height of the different waist definitions compare the the Waist Centre? 2. Are the Upper & Lower limits of the Waist Centre Region predictable from existing definitions? 3. How suitable is the narrowest part of the torso as the definition for the Waist Placement 4. Can the Waist Height be predicted from other body measurements?
- 14. METHODS Part II
- 15. METHOD • 106 Females • Sampled over a 1 year period • Body Scans taken with a TC2 Scanner (scan posture)
- 16. METHOD • Heights recorded with a harpenden anthropometer (±1mm) • Lowest Palpable Rib and Iliac Crest located by an experienced ergonomist (±1mm) • Definitions of landmarks based on existing measurement definitions
- 17. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 106 females Aged 18-71 (Mean = 28, SD = 10.76) Heights (154-178 cm, Mean = 165, SD = 5.39) Weights (40.1 – 117.6 Kg, Mean = 64.68, SD = 12.96) • Low frequency of obesity 0 15 30 45 60 75 Extremely Slim Healthy Overweight V. Overweight Obese
- 18. RESULTS Part III
- 19. LENGTH OF THE WAIST REGION
- 21. LENGTH OF WAIST REGION iliac crest between 55.49 and 63.77% of the persons height (M = 59.89, SD = 1.49) lowest palpable rib between 59.58 and 69.01% of the persons height (M = 64.09, SD = 1.41). mean length was between 2.4 and 13.4 cm (M = 6.92, SD = 2.23).
- 22. HOW DOES SOB+4CM COMPARE TO THE CENTRAL WAIST?
- 23. 0 10 20 30 40 58.01 - 59.00 59.01 - 60.00 60.01 - 61.00 61.01 - 62.00 62.01 - 63.00 63.01 - 64.00 64.00 + Frequency Height of Waist as % of Height Waist as a % of Height (Binned)
- 24. CW VS. SOB+4CM A paired sample t-test was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the height of the centre of the central waist region and the definition ‘waist at SOB+4cm’. This pairing exhibited statistical significance (t (105) = -8.16, p = .000), demonstrating the significant difference from the centre of the central waist region, with 95% confidence intervals between 2.17 and 1.32 cm below the centre point (M = 1.75cm, SD = 2.20) with a medium effect size (.39).
- 25. PLACING THE WAIST MEASUREMENTS IN THE CENTRE OF THE REGION
- 26. 0 7.5 15 22.5 30 <-4.00 -3.99--… -2.99--… -1.99--… -.99-.00 .00-1.00 1.01-2.00 2.01-3.00 3.01-4.00 4.01-5.00 5.01-6.00 6.01-7.00 7.01+ Frequency Distances from Small of Back (SoB) to Waist Centre (cm) SOB + 2cm SOB + 4cm
- 27. CAN THE WAIST HEIGHT BE PREDICTED FROM OTHER BODY MEASUREMENTS?
- 28. Neck Height Bust Height Hip A Height Hip B Height Crotch Height Pearson Correlation 0.895 0.833 0.893 0.673 0.899 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 N 106 106 106 106 106 Waist Height = (Neck Height * 0.72) M (0.00), SD (1.9)
- 29. ONE MORE THING…
- 30. –Anon “Is this any good?”
- 31. • Neck Height * 0.72 • M = 0.00 • SD = 1.9 • SOB + 2cm • M = -0.02 • SD = 2.5 • (Torso L * 0.41) + Crotch H • M = 0.00 • SD = 1.5 CALCULATIONS
- 33. LIMITATIONS
- 34. CONCLUSIONS • SOB+X is not the best predictor of the central waist point • calculation from the torso length has the greatest potential
- 35. FURTHER RESEARCH • How different waist heights affect the waist circumference • How waist circumference definitions influence product development • Better mathematical relations through body scanning
Notas del editor
- The waist is a key measurement in product development of clothing and is crucial in defining made to order clothing. As a region and as a measurement, the waist has cultural, social and global influences. Important as it is a key area for shaping upper and lower body garments, it is also the area where lower body garments hang from.
- Images of the waist from health, fashion, beauty, attraction, function, medical, product development, systems of clothes sizing
- We focused on height as the centre of the region is height related and this provides a benchmark to compare the height of circumferences. If we take the exact middle between the Rib and iliac crest, we get the CENTRAL WAIST LOCATION, in what may be referred to as the central waist region (between the highest lateral aspect of the iliac crest and lowest lateral palpable rib) There is an absolute waist in the centre of the central waist region that should be maintained as a benchmark and can be used as a relative point when defining different waist levels for product development or variation in accepted practice. Whilst other waist definitions are accepted to exist, they must always be relative to this, or a similar waist benchmark that can provide greater stability when referencing measurement data in isolation from the methods of data collection The mid point is not the smallest circumference, as this often occurs toward the base of the ribcage, due to the morphology of the human body, incorporating a tapering rib cage and widening hip bones. however, many people wear lower body garments lower than the midpoint of the waist region, often fitting the body in the lower portioon of the waist region or even below this in the upper hip region.
