1.
s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k'l:tsf
afv|fkfng
cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP
;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g
cfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;dGjo OsfO{

2.
cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP
;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g
cfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;dGjo OsfO{
@)^^
afv|fkfng
s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k'l:tsf

3.
k|sfzs
;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g
cfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;dGjo OsfO{
k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/, g]kfn
cfly{s ;xof]u
:k]g ;/sf/ -cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP_
k|sfzg ldlt M @)^^ d+l;/
k|sfzgflwsf/©
o; k|sfzgdf cleJoQm ljrf/, tYo÷tYof°, tyf hfgsf/Lx?n] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo vfB
tyf s[lif ;+u7g -PkmPcf]_ sf] cflwsfl/s ljrf/x?sf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{gg . ;fy} o;sf]
clek|fo s'g} /fi6« jf To;sf] k|fb]lzs v08÷e"efu, ;x/, cyjf ;Ldfsf] j}wflgs Pj+
ljsf;ut l:ylt O+lut ug'{ klg xf]Og . ;do / k|;Ëjz k|sfzgdf pNn]v ul/Psf
s'g} sDkgL jf ltgsf pTkfbg, rfx] tL k|ltlnlk clwsf/k|fKt (patented) x'g jf gx'g,
af/]sf] rrf{n] of] 7xb}{g ls tL pTkfbgx? cGo / p:t} vfnsf pTkfbgx?sf] t'ngfdf
PkmPcf]sf] :jLs[lt–k|fKt x'g jf l;kmfl/;df k/]sf x'g .
o; k|sfzgdf k|ltljlDjt ljrf/x? PkmPcf]sf cflwsfl/s wf/0ff geO{ n]vssf cfkmgf
lghL wf/0ff / ljrf/x? x'g .
o; k|sfzgsf] sf] ;jf{lwsf/© PkmPcf]df ;'/lIft 5 . u}/gfkmfd"ns Pj+ z}lIfs
k|of]hgsf] nflu o; k|sfzgsf]] k"0f{ jf cf+lzs efu k'gp{Tkfbg ug{, k|;f/ ug{ /
k|of]u÷ljt/0f ug{ PkmPcf]sf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lng' h?/L kg]{ 5}g, t/ To;f] ubf{ ;|f]t eg]
clgjfo{?kdf v'nfpg'kg]{ 5 . k"j{ cg'dlta]u/ Jofj;flos jf Jofkfl/s p4]Zosf nflu
o;sf] ;fdu|L k'gMpTkfbg ug{ lgif]w ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]sf nflu k|sfzsaf6 k"j{ lnlvt
;xdlt lng'kg]{ 5 . o;sf nflu kqfrf/ ug]{ 7]ufgf o;k|sf/ 5M Chief, Electronic
Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division, FAO, Viale delle Terme di
Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: copyright@fao.org
;fh;Hhf tyf d'b|0fM WPS, eMail: printnepal@gmail.com

4.
cfef/
g]kfndf ;~rflnt vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g ‑PkmPcf]_ sf] cNksfnLg kl/of]hgf
cf]P;cf/cf]÷g]k÷*)!÷P;kLP ‑cfsl:ds k'g:yf{kg ;dGjo OsfO{åf/f ;~rflnt
OSRO/NEP/801/SPA _ …cfGtl/s åGå, af9L / ;'Vvfaf6 hf]lvddf k/]sf u|fdL0f ul/a
;d'bfosf nflu vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff lglDt ;xof]uÚ (Emergency Assistance to Improve
Food and Nutrition Security of Vulnerable Rural Communities Affected by Internal
Conflicts, Flood and Drought in Nepal) cGtu{t of] afv|fkfng k':ts tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .
k':ts o;} kl/of]hgfsf /fli6«o kz'kfng ljz]if1 >L /fddl0f kf}8]nn] tof/ kfg'{ePsf]
xf] . k':ts k|sfzgsf nflu k|fKt :k]g ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu klg xfdL
xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5f}+ .
k':tsdf k|of]u ul/Psf clwsf+z /]vflrqx? kz';]jf ljefuåf/f k|sflzt kz'kfng
k'l:tsfaf6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] 5 eg] w]/}h;f] tl:a/x? g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb,
v'dn6f/sf al/i7 j}1flgs 8f= >L/fdk|;fb Gof}kfg]sf] ;f}hGoaf6 k|fKt ePsf x'g .
o;sf nflu kl/of]hgf pxfFx?k|lt ljz]if wGojfb 1fkg ug{ rfxG5 .
k':ts tof/Lsf] qmddf sa'lnotL jg tyf kz' ljsf; sfo{qmd, s]Gb|Lo e]8f tyf afv|f
ljsf; sfof{no tyf ljleGg JolQmx?af6 k|fKt ;Gbe{–;fdu|Lut ;xof]u, k/fdz{ tyf
;'emfjsf nflu xfdL cToGt cfef/L 5f}+ .
;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g
cfsl:ds k'g:yf{kgf tyf ;dGjo OsfO{
k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/, g]kfn
uafv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

5.
kl/ro
afv|fkfngdf nfu]sf jf nfUg rfxg] ;fgf ls;fg Pj+ afv|fkfng k|j4{g sfo{df nfu]sf
kz'kfng tyf ljsf; sfo{stf{x?sf nflu ;xof]u k'uf]; eg]/ of] xft] k':ts tof/
kfl/Psf] xf] .
of] k':tsdf ;d]l6Psf tYo–tYof° tyf hfgsf/Lx? n]vssf] cfg} cg'ej, :ynut
cjnf]sg, afv|fkfns ls;fgx?;Fu ul/Psf tt;DaGwL cfjZostf klxrfg;DaGwL
5nkmn / pxfFx?n] k|ToIf ef]Ug'ePsf Jofjxfl/s kIfx?df cfwfl/t 5g .
k':tsnfO{{ ;s];Dd ;/n, /fd|f];Fu n]Vg k9g g;Sg] jf sd lzlIftx?n] klg lrq /
tl:a/s} dfWodaf6 a'emg ;Sg]u/L tof/ kfg]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . afv|fkfngdf k"j{1fg /
cg'ej gePsfx?sf nflu klg cfwf/e"t hfgsf/Lx? lbg ;sf]; eGg] clek|fon] o;sf
x/]s kf7x?sf] ;+/rgf ul/Psf] 5 .
o; k':tsnfO{ hDdf * v08df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . tL x'gM afv|fsf k|d'v hftx?,
k|hgg, bfgfkfgLsf] Joj:yf, vf]/sf] Joj:yf, k/hLjLx?, kfrg–k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt
;d:ofx?, k|d'v ;+qmfds /f]ux? / lgoGq0fsf pkfox?, tyf afv|fsf nflu 3fF;sf]
Joj:yf . oL v08x?sf] qmda4 k|:t'ltn] s'g} klg afv|fkfns g]kfnL s[ifsnfO{
cfjZos kg]{ d'Vo hfgsf/Lx? / cfOkg]{ Jofjxfl/s ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;3fpl;4 x'g]
ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
/fddl0f kf}8]n
/fli6«o kz'kfng ljz]if1
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts#

6.
ljifo ;"rL
cfef/ u
kl/ro 3
! afv|fsf hft -gZn_ x? !
!=! g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f l;kmfl/; ePsf afv|fsf hftx? !
!=@ :yfgLo÷/}yfg] hft (Indigenous/Local) sf afv|fx? !
!=# aflx/af6 NofOPsf (exotic) hftx? #
!=$ /}yfg] / jfxo k|hfltsf afv|faLr k|hgg u/fO{ lgsflnPsf j0f{z+s/x? #
!=% g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb -gfs{_df k/LIf0f cj:yfdf /x]sf hftx? #
!=^ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/;lagf g} g]kfnsf sltko 7fpFdf kfng ub}{
cfOPsf hftx? $
@ afv|fsf] k|hgg k|lqmof %
@=! xf8gftfdf x'g] k|hgg ‑Ogla|l8ª_ sf c;/x? %
@=@ j0f{z+s/ ‑qm;_ k|hggsf kmfObfx? %
@=# gsf/fTds 5gf}6sf k|efjx? ^
@=$ u|fdL0f If]qdf ckgfpg'kg]{ k|hggsf] ;a}eGbf pQd tl/sf ^
@=% k|hggsf nflu 5gf]6 ul/g] af]sf / afv|fdf x'g'kg]{ u'0fx? &
@=^ k|hggsf nflu af]sfsf] 5gf]6 *
@=& k|hggsf nflu afv|Lsf] 5gf]6 (
@=* k|hgg !)
@=( k|hggsf nflu kflng] af]sfsf] x]/rfx / Joj:yfkg !!
@=!) ule{0fL afv|Lsf] x]/rfx / Joj:yfkg !!
@=!! ev{/ hGd]sf kf7f–kf7Lsf] x]/rfx / Joj:yfkg !@
@=!@ v;L kfg]{ !#
@=!# bfFtsf] cfwf/df afv|fsf] pd]/ kQf nufpg] tl/sf !$
# cfxf/ Joj:yfkg !^
#=! afv|fsf] kfrg–k|0ffnL !^
#=@ afv|fsf nflu cfxf/ slt rflxG5 < !^
#=# ;fgf] pd]/sf kf7f–kf7L ‑# dlxgfeGbf sd pd]/sf_ nfO{ v'jfOg]
cfxf/ (Creep Feed) agfpg] tl/sf !&
#=$ ax'kf]if0fo'Qm l9Ssf agfpg rflxg] ;fdu|L !&
ªafv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

7.
#=% pks/0f / cf}hf/x? !&
#=^ cfjZos ;fdu|L / dfqf ‑%–% lsnf]sf * j6f Ans agfpgsf nflu_ !*
#=& agfpg] k|lqmof !*
#=* Ans s;/L vfg lbg] < @)
#=( olb w]/} vfP/ la/fdL k/]sf] nIf0f b]vfP eg] s] ug]{ < @)
$ afv|fsf] vf]/ Joj:yf @!
$=! :j:y afv|f kfNg] tl/sf @!
$=@ afv|fkfng k4ltdf ;'wf/ s;/L ug]{ < @!
$=# g/fd|f] vf]/ ePdf s:tf] c;/ k5{ < @@
$=$ vf]/sf nflu s:tf] 7fpF pQd x'G5 < @#
$=% c;n k|sf/sf] vf]/ lgdf{0f ug]{ of]hgf @#
$=^ vf]/sf s]xL gd"gfx? # b]lv % j6f afv|fsf nflu @#
% afv|fdf nfUg] k/hLjLx? @^
%=! afv|fdf nfUg] jfxo k/hLjLx? (External Parasites) @^
%=@ afv|fdf nfUg] cfGtl/s k/hLjLx? (Internal Parasites) @(
^ kfrg–k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? ##
^=! bfgf jf ef]h et]/df kmflnPsf vfg]s'/f a9L vfPdf b]vfkg]{ ;d:ofx? ##
^=@ 3fF;kftaf6 x'g] ljifsf] c;/ (Plant Poisoning) / pkrf/ #$
^=# afh/f÷;f]3{d÷h'g]nf]sf] 3fF; vfFbf pTkGg x'g;Sg] ljif / pkrf/ #%
^=$ cFu]/L, bz{glkkn, gLnf] k'mNg] uGw], wf]q]m, cf?kft], /ftf] lz/Lif vfPdf nfUg] ljif #^
^=% e'F8L k'mNg] ;d:of #&
^=^ 5]/f}6L #*
^=& 5]/f}6L jf cfpFn] afv|fnfO{ ;tfpFbf s] s] x'G5 < #(
& k|d'v ;?jf (Contagious) /f]ux? $)
&=! ;LkLkL ‑;g]{ vfnsf] k'/fgf] lgdf]lgof_ $)
&=@ kLkLcf/ /f]u $)
&=# ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]ulj?4 lbOg] vf]ksf gfd / dfqf $@
&=$ pkrf/ lsg k|efjsf/L gx'g ;S5 < $@
* afv|fsf nflu 8fn]3fF; tyf cGo e'OF3fF;x? $#
*=! ux|f–sfGnf tyf 8Lnx?df 8fn]3fF; tyf e'OF3fF;x? nufpg] $#
*=@ 8fn]3fF; / e'O{3fF;x? sf6g] pko'Qm cj:yf $$
;Gbe{–;fdu|Lx? $$
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':tsr

8.
!=! g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f l;kmfl/; ePsf afv|fsf hftx?
qm=;+= hft l;kmfl/; ePsf] ef}uf]lns If]q s}lkmot
! t/fO{ afv|f t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]z ‑#)) ld6/;Dd_
@ v/L÷kxf8L afv|f
tNnf] Pj+ dWo–kxf8L If]q ‑#)) ld6/b]lv
!%)) ld6/;Dd
# l;Gxfn afv|f
pRr kxf8L If]q ‑!%)) ld6/b]lv @%))
ld6/;Dd_
$ Rofªu|f lxdfnL If]q ‑@%)) ld6/eGbf dfly_
%
:yfgLo afv|f / hd'gfkf/L
afv|faLr k|hgg ‑qm;_ u/fP/
lg:s]sf] j0f{z+s/ hft
t/fO{, kxf8 / pRr kxf8L If]q
^
:yfgLo afv|f / afa{/L hftsf]
afv|f aLr k|hgg u/fP/
lg:s]sf] j0f{z+s/ hft
t/fO{, kxf8 / pRr kxf8L If]q
& hd'gfkf/L t/fO{ tyf dWo–kxf8 ‑!%)) ld6/;Dd_
j0f{z+s/ pTkfbg
ug{ aLpsf] nflu
* afa{/L t/fO{ tyf dWo–kxf8 ‑!%)) ld6/ ;Dd_
j0f{z+s/ pTkfbg
ug{ aLpsf] nflu
!
!=@ :yfgLo÷/}yfg] hft (Indigenous/Local) sf afv|fx?
t/fO{ afv|f ‑afv|L_
tl:a/M8f=>L/fdk|;fbg]pkfg],gfs{v'dn6f/
t/fO{ afv|f ‑af]sf_
tl:a/M/fddl0fkf}8]n
afv|fsf hft -gZn_ x¿
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts

9.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
v/L afv|f kxf8L afv|f ‑af]sf_
tl:a/M8f=L/fdk|;fbg]pkfg],gfs{v'dn6f/
tl:a/ML/fddl0fkf}8]n
kxf8L afv|f kxf8L afv|f
tl:a/M8f=L/fdk|;fbg]pkfg],gfs{v'dn6f/
tl:a/M8f=L/fdk|;fbg]pkfg],gfs{v'dn6f/
l;Gxfn afv|f ‑af]sf_ Rofªu|f
tl:a/M8f=L/fdk|;fbg]pkfg],gfs{v'dn6f/
tl:a/M8f=L/fdk|;fbg]pkfg],gfs{v'dn6f/

10.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
hd'gfkf/L afa{/L
tl:a/;|f]tMafv|fkfng,@)^%÷^^‑kz';]jfljefu,
sa'lnotLjgtyfkz'ljsf;sfo{qmd_
tl:a/;|f]tMafv|fkfng,@)^%÷^^‑kz';]jfljefu,
sa'lnotLjgtyfkz'ljsf;sfo{qmd_
!=# aflx/af6 NofOPsf (exotic) hftx?
v/L / hd'gfkf/LaLr]sf] j0f{z+s/ v/L / afa{/LaLr]sf] j0f{z+s/
tl:a/M/fddl0fkf}8]n
tl:a/M/fddl0fkf}8]n
!=$ /}yfg] / jfxo k|hfltsf afv|faLr k|hgg u/fO{ lgsflnPsf j0f{z+s/x?
af]o/ afv|f lssf] afv|f
tl:a/;|f]tMafv|fkfng,@)^%÷^^‑kz';]jfljefu,
s]Gb|Loe]8fafv|fk|j4{gsfof{no_
tl:a/;|f]tMafv|fkfng,@)^%÷^^‑kz';]jfljefu,
s]Gb|Loe]8fafv|fk|j4{gsfof{no_!=% g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb -gfs{_df k/LIf0f cj:yfdf /x]sf hftx?

11.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
la§n afv|f ‑af]sf_ la§n afv|f ‑afv|L_
!=^ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] l;kmfl/;lagf g} g]kfnsf sltko 7fpFdf kfng ub}{
cfOPsf hftx?
tl:a/;|f]tMafv|fkfng,@)^%÷^^‑kz';]jfljefu,
s]Gb|Loe]8fafv|fk|j4{gsfof{no_
tl:a/;|f]tMafv|fkfng,@)^%÷^^‑kz';]jfljefu,
s]Gb|Loe]8fafv|fk|j4{gsfof{no_
sfnf] a+ufnL afv|f ;fgg afv|f ‑afv|L_
tl:a/M/fddl0fkf}8]n
tl:a/;|f]tMafv|fkfng,@)^%÷^^‑kz';]jfljefu,
sa'lnotLjgtyfkz'ljsf;sfo{qmd_
PËnf] Golaog afv|f
tl:a/;|f]tMafv|fkfng,@)^%÷^^‑kz';]jfljefu,
s]Gb|Loe]8fafv|fk|j4{gsfof{no_

12.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
@
kf7f] / kf7L h'DNofxf hGdfPsL afv|L
ltg} h'DNofxf kf7f /
kf7LaLrsf] k|hgg
To;/L xf8gftfdf k|hgg u/L hGd]sf kf7f–kf7Lx?
sdhf]/ cj:yfdf hGdg], a[l4 ljsf; l9nf] x'g] / z/L/
klg sdhf]/ x'g] x'G5 . slxn]sfxLF ;fg} pd]/df g} d[To'
;d]t x'g] u5{ .
‑;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_
afv|fsf] k|hgg k|lqmof
@=! xf8gftfdf x'g] k|hgg ‑Ogla|l8ª_ sf c;/x?
@=@ j0f{z+s/ ‑qm;_ k|hggsf kmfObfx?
h'DNofxf kf7f–kf7L hGd]sf 5gM logLx? l56f] a95g, ;fg} pd]/df w]/} tf}nsf
aG5g, :j:y / tGb'?:t ‑;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_ klg x'G5g .
:yfgLo / pGgt hftsf kf7f / kf7LaLr
tyf kf7L / kf7faLr k|hgg
pGgt hftsf afv|fsf
kf7f÷kf7L
:yfgLo afv|faf6 hGd]sf]
kf7f÷kf7L

13.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
@=# gsf/fTds 5gf}6sf k|efjx?
‑;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_
o; afv|Ln] h'DNofxf kf7f
hGdfPsL 5]
;fgf] z/L/ ePsf, lgliqmo / l9nf] a9b}
u/]sf n't]nfªu|] vfnsf kf7f–kf7L
aLrsf] k|hgg
:j:y, tGb'?:t, df]6f], ;lqmo kf7f] 5 eg] To:tfnfO{
df;sf nflu kz';]jf s]Gb|x?df rfF8} g} nu]/ v;L kfg]{
rng 5
To;f] ePdf gofF hGdg] kf7f–kf7Lx? emg ;fgf,
n't]nfªu|], c:j:y k|sf/sf hGdg] x'G5g, slxn]sfxLF
;do g} gk'uL hGdg] jf t'lxg] klg x'g;S5 .
@=$ u|fdL0f If]qdf ckgfpg'kg]{ k|hggsf] ;a}eGbf pQd tl/sf

14.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
j0f{z+s/ k|hgg /fd|f] x'g] x'gfn] Pp6f ufpF / csf]{ ufpFaLr jf r/g–If]qdf ayfg
gldl;g] ufpFaLr af]sfx? ;f6k]m/ ub}{ k|hgg u/fpg] rng rnfpg' ;fx|} pQd x'G5 .
‑xf8gftfsf] k|hgg x'gaf6 hf]ufpgsf nflu x/]s @–@ jif{df o;/L cfk;df gftf gkg]{
7fpFaf6 af]sfx? ;f6f;f6 u/L k|hgg u/fpg'k5{ ._ ‑;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_
@=% k|hggsf nflu 5gf]6 ul/g] af]sf / afv|fdf x'g'kg]{ u'0fx?
;dxdf ;a}eGbf a9L jhg ePsf] .
nfdf] / vFlbnf] z/L/ ePsf] .
5f]6f–5f]6f t/ alnof v'§f ePsf] .
ub{g nfdf] ePsf] / ;Lwf lhp8fn ePsf] .
rf}8f 5ftL ePsf] .
;w}+ h'DNofxf hGdfO/xg] / @ jif{df sDtLdf # k6s Aofpg] dfpsf ;Gtfg .
klxnf]rf]l6 kf7f–kf7L hGdfpFbf @ j6f :yfoL bfFt (permanent teeth) ePsL
dfpaf6 hGd]sf aRrf .
ub{g / k5fl8sf] efudf nfdf] nfdf] / e'mKk k/]sf] /f}+ ePsf] .
x]b}{df alnof], tu8f / 8/nfUbf] cfqmfds (aggresive) b]lvg] .
hlGdbfv]l/ @ lsnf]u|fdeGbf a9L tf}n ePsf] .
hGd]sf] ^ dlxgf;Dddf sDtLdf !% lsnf] tf}n k'u]sf] .
y'g, sNrf}+8f] /fd|f];Fu ljsf; ePsf] .
c08sf]ifsf b'a} bfgfx? 7N7nf / a/fa/ cfsf/sf] ePsf] .
!* dlxgf k'lu;Sbf ;a}eGbf a9L tf}n u|x0f ug{;Sg] / @ j6f :yfoL bfFt
cfPsf .
/f]u ;xg ;Sg] Ifdtf a9L ePsf dfpx?af6 hGd]sf kf7f–kf7L 5fGg] .
Pp6} pd]/ ;dxsf dWo]af6 ;a}eGbf 7nf]nfO{ 5fGg] .
glhssf] gftf kg]{ jf Pp6} j+zaf6 hGd]sfnfO{ g5fGg] .
pGgt hftsf] ‑cyf{t rfx]sf] jfxo k|hfltsf] gZnaf6 sDtLdf %)∞ ld0f ePsf]_
5fGg] .
k|hgg p2]Zos} nflu 5flgPsf af]sf / afv|Lsf] ;+;u{af6 hlGdPsf aRrfdfq
lng] .
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á

15.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
@=^ k|hggsf nflu af]sfsf] 5gf]6
klxnf]rf]l6 Aofpg] a]nfdf @ j6f
:yfoL bfFt ePsL cfdfaf6
hGd]sf] af]sf
h'DNofxfdWo] Pp6f af]sf
k|hggsf nflu /fd|f];Fu ljsf;
ePsf of}g cËx? ePsf] af]sf
;+;u{sf a]nf clt ;lqmo, km'lt{nf] /
cfqmfds 6fOksf] af]sf x'g'k5{
h'DNofxf hGdfpg] cfdfaf6 hGd]sf] af]sfaf6 k|hgg
u/fPdfq /fd|f] pTkfbg k|fKt x'g;S5
‑;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_

16.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
@= k|hggsf nflu afv|Lsf] 5gf]6
k6s–k6s t'lxg]
;d:of ePsf] afv|f
k|To]s a]tdf Pp6f dfq}
aRrf hGdfpg] afv|f k|To]s a]tdf h'DNofxf
aRrf hGdfpg] afv|f
klxnf]rf]l6 aRrf hGdfpg] a]nfdf
@ j6f :yfoL bfFt cfPsf]
klxnf] a]tdf hGd]sf
h'DNofxf kf7f–kf7L
# dlxgfdf dfp k'gM
afnL nfUg'k5{
* dlxgfkl5 g} bf];|f]k6s Aofpg] afv|f jf
@ jif{df # a]t Aofpg ;Sg] dfp x'g'k5{
‑;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_
!
@
# $ % ^
*

17.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts10
5gf]6 ul/g] afv|Ldf s:tf u'0f x'g'k5{
nfdf] / vFlbnf] z/L/ ePsf] .
jyfgdf ;a}eGbf 7nf] b]lvg] .
k|hggsf nflu rflxg] ljz]if u'0fx? :ki6 b]Vg ;lsg] .
;kmf lhp8fn ePsf] / ;lqmo vfnsf] .
( dlxgfsf] pd]/kl5 klxnf]k6s ule{0fL ePsf] cfdfaf6 hGd]sf] aRrf .
nfdfnfdf v'§f ePsf] / sNrf}+8f] el/gsf nflu k|z:t vfnL 7fpF b]lvg] .
k'i6 k/]sf] sNrf}+8f] / l7Sssf cfsf/sf] y'g ePsf] .
klxnf]rf]l6 aRrf hGdfpFbf @ j6f :yfoL bfFt ePsf] .
lhp8fnsf] ef/ rf/j6} v'§fdf a/fa/ ePsf] .
aRrf t'lxg] /]s8{ gePsf] .
k5fl8kl§ t'ngfTds?kn] km's]sf] b]lvg] .
@ jif{sf] cjlwdf # k6s aRrf hGdfpg ;Sg] .
h'DNofxf hGd]sf] dWo]af6 x'g'kg]{ .
cfkmgf kf7f–kf7LnfO{ k|z:t bw lbg ;Sg] .
ztk|ltzt jf w]/} kf7fkf7L x'sf{pg] Ifdtf ePsf] .
hlGdg]a]nfdf sDtLdf @ lsnf]u|fd tf}n ePsf] .
l56f] l56f] zf/Ll/s j[l4 x'g] vfnsf] jf ^ dlxgfsf] pd]/df !% lsnf]u|fdeGbf
a9L tf}n x'g] .
/f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf pRr ePsf] .
ljleGg vfnsf] :yfgLo jftfj/0f;Fu ;lhn} 3'nldn x'g;Sg] .
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
@=* k|hgg
ev{/ hGd]sf kf7f–kf7L
ev{/ hGd]sf kf7f–kf7L
( dlxgfsf] pd]/kl5
k|ydk6s af]sf nfu]sf]
Psbd alnof tGb'?:t / :j:y aRrfsf] hGd ePsf]
‑;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_

18.
11afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
k|hgg slxn] / s;/L u/fpg]
klxnf]k6s afnL nufpFbf af]sfsf] pd]/ ( dlxgfeGbf a9Lsf] x'g'k5{ .
klxnf]k6s ule{0fL x'g] afv|Lsf] pd]/ klg ( dlxgfeGbf a9Lsf] x'g'k5{ .
b'O{ leGgleGg hftsf afv|fsf] ;+;u{af6 hGd]sf j0f{z+s/ aRrfsf] aLrdf k|hgg
u/fpg] .
cfk;df gftf gkg]{ vfnsf jf leGbfleGb} ufpFsf af]sf / afv|LaLr jf afv|L /
af]sfaLr k|hgg u/fpg'k5{ .
pGgt hftsf] af]sf ‑OR5fOPsf] hftsf] sDtLdf %) k|ltzt /Qm ldl;Psf]_ /
:yfgLo afv|LaLrsf] k|hggaf6 hGd]sf]_ 5fGg'k5{ .
@=( k|hggsf nflu kflng] af]sfsf] x]/rfx / Joj:yfkg
5'§} uf]7÷vf]/sf] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
aFw'jf k|0ffnLdf x'sf{Og] Joj:yf x'g'k5{ jf cnu r/g–If]q x'g'k5{ .
sd;]sd lbgsf] #–$ 306f zf/Ll/s cEof; x'g] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ . 3fF;, bfgf
/ kfgL k|z:tdfqfdf jf rflxFbf]dfqfdf lbg'k5{ .
k|To]s ^ dlxgfdf /f]u lg/f]ws cf}ifwLx? v'jfpg] ‑l8lkª / 8«]lGrª_ ug'{k5{ .
;do–;dosf /f]ula?4sf vf]kx? lbg'k5{ .
k|hggsf nflu /flvg] af]sf k|To]s @–@ jif{df x6fO{ ;f]sf] ;§fdf gofF af]sf
Nofpg'k5{ .
@=!) ule{0fL afv|Lsf] x]/rfx / Joj:yfkg
d'Vo ayfgaf6 ule{0fL afv|LnfO{ cnUu} /fVg] .
aFw'jf–k|0ffnL ckgfO{ kfNg] .
r/fpg] ePdf ;lhnf] / ;dy/ 7fpFx?df dfq r/fpg] .
uef{j:yfdf k|ltlbg sl/a @)) u|fd cGg ‑bfgf_ lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
;'Ts]/L x'g] cj:yfdf b]lvg] nIf0fx? cjnf]sg ug]{ .
;'Ts]/L x'g] qmddf aRrf hGdg @ 306feGbf j9L ;do nfUof] eg] k|fljlwssf]
;xof]u lng] .
3fF; / bfgfkfgL lbFbf lgolGqt tl/sf ckgfpg], o;f] ubf{ eF8fNgf] kms{g]
‑k|f]n]lK;;_ ;Defjgf 365 .
;'Ts]/L ePkl5 lbOg] bfgfkfgLsf] dfqf klxnf] lbgaf6 qmdzM a9fpFb} nfg] /
l;kmfl/; eP cg';f/sf] k0f{ dfqf 5}7f}+ lbg b]lvdfq lbg] ug'{k5{ .
;fngfnnfO{ /fd|f];Fu uf8g'k5{, o;sf nflu slDtdf ! ld6/ ulx/f] vfN8f] vGg]
/ To;}leq ;fngfn /fvL /fd|f];Fu k'g]{ .
;fngfn ;'Ts]/L afv|L cfk}+mn] vfPdf To;kl5 bw pTkfbg sd x'g] / ;Gtfg
hGdfpg] Ifdtf;d]t sd x'b} hfG5 .
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á

19.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts12
;kmf / g/d sk8fsf] k|of]u u/L k/} z/L/ /fd|f];Fu ;kmf
ul/lbg], gfssf Kjfn ;kmfOdf cem a9L Wofg lbg] .
ev{/ hGd]sf] kf7f–kf7Lsf] k5fl8sf b'a} v'6f ;dfO{ 6fpsf]
tn kg]{ u/L prfNg] / lj:tf/} lj:tf/} k]08'nd h:t} s]xL
;do x'O{ v]nfpg] .
klxnf]rf]l6 y'gaf6 aRrfnfO{ bw r';fO{lbFbf b'a} y'gnfO{
z'?df % k6s lgrf]/]/ klxnf] lauf}tL bw kmfNg'k5{, To;kl5
aRrfx?nfO{ k|z:tdfqfdf lauf}tL bw r';fpg'k5{ .
;kmf / ljliff0f'/lxt kfl/Psf jf lgd{nLs/0f ‑:6]l/nfOH8_
ul/Psf pks/0f k|of]u u/L /fd|f];Fu gfn sfl6lbg]Ù gfn
sf6bf z/L/;Fu sl/a @ OGr 5f]8]/ sf6g'k5{ .
‑;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_
hlGdgf;fy kf7f–kf7LnfO{ ;'Vvf / Gofgf] 7fpFdf nfg] .
;kmf / g/d sk8fsf] ;xfotfn] gfssf Kjfn / k'/} z/L/ /fd|f];Fu ;kmf ul/lbg] .
ev{/ hGd]sf] kf7f–kf7Lsf] k5fl8sf b'a} v'§f ;dfO{ 6fpsf] tn kg]{ u/L prfNg]
/ lj:tf/} lj:tf/} k]08'nd xNn]h:t} $–% k6s otfptf xNnfpg] .
gfn sf6bf ;kmf / :6]l/nfOh u/]sf] rSs, s}+rL jf An]8 k|of]u ug]{ .
gfn sf6bf z/L/eGbf @ OGrdflysf] efuaf6 dfq sf6g] .
sfl6;s]sf] efudf l6~r/ cfof]l8g jf o:t} Pl06;]lK6sx? nufOlbg] .
sNrf}+8f] / y'gx?nfO{ tftf]kfgLn] ;kmf ug]{ / ;'Sg lbg] .
aRrfnfO{ klxnf]k6s bw r':g lbg'eGbf klxn] b'j} y'gnfO{ %–% k6s lgrf]/]/
afSnf] lauf}tL bw kmofFSg] .
To;kl5dfq aRrfx?nfO{ oy]i6dfqfdf bw r'l;/xg lbg'k5{ .
Gofgf] / ;'Vvf 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ / cGo lx+;|s hLjhGt'af6 hf]ufpg'k5{ .
kf7f–kf7L @ xKtfsf ePkl5 vfg x'g], g/d / tfultnf] 3fF;x? vfg lj:tf/}
lbg'k5{ .
To:t} # xKtfsf ePkl5 lj:tf/} c? bfgfkfgL / kf}li6s cfxf/x? klg lbF+b}
ug'{k5{ .
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
@=!! ev{/ hGd]sf kf7f–kf7Lsf] x]/rfx / Joj:yfkg

20.
13afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
k|hggsf nflu pko'Qm gx'g] vfnsf kf7fx?nfO{ ! dlxgfsf] pd]/ ePkl5 v;L
kfg'{k5{ .
kf7f–kf7Lx? # dlxgf pd]/ k'Ugf;fy cfdfaf6 5'6ofP/ /fVg'k5{ .
k|hggsf nflu /flvg] af]sfnfO{ klg # dlxgfb]lv cGo kf7f–kf7Lx?;Fu g/fvL
5'§} 7fpFdf /fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .
kf7f–kf7Lx? ! dlxgfsf ePkl5 klxnf]k6s cfjZos cf}ifwLx? v'jfpg] ‑8«]l~rª
ug]{_ ug'{k5{ .
xNsf vfnsf] a|'; ‑sfk]{6 a|';_ n] b}lgs?kdf kf7f–kf7LnfO{ sf]/]/ ;kmf ug]{
ug'{k5{ .
cfjZostfg';f/ a]nfa]nfdf v'/ klg sfl6lbg'k5{ .
á
á
á
á
á
á
@=!@ v;L kfg]{
skf;, lrD6f / l6~r/ cfof]l8g
v;L kfg]{ ;xL tl/sf
ev{/ hGd]sf 5g ! dlxgf ePkl5 v;L kfg]{ ‑o;f] ubf{ l5§} df]6fpF5g÷a95g_
! dlxgf
‑;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_
af]l8{hf]–Sof:6]«6/
z'qmaflxgL gnLnfO{ RofKg] 7fpF
v;L kfbf{ hlxn] klg bIf k|fljlwssf] ;xof]uaf6 dfq kfg{'{k5{ . ;fy} v'Nnf tl/sfaf6
v;L gkf/L ;w}+ aGb tl/sf (Closed Castration) cyf{t g;f RofKg] k4ltaf6 g} v;L
kfg'{k5{ .

21.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts14
v;L kfbf{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx? tn lbOPsf] 5
kf7f] ! dlxgfsf] x'gf;fy v;L kfg'{k5{ .
v;L kfg'{eGbf cl3 g} To;sf nflu clt cfjZos j:t' / pks/0fx? h:t}M
af]l8{hf]–Sof:6]«6/, Pl06;]lK6s emf]n, ;kmf skf;, lrD6fx? cflb l7s
kfl//fVg'k5{ .
Pl06;]lK6s k|of]u u/]/ af]l8{hf]–Sof:6«]6/ / v;L kfg]{ dfG5]sf xft /fd|f];Fu ;kmf
ug]{ .
kf7f]nfO{ ‑lrqdf b]vfPh:t}_ /fd|f];Fu cF7ofP/ ;dfpg'k5{ .
xftnfO{ lrNnf] agfpg Pl06;]lK6s ld;fOPsf] n'la|s]G6; nufpg], c08sf]ifsf b'a}
bfgfnfO{ a'9L cf}+nf / dflxnL cf}+nf k|of]u u/]/ lj:tf/} tGsfpg] .
z'qmjflxgL gnL kQf nufO{ /fd|f];Fu ;dfP/ 5]pkl§ Nofpg] .
cF7ofpg] bfFtLsf] efu dflykl§ kg]{u/L af]l8{hf]–Sof:6«]6/nfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;dfpg] .
RofKg'kg]{ g;fdf af]l8{hf]–Sof:6«]6/ /flv;s]kl5 ;fgf y'g ePsf] 7fpF
(rudimentary teats) eGbf ‑!÷@Æ_ cfwf OGr tn ‑hldgkl§_ l7s 7fpFdf /fvL
a]:;/L bafpg], o;f] ubf{ g;f /fd|f];Fu RoFflkO{;S5 / RoFfk]sf] g;fsf] efudfly
sl/a @) ;]s]08hlt Roflk/fVg] .
To;kl5 ToxL g;fsf] sl/a rf}yfO OGr ‑)=@%Æ_ tnaf6 af]l8{hf]–Sof:6«]6/ /fvL
cl3s} k|lqmof ckgfO{ g;f RofKg] .
o;/L Psfkl§sf] g;f RoflklbPkl5 l7s To:t} k|lqmof ckgfO{ csf]{kl§sf] g;f
klg b'O{k6s Roflklbg] .
g;f Roflk;s]kl5 Tof] efudf ;kmf skf; / lrD6fsf] k|of]u u/L l6~r/ cfof]l8g
jf cGo Pl06;]lK6s nufOlbg] .
@=!# bfFtsf] cfwf/df afv|fsf] pd]/ kQf nufpg] tl/sf
hGdg]lalQs} @ j6f bw]bfFt x'G5g .
! dlxgfsf] x'Fbf * j6f bw]bfFt x'G5g .
!* dlxgfdf aLrsf @ j6f bw]bfFt k'mSnL gofF :yfoL bfFtn] 7fpF lnG5g .
@$ dlxgfdf aLrsf $ j6f bw]bfFt k'mSnL gofF :yfoL bfFtn] 7fpF lnG5g .
#) dlxgfdf aLrsf ^ j6f bw]bfFt k'mSnL gofF :yfoL bfFtn] 7fpF lnG5g .
#^ dlxgfdf ;a} * j6f bw]bfFtsf] ;§f :yfoL bfFt cfpF5g .
$* dlxgfdf ;a} bfFt sDhf]/ x'g], xlNng] / l5b| kg]{ x'g yfN5g .
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á

22.
15afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
hGdbfsf avt jf ! dlxgfdf ;j} * j6} bw]bfFt 5g .
! @
8]9 jif{sf] pd]/df cufl8sf @ j6f bw]bfFt x65g /
@ j6f gofF÷:yfoL bfFt cfPsf 5g .
! @# $
! @# $% ^
@ jif{sf] pd]/df cufl8sf $ j6f bw]bfFt em/]/ $ j6f
gofF :yfoL bfFt cfPsf 5g .
;f9] b'O{ jif{sf] pd]/df ^ j6f bw bfFt em/L ^ j6f
gofF÷:yfoL bfFt cfPsf 5g .
! @# $% ^
*
# jif{sf] x'Fbf ;a} * j6f bw]bfFt v;]/ ltgsf 7fpFdf
* j6} gofF÷:yfoL bfFt cfPsf 5g .

23.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts16
#
l;sd
cf]dfhdPaf]d]hd ‑vf; e'F8L_
/]l6s'nd
ef]hg gnL
;fgf] cfGb|f
7nf] cfGb|f
?d]g
cfxf/ Joj:yfkg
#=! afv|fsf] kfrg–k|0ffnL
#=@ afv|fsf nflu cfxf/ slt rflxG5
‑;fwf/0ftof @% b]lv #) lsnf] tf}nsf] afv|fsf nflu_
cfxf/sf] k|sf/ OsfO{
;fdfGo
afFRgsf
nflu
df]6fpgsf
nflu
ule{0fLsf
nflu
k|hggsf nflu
/flvPsf]
af]sfsf nflu
a9bf] pd]/sf
kf7f–kf7Lsf
nflu
cGg
sf];] u|fd @%=)) !))=)) !%)=)) !))=)) @%=))
csf];] u|fd %=)) !%)=)) @))=)) !%)=)) %=))
8fn]3fF;
sf];] s]=hL= )=%) )=%) )=%) )=%) )=@%
csf];] s]=hL= !=)) !=)) !=)) !=)) )=%)
e'OF3fF;
sf];] s]=hL= )=%) )=%) )=%) )=%) )=@%
csf];] s]=hL= !=)) !=)) !=)) !=)) )=%)
8fn]3fF;
sf];] u|fd @%=)) !))=)) !%)=)) !))=)) @%=))
csf];] u|fd %=)) !%)=)) @))=)) !%)=)) %=))
cGo 3fF;
sf];] u|fd )=%) )=%) )=%) )=%) )=%)
csf];] u|fd )=%) )=%) )=%) )=%) )=%)
g'g u|fd !)=)) !)=)) !)=)) !)=)) !)=))
nj0fx? u|fd )=@% )=@% )=@% )=@% )=@%
le6fldgx? –
kfgL ln6/ @=)) @=)) @=)) @=)) @=))
hDdf s]= hL= ^=) ^=% ^=% ^=% $=)
b|i6JoM afv|fnfO{ 3fF; lbg] 7fpFdf hlxn] klg 3fF;x? tyf :ofpnf jf cGo afnLgfnLsf 8fF7, e';, sf];fsf af]qmf, 9'6f]
cflbh:tf rLhaLh vfnL gu/L /flvlbg'k5{ . ;fy} kfgL vfg] efF8fdf ;w}+ kfgL /flvlbO/xg'k5{ .

24.
17afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
;s];Dd rf}aL;} 306f afv|fn] 3fF; vfg] 7fpF÷6f6gf] ‑x]–¥ofs_ df xl/of] 3fF;
x'g'k5{ .
pknAw x'g;S5 eg] nj0fsf nflu v'jfOg] Ansdf jx'–kf]ifs tTj ldl;Psf]
v'jfpg'k5{ .
g'g tyf cGo nj0fx? ;s];Dd xKtfsf] Psk6s v'jfpg'k5{ .
;kmf kfgL k|z:tdfqfdf lkpg lbg'k5{ .
@% lsnf] jf ;f]eGbf a9L tf}n ePsf] afv|fnfO{ b}lgs sl/a @%) u|fd bfgf
v'jfpg'k5{ .
#=# ;fgf] pd]/sf kf7f–kf7L ‑# dlxgfeGbf sd pd]/sf_ nfO{ v'jfOg] cfxf/
(Creep Feed) agfpg] tl/sf
bfgfsf nflu
cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?
‑!)) lsnf]u|fd cfxf/ tof/ kfg{sf nflu rflxg] kl/df0f–s]=hL= df_
ds} ^) $) @) @@
hf}÷h} ) @) $% )
abfdsf] lkgf @) @) @) #%
df5fsf] l;b|f !) !) !) )
ux'Fsf] rf]s/ @ @)
rgf ) ) ) @)
nj0fsf] ld0f @ @ @ @=%
g'g ‑cfof]g'g_ ! ! ! )=%
hDdf !)) !)) !)) !))
;|f]tM afv|fkfng k'l:tsf, @)^%÷^^
#=$ ax'kf]if0fo'Qm l9Ssf agfpg rflxg] ;fdu|L
afv|fkfngsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ax'kf]if0fo'Qm ‑dlN6Gol6«;g_ Ans÷l9Ssf agfpgsf
nflu lgDg ;fdu|Lx? cfjZos k5{M
o'l/of dn, g'g, pmFv'sf] df]nf;];÷vF'bf] ÷;Vv/÷e]nL, r'gf, nj0fx?, le6fldgx?,
l;d]G6 jf /ftf] df6f] ‑hldgsf] ;txeGbf @ ld6/ tn vf8naf6 lgsflnPsf]
/ftf] df6f]nfO{ xfF8Ldf e'6]/ dfq k|of]u ug]{_, /]zfbf/ j:t'÷3fF;kft ‑h:t}M
e;÷rf]s/, rfdn, ux'F cyjf ;'sfPsf] x]–3fF; jf cGo gn÷k/fn cflb_
#=% pks/0f / cf}hf/x?
o:tf] Ans agfpgsf nflu lgDgfg';f/ pks/0f÷cf}hf/÷;fdu|L rflxG5M
;fFrf] (mould) cyjf Knfli6s÷kf]lnlygsf emf]nf÷af]/f jf afN6L jf sf7sf] afs;,
tf}ng] ‑d]zLg÷t/fh'_, gfkf] ePsf] efF8f] ‑hf/_, j:t'x? ld;fpgsf nflu 7nf]
efF8f], rnfpg] ;fa]n, kfgL, kftf cflb .
á
á
á
á
á
á
á

25.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts18
#=^ cfjZos ;fdu|L / dfqf ‑%–% lsnf]sf * j6f Ans agfpgsf nflu_
;fdu|L tf}n ;fdu|L tf}n
o'l/of $ s]=hL= g'g @ s]=hL=
df]nf;]; @) s]=hL= x88L r0f{ @ s]=hL=
l;d]G6÷/ftf] df]6f @ s]=hL= nj0f ld0f !)) u|fd
8f]nf]ldl6s r'gf @ s]=hL= ax'le6fldg kfp8/ % u|fd
/]zfbf/ j:t' * s]=hL= kfgL ! ln6/
#= agfpg] k|lqmof
! ln6/kfgLdf @ lsnf] l;d]G6 jf /ftf] df6f] ld;fpg] / /fd|f];Fu d'5g] .
To;df $ lsnf] ol/of / @ lsnf] g'g /fv]/ /fd|f];Fu dNg] .
To;dfk]ml/ @) lsnf] df]nf;]; /fv]/ dNg] .
k]ml/ @ lsnf] r'gf ld;fpg] .
x88Lsf] r0f{ klg @ lsnf] ld;fpg] ‑pknAw ePsf] v08df_ .
njg–ld0f / cGo le6fldgx? ld;fpg] .
To;df % lsnf] /]zfbf/ j:t' e;f–rf]s/ jf ;–;fgf 6'qmf agfP/ sf6]sf] ;'s]sf]
Æx]Æ ‑3fF;_ ld;fpg] .
/fd|f];Fu rnfO/xg], ha;Dd ;Dk0f{ j:t'x? /fd|f] / Psgf;;Fu ldl;Psf] h:tf]
b]lvFb}g, ha;Dd /fd|f] n]bf] (Paste) aGb}g .
Ans agfpg] ;fFrf]df n]bf] vGofpg] / ;fx|f] aGgsf nflu ! lbg TolQs} 5f]8g] .
@$ 306fkl5 ;fFrf] lgsfNg] / ;fx|f] aGgsf nflu ! lbg TolQs} 5f]8g] .
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á

26.
19afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
/]zfbf/ j:t' ÷ 3fF;sf 6'qmf÷
rf]s/ cflb
ax' kf]if0f vlgh / le6fldgx?
e]nL÷df]nf;];
r'gf
g'g
l;d]G6 jf /ftf] df6f]
hf]Vg] d]lzgl9Ssf agfpg] ;fFrf]
-Ans_
o'l/of
kfgL
;Dk0f{ j:t'x? /fd|f];Fu ldl;P–gldl;Psf] hfFr ug]{
/ dn]/ uhasf] n]bf] ‑k]i6_ agfpg]
rfx] cg';f/sf ;fOhsf Ansx?df n]bf] /fvL l9Ssf
aGg lbg] / l9Ssfx?nfO{ /fd|f];Fu ;'Sg lbg]

27.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts20
o;/L agfPsf Ansdf lgDg u'0fx? x'g'k5{
;Dk0f{ j:t'÷tTjx? /fd|f];Fu 3'nldn÷ld;df; ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
o'l/of / r'gfsf 8Nnf–8Nnf b]lvg] x'g'x'Fb}g .
/fd|f];Fu ;'s]sf], s8f / ;dfpFbf RofkRofk nfUg] x'g'k5{ .
tof/ ePsf Ansx?nfO{ ;'Vvf 7fpFdf 5f]k]/ ;'/lIft tj/n] e08f/ u/L
/fVg'k5{ .
#=* Ans s;/L vfg lbg]
5fofF kg]{ 7fpF sl/a ! ld6/ jf #
lkm6sf] pFrf] 7fpFdf Ans /flvlbg]
Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .
o;/L afv|fx?nfO{ s]xL l5g Ans
rf6g ‑vfg_ lbg'k5{, t/ Psk6sdf
jf ! lbgdf !%) u|fd eGbf a9L
vfg lbg'x'Fb}g .
b|i6JoM Pp6f x's]{sf] afv|fnfO{ lbgsf] !%) u|fdeGbf a9L
Ans vfg lbOof] eg] To;n] g/fd|f] (intoxicate) ug{ klg
;S5 .
#=( olb w]/} vfP/ la/fdL k/]sf] nIf0f b]vfP eg] s] ug]{
nIf0fx?
d'vjl/kl/ ufh÷lkmFh b]lvg] .
afofFkl§sf] e'F8L k'mn]sf] b]lvg] (Tympani/bloat)
dflQPh:tf] Jojxf/ b]vfpg] .
pkrf/ tl/sf
dflysf nIf0fx? b]lvPdf t'?Gt pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ .
lgDgfg';f/sf pkrf/x? ug'{k5{
Ans vfg /flvlbPsf] 7fpFaf6 x6fpg] ‑yk vfg gkfcf]; eg]/_ .
k|z:t kfgLdf em08} cfwf ln6/ cldnf] ‑leg]u/_ ld;fP/ v'jfpg] .
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
afv|fsf] 6fpsf]n] k'Ug] 7fpF ‑! ld6/ jf # lkm6sf] prfOdf_
df Ans e'm08ofpg] Joj:yf ldnfO{ vfg lbg]

28.
21afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
$ afv|fsf] vf]/ Joj:yf
$=! :j:y afv|f kfNg] tl/sf
;'ljwfo'Qm vf]/sf] Joj:yf 3fF;kftsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf g'g, nj0fx? / le6fldg ;do
;dodf v'jfpg] Joj:yf
pRr÷pGgt k|sf/sf] efn]÷af]sf
k|hgg Joj:yf
3fF; vfg] /fd|f] 6f6gf]sf]
Joj:yf
;do – ;dodf EoflS;gx? nufpg]
Joj:yf
lgoldt?kn] cf}ifwL v'jfpg]
‑8]«l~rª ug]{_ Joj:yf
lgoldt?kn] g'xfOlbg] (Dipping)
sf] Joj:yf
$=@ afv|fkfng k4ltdf ;'wf/ s;/L ug]{
;Gt'lnt cfxf/ pknAw u/fpg] .
pGgt vf]/sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
nj0fx?, g'g / le6fldgx? lgoldt?kn] lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
á
á
á

29.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts22
af]sf, afv|L ;fgf kf7f–kf7L, v;L / ao:sx?nfO{ /fVg] cnu–cnu Joj:yf
ldnfpg]
jif{sf] @ k6s jfxo k/hLjLla?4 cf}ifwL kfgLn] g'xfOlbg]÷8'afpg] Joj:yf
ldnfpg] .
cf}ifwLx? lgoldt?kn] Vjfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
;do–;dodf EoflS;gx? lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
wfg–v]t / wfk, bnbn If]qdf rg{ hfg glbg] .
á
á
á
á
á
km/s hftsf kz'x?nfO{ Pp6} vf]/df /fVg'
x'Fb}g ‑ufO{, e}+;L, e]8f cflb hgfj/sf km/s
hftx? Pp6} uf]7df g/fVg_
5]/f}6L nfUg] / cfpFn]
;tfpg]
t'lxg]
lemFufx?n] hgfj/ / dfG5]df
/f]ux? k}mnfpg ;S5g
ljleGg ;?jf /f]u /
k/hLjLx?n] ;tfpg] dfgj :jf:Yodf ;d]t
g/fd|f] c;/ k'Ug]
Zjf;–k|Zjf;;DjGwL /f]u
‑h:t}M lgdf]lgof_ n] ;tfpg]
;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^% .
$=# g/fd|f] vf]/ ePdf s:tf] c;/ k5{

30.
23afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
$=$ vf]/sf nflu s:tf] 7fpF pQd x'G5
v'Nnf, ;'Vvf / yf]/} p7]sf] efu .
blIf0f–kj{ jf blIf0f–klZrd df]x8f kms]{sf] .
dndq ;lhn} aflx/ lg:sg] vfnsf] vf]/ .
;kmf kfgL, 3fF;x? kfOg] jf r/g–If]qsf] kfos kg]{ 7fpF .
$=% c;n k|sf/sf] vf]/ lgdf{0f ug]{ of]hgf
vf]/ agfpFbf :yfgLo ;fdu|Lx?sf] clwstd k|of]u ug]{ .
ljleGg pd]/–;dxsf afv|fnfO{ cnu–cnu /fVg ldNg] u/L k|z:t 7fpF xf]; .
k|z:t k|sfz / xfjf v]Ng] ‑e]lG6n];g_ Joj:yf x'g'k5{ .
3fF; vfgsf nflu /fd|f] 6f6gf] agfOlbg'k5{ .
k|z:t kfgL lbg] k|aGw ug'{k5{ .
a8Sof}+nf / lk;fa emg]{ /fd|f] Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{, tf ls vf]/ ;kmf ug{ ;lhnf] xf]; .
vf]/ agfpFbf j}1flgsx?n] l;kmfl/; u/]cg';f/sf] df]8]n / gfk–;fOhdf
agfpg'k5{ .
$=^ vf]/sf s]xL gdgfx? # b]lv % j6f afv|fsf nflu
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
lkm6 jf
@ ld6/
% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/
* lkm6
jf @=%
ld6/
% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/
% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/

31.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts24
% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/
% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/
cfFvLemofnsfh:t}
;–;fgf Kjfnx?
# lkm6 jf )=( ld6/
hldgsf] ;txeGbf tn
@ j6f afF; aLrsf] efudf
)=% OGrsf] vfln 7fpF 5f]8]sf]
‑a8Sof}nf emg{sf nflu_
@ lkm6 jf
)=^ ld6/
% lkm6 jf !=%
ld6/
* lkm6 jf @=% ld6/
* lkm6 jf @=% ld6/
% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/
! lkm6
% lkm6 jf
!=% ld6/
@ lkm6 jf
)=^ ld6/ @ j6f afF; aLrsf] efudf )=%
OGrsf] vfln 7fpF 5f]8]sf] ‑a8
Sof}nf emg{sf nflu_
# lkm6 jf )=(
ld6/ hldgsf]
;txeGbf tn
% lkm6 jf
!=% ld6/
! lkm6

32.
25afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
!) lkm6 jf # ld6/
% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/
% lkm6 jf
!=% ld6/
% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/
# lkm6 jf ! ld6/
hldgd'gL # lkm6
jf )=* ld6/
@ lkm6 jf
)=^ ld
^ lkm6 jf
!=^ ld=
% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/
! lkm6
% lkm6
jf !=%
ld6/
@ lkm6
jf )=^
ld6/
# lkm6 jf )=(
ld6/ hldgsf]
;txeGbf tn
% lkm6 jf !=% ld6/
@ lkm6 jf
)=^ ld
* lkm6 jf @=% ld6/

33.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts26
% afv|fdf nfUg] k/hLjLx?
%=! afv|fdf nfUg] jfxo k/hLjLx? (External Parasites)
lsgf{
gfsdf k:g] hsf
p8';
n'tf] ;fg]{ sL/f plkofF
lemFuf
6f]Sg] h'd|f
;'n;'n] jf ud]
;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%
%=!=! jfxo k/hLjLsf] pkrf/ tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ pkfox?
afv|fsf] vf]/sf] lgoldt ;/;kmfO ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
ljleGg l;kmfl/; ul/Psf ‑kz';]jf sfof{noåf/f_ cf}ifwLx? ld;fOPsf] kfgLn]
g'xfOlbg] jf jif{sf] @ k6s 8'afOlbg] .
a'|;n] /f}+ sf]l/lbg] ugf{n] klg k/hLjLsf c08f / ao:s lgoGq0f ug{ ;3fp
k'U5 .
á
á
á

34.
27afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
8'jfOlbgsf nflu tof/ kfl/Psf] 6ofªsL ‑P/f]n] b]vfOPsf
7fpFx? 8'afPkl5sf afv|f /fVg] 7fpF x'g_
k/hLjL lgoGq0fsf nflu afv|fx?nfO{ kfgLdf
8'afPsf] lrq
8'jfpg'eGbf cl3 afv|f /fVg] 7fpF
%=!=@ ljleGg k/hLjL lgoGq0fsf nflu afv|f 8'afpgsf nflu agfOg] 3f]ndf ld;fpg'kg]{
ljiffbL÷sL6gfzs cf}ifwLsf] dfqf
cf}ifwLsf] gfd 3f]ndf ljiffbLsf]] dfqf
aLPr;L %∞ kfp8/ )=$–!∞
dfnflyog (Malathin) )=%∞
;fOlyg (Cythine) )=%∞
g'efg (Nuvan) )=@∞
a'6f]S; (Butox) )=$∞
;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%
%=!=# sL6gfzs ljiffbLsf] gfd, dfqf / afv|fsf] vf]/df 5g]{ ;do
ljiffbL] gfd 3f]ndf /fVg'kg]{ ljiffbLsf] k|ltzt / 5g]{ ;dofjlw÷cGt/
;]j]g (Seven) )=*∞ k|To]s !% lbgdf
c;Gtf]n (Asantol) )=@%∞ ,,
ln08]n (Lindel) )=@%∞ ,,
g'efg (Nuvan) !=)∞ ,,
;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%
)=% ld6/ )=% ld6/
!=% ld6/
!=% ld6/
cfjZostfg';f/ cfjZostfg';f/
8'afO{ ;s]kl5 kfgL tsf{pg] 7fpF

35.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts28
%=!=$ jfxo k/hLjL lgoGq0fdf k|of]u x'g] u/]sf s]xL :yfgLo ljlwx?
k/hLjLn] c;/ k'¥ofPsf 7fpFx?sf]
/fd|f] ;/;kmfO ug]{
lsgf{, h'd|f, hsf cflbh:tf k/hLjLnfO{
xft}n] l6k]/ cfuf]df hnfpg]
c;/ k'u]sf] 7fpFdf g'gsf] afSnf]
3f]n blnlbg]
;tL{sf] kft, gLdsf] kft / g'gsf] ld0f agfP/ 3fpdf blnlbg]
gfsdf hsf k/]df
gLdsf] kftsf] /;
gfssf] Kjfndf r'xfOlbg]r/gdf uPsf] a]nf afv|fsf gfsdf
hsf k;]/ c;/ k'¥ofpF5
afv|fn] kfgL vfg nfu]sf]
a]nf hsfx?, gfsaflx/
lg:sFbf xft}n] tfg]/
lgsfNg] jf Pp6f s}++rLsf]
d2tn] sf6]/ 6'qmf kfl/lbg]
;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%

36.
29afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
uf]nf] hsf
afv|fsf] cfGb|fdf nfUg]] lkmQ] hsf (Tape‑Worm)
;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%
kl/kSj ePsf] Pp6f gfDn]
hsf (Liver Fluke)
%=@ afv|fdf nfUg] cfGtl/s k/hLjLx? (Internal Parasites)
Pp6f kl/kSj ePsf] lkmQ]hsf
lkmQ]hsfsf ;–;fgf 6'q]m efu
(segments) x? afv|fsf]
lb;faf6 hldgdf k'U5g
o:tf] 7fpFdf rg]{ :j:y afv|fx?df tL lkmQ]hsfsf 6'qmfx? leq k:g ;S5g
lkmQ]hsfsf] hLjg–rqm
;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%

37.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts30
c? :j:y hgfj/df k/hLjL g;?g eGgsf nflu v;L afv|f sf6bf kmflng]
rLhx?dWo] hNg] j:t'nfO{ /fd|f];Fu hnfpg] ug'{k5{ eg] lnbL tyf cGo kmfNg'kg]{
rLhx? (offal) nfO{ /fd|f];Fu uf8L lbg'k5{ .
á
gfDn]hsfsf] hLjg–rqm
afv|fsf] z/L/leq kfgL / af]6 la?jfdf z+v]sL/fsf] z/L/leq
s's'/nfO{ h'sf lj?4 cf}ifwL v'jfpg]

38.
31afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
uf]n hsfsf] hLjg–rqm
afv|fn] 3fF; vfFbf nfef{x?
klg vfP/ k]6df k'U5g
lb;f;Fu} c08fx?
Aflx/ cfpF5gkmnaf6 nfef{ aG5g / ToxLF
ljsl;t x'Fb} hfG5g
%=@=! cfGtl/s k/hLjLsf] pkrf/ / lgoGq0f ljlw
afv|fsf] a8Sof}+nf÷lb;fsf] lgoldt k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f u/fpg] ug'{k5{ .
kz';]jf sfof{non] l;kmfl/; u/]sf cf}ifwLx? jif{df @ k6s v'jfpg] ug'{k5{ .
k/hLjL af]Sg] dfWodx? –h:t}M z+v]sL/fÙ 9fk÷bnbn] / a9tf lr;f] hldgdf a9L
kfOg] x'Fbf To:tf] 7fpFdf afv|fnfO{ r/fpg' nfg'x'Fb}g .
k/fn v'jfpg}kg]{ xf] eg] wfg yGSofPsf] sDtLdf ^ dlxgf ePkl5 dfq To:tf]
k'/fgf] k/fn v'jfpg'k5{ . ‑;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%_
%=@=@ afv|fnfO{ hsf gfzs cf}ifwL v'jfpg] lgb]{lzsf
/;fog÷cf}ifwL
uf]nf]hsfsf] nflu
‑k|lt lsnf]u|fd
zf/Ll/s tf}nsf b/n]_
gfDn]hsfsf] nflu
‑k|lt lsnf]u|fd
zf/Ll/s tf}nsf b/n]_
lkmQ]hsfsf] nflu
‑k|lt lsnf]u|fd
zf/Ll/s tf}nsf b/n]_
cNj]G8fhf]n % ld=u|f= % ld=u|f= =% ld=u|f=
k]mGa]Ghf8f]n % ld=u|f= % ld=u|f= =% ld=u|f=
cS;k]m08fhf]n % ld=u|f= % ld=u|f= =% ld=u|f=
/;fog÷cf}ifwL uf]nf] hsfsf] nflu lkmQ]hsfsf] nflu gfsdf nfUg] hsf
n]jfljhf]n Pj+ /]kmf]S;fgfO8 =% ld=u|f= =% ld=u|f= =% ld=u|f=
n]jfldhf]n Pj+
clShSnf]hfgfO8
=% ld=u|f= =% ld=u|f= =% ld=u|f=
n]jfldhf]n =% ld=u|f= – –
n]jfldhf]n Pj+ ljlycf]gf]n =% ld=u|f= =% ld=u|f=
cfOe/d]lS6g )=@ ld=u|f= )=@ ld=u|f=
cfOe/d]lS6g Pj+ snf];'{nf]g )=@ ld=u|f== )=@ ld=u|f= )=@ ld=u|f=
df]lS;8]lS6g )=@ ld=u|f= )=@ ld=u|f=
8f]/flS6g )=@ ld=u|f= )=@ ld=u|f=
gfO6f]lShlgn !) ld=u|f= x]df]ªs;nfO{ dfq !) ld=u|f= @ ld=u|f=
/]kmf]S;fgfO8 =% ld=u|f= x]df]ªs;nfO{ dfq =% ld=u|f= =% ld=u|f=
clS;Snf]gfgfO8 – =% ld=u|f= –
á
á
á
á

39.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts32
%=@=# kf7f–kf7Lsf] pd]/cg';f/ lbg'kg]{ cf}ifwL / dfqf
pd]/ cf}ifwLsf] gfd Dffqf
!) lbgdf a]gfldGy cfwf 6ofAn]6
#) lbgdf lkk|flhg b}lgs @=% u|fdsf b/n] @ lbg
$% lbgdf a]gfldGy % ldlnln6/
^) lbgdf cf]efdf/ !) s]=hL= kfgLdf ! rDrf
;|f]tM afv|fkfng, s]Gb|Lo e]8f tyf afv|fkfng ljsf; sfof{no, @)^%÷^^
%=@=$ cfGtl/s kl/hLjLn] k'¥ofPsf] c;/sf cfwf/df k|of]u ug'{kg]{ cf}ifwL / dfqf
k/hLjLsf] gfd cf}ifwL
dfqf ‑zf/L/s tf}nsf
b/n]_
s}lkmot
uf]nf] hsf
lkk|flhg !) u|fd ÷$% s]=hL= klxnf]k6s v'jfPsf] @) lbgkl5 k]ml/ v'jfpg]
x]Ndfl;8 $ ld=ln=÷!) s]=hL= klxnf]k6s v'jfPsf] @) lbgkl5 k]ml/ v'jfpg]
lkmQ] hsf
hgfOn !)–!% ld=u|f=÷!) s]=hL= k|To]s ^–^ dlxgfdf v'jfpg]
cDn];g !% u|fd÷afv|f k|To]s ^–^ dlxgfdf v'jfpg]
gfDn] hsf
kfgfs'/ ! u|fd÷afv|f
cf}ifwL v'jfPsf] @! lbg k'u]kl5 k]ml/
bf]xf]¥ofP/ v'jfpg]
6flgn ! u|fd÷afv|f
cf}ifwL v'jfPsf] @! lbg k'u]kl5 k]ml/
bf]xf]¥ofP/ v'jfpg]
l8lh:6n ! u|fd÷afv|f
cf}ifwL v'jfPsf] @! lbg k'u]kl5 k]ml/
bf]xf]¥ofP/ v'jfpg]
slS;l8of]l;; ;Nkmfd];flyog ! 6ofAn]6÷afv|f # lbg;Dd nuftf/ v'jfpg]
Pk|f]lnod !)) u|fd÷ k|To]s $ lbgdf bf]xf]¥ofpg] v'jfpg]
;|f]tM afv|fkfng, s]Gb|Lo e]8f tyf afv|fkfng ljsf; sfof{no, @)^%÷^^
afF;sf] 9'ªu|f]af]tngfKg] efF8f] ef]hg–gnL h:t} kfOk cf}ifwL Vjfpg] aGbs
‑8]«lGrª–ug_
cf}ifwL v'jfpg] tl/sf
;f]nL

40.
33afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
^ kfrg–k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?
vfgdf ?lr gb]vfpg] .
k]6 km'Ng]÷9fl8g] .
kvfnf nfUg]÷slAhot x'g]÷uf]6f kg]{ .
ckr x'g] .
ljiffQm (food poisoning) x'g] .
^=! bfgf jf ef]h et]/df kmflnPsf vfg]s'/f a9L vfPdf b]vfkg]{ ;d:ofx?
Uof; pTkGg x'g], k]6 k'mNg] ‑l6DKofgL÷Anf]6 x'g]_ .
;f; k]mg{ cK7]/f] x'g] .
l56f] l56f], yf]/} yf]/} lk;fa ug]{ .
s/fpg] / 56k6fpg] .
lb;f ubf{ ufx|f] eP/ sGg] / af/Daf/ lb;f ug{ vf]Hg] .
dflQPem}+ ug]{ / 3l/3l/ e'OFdf n8g] .
o:tf] x'Fbf ;dod} pkrf/ ug{ ;lsPg eg] afv|f dg{ klg ;S5 .
pkrf/ ljlw
pkrf/sf nflu :yfgLo ?kdf pknAw ljleGg a:t'x?sf] k|of]u ug]{, h:t}M lx+u,
vfg];f]8f, ufFhf, cb'jf, tf]/Lsf] t]n, l6d'/ cflb v'jfpg] .
DofUg]l;od ;Nk]m6 k|of]u ug]{ .
;dod} :yfgLo k|fljlws jf u|fdL0f kz':j:Yo sfo{stf{;Fu ;Dks{ u/L pkrf/sf]
Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
ljz]if ;ts{tf ckgfpg'kg]{ s'/fx?
lj:s'g ;'sfPsf] 7fpF jf cGg /fv]sf] 7fpFaf6 afv|fx?nfO{ 6f9f /fVg] .
afv|fx?nfO{ cGg÷bfgf lbFbf a9tf x'g]u/L glbg] .
ef]h–et]/x?df kmflnPsf vfg]s'/fx?nfO{ /fd|f];Fu gksfO{ glbg] . ;fy} w]/}
kl/df0f vfg klg glbg] .
k|f]l6gsf] dfqf a9L x'g] vfnsf 3fF;x? klg w]/} vfg glbg] .
afv|fnfO{ ;a}eGbf /fd|f] x'g] vfnsf 3fF;x? dfq vf]h]/ Nofpg] . cnUofP/
Vjfpg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
;|f]t kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á

41.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts34
afv|fnfO{ pgLx?n] krfpg ;Sg]eGbf a9L cGg÷bfgf
vfg lbg'x'Fb}g, gq k]6 k'mNg]÷9fl8g], 9':; eO{ ;f;
km]g{ g;Sg] eP/ ;dodf pkrf/ lbg ;lsPg eg] afv|f
dg{ klg ;S5g
ef]h–et]/af6 pa|]sf] vfg]s'/fx? lsg kmfNg] eg]/ hah{:tL
w]/} kl/df0fdf vfg lbFbf klg afv|fx? k]6 9fl8g], ckr x'g]
Joyf nfu]/ dg{;d]t ;S5g .
^=@ 3fF;kftaf6 x'g] ljifsf] c;/ (Plant Poisoning) / pkrf/
^=@=! s]xL ljiffn' 3fF;kftx?
w]/} vfnsf afnLx?, 3fF;kft tyf 8fn]3fF;x?df ljiffn' tTj x'g] u5{ . To:tf j:t'
vfPdf afv|fx?nfO{ ljifn] c;/ kfb{5 . sltko afnL÷ jf]6 la?jf / 3fF;kft w]/}
slnnf] cj:yfdf v'jfpFbf ljiffn' k|s[ltsf x'G5g, h:t}M hO{3fF;, ux'F, ds}, ;'8fg 3fF;,
:jL6–Snf]e/÷;]tf]–Snf]e/ cflb . oL 3fF;kft slnnf] v'jfOof] eg] gfO{6]«6 gfds ljifsf]
c;/ k'Ub5 .
ljif nfUbf b]lvg] nIf0fx?
d'vjl/kl/ ufh÷kmLFh el/g]
k]6 b'Vg]
56k6fpg]
ule{0fL afv|fn] ljiffn' 3fF; vfFbf ue{ t'lxg] ;Defjgf a9L x'g;S5
df+;k];L a9L v'lDrg]÷yy{/fpg]
yf]/}–yf]/} lk;fa k6s–k6s ug]{
bwfn' afv|fn] bwsf] dfqf 36fpg]
b]a|]kl§sf] e'F8L k'mn]sf] b]lvg] .
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á

42.
35afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
pkrf/ s;/L ug]{
kz' :jf:Yo k|fljlwssf] ;xof]uaf6 ldyfOlng An'–@) gfds cf}ifwL $) ld=ln=
lbgsf] rf/k6s g;fdf ;O{ lbg] .
t/n Koflkmg cf}ifwL v'jfpg] .
pk/f]Qm cf}ifwLx? pknAw gePsf] v08df :yfgLo?kdf pknAw j:t'÷
;fdu|Lx?nfO{ cf}ifwLsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{ .
^=@=@ c1ft af]6la?jf vfFbf nfUg] ljif / pkrf/
nIf0fx