- the waist is currently treated as a singular measurement, usually with a compound definition that encompasses reference to defining characteristics that describe multiple levels in the waist region. Initially it is important we understand the relationship of heights and circumferences to the established mid point. compound definitions, (narrowest point at the natural waist) are misleading and suggest to the lay person a singular definition of waist, which many practitioners recognise is not the case we need to understand how circumferences and heights relate to the waist region and identifiable points within it.
- This is made more complex by: How it is measured and where to locate it, this is however dependent on historic approaches, and skills & tools of measurer. The waist is not universally defined, and the way it is measured is not standardised across or within disciplines. Body scanners cannot currently find the waist relative to palpable body landmarks, unless participants are pre-landmarked, however they can analyse the body and its relationships in a much more detailed and consistent manner than any manual tools allow. There is a region which we will define as the central waist region (where any measurement called the waist must occur), and it CAN be defined. This can be against upper and lower limits, defined manually by skeletal landmarks (iliac crest and ribs).
- To fulfil the promise which 3D printing and Mass Customisation has been offering for over a decade, there must be a way to locate the waist successfully or a benchmark against which differing waist definitions can reference. Within this research, we propose recognition of a waist region and look at how its centre compares to definitions within automated measurment extraction capabilities based on body scans.
- Where to start? We could look at what is currently done in Industry…. Retailers + Pattern Books + Measurement Guides This data was further analysed and pulled apart We got 17 different waist centre definitions. Content analysis methods were applied to collect data from retailers waist definitions included in websites, pattern construction guides (product development) and standards used to guide on measurement for clothing and product development
- These are the 17 definitions used in Body Scanning Exploring proportionality within the body and specific points.
- Not concerning ourselves with circumferences, but the heights of the measurements. Circumferences are related to height, you have to know where to look. A clear indication of the waist and defining characteristics of its shape can be found in the text by Kapandji
- Here are some of the bodies we scanned to show you the kind of data we were running with.
- The images on the right demonstrate the range of waist lengths in the sample.
- clear relationship between the limits of the central waist region and the overall height physical length of the central waist region can be seen to vary significantly Predicting and extracting the region may be hard, but there is potential
- First definition to knock out of the part is the standard SOB+4cm (This has been used in national surveys and features amongst measurements suggested using existing automated systems) This is the definition used in many Body Scanning Manuals
- This chart visualises the spread of waist heights BY SOB+4CM DEFINITION indicates a variation as with the central waist region and again further understanding is required to determine what predictors may help narrow the definition of the waist in body scanning.
- This indicates that the smallest circumference in the central waist region does not always equate to the centre (mid point) of the central waist region and highlights a potential conflict between data required to drive product development and standardisation of waist placement for comparing populations.
- So if SOB+4cm is not the best placement of the waist, then what is? Should we even be looking for SOB+X anyway?
- We all know there is a normal curve on population sample measurements All pairs (except waist definitions 6 and 9) exhibited statistical significance, demonstrating their significant difference from the central waist definition waist definition Nine -SOB+2CM- (M = 103.87, SD = 4.49) was the most statistically similar to the waist centre definition (M = 102.12, SD = 4.14), t (105) = .091, p = .928. The mean difference between the measurements was .022 cm with a 95% confidence interval ranging from -2.17 to -1.32. The eta squared statistic (< .000) indicated an almost undetectable effect size.
- While we have 5 definitions of the waist height which correlate strongly with the central waist height, the Neck and Crotch correlate the strongest. Due to difficulties in obtaining the
- Maths and stuff :) Obvious - taking leg variation out of the equation NOT taking into account GENDER, AGE or ETHNICITY. We will publish the more advanced reference soon
- SOB + X is not the best predictor of the centre of the waist region Application of multiple tools for defining the waist centre proportionally should be used, SOB and proportions of length. Whilst strict proportions may be inaccurate, proportional systems of defining regions of the body have merit in defining automated placement of measurements on the torso Compound definitions of the waist are misleading We need an accepted benchmark for the waist and all other definitions should be described in relation to this as a direct length relative to height. So waist circumference and height are intrinsically linked and other circs need heights described relative to the benchmark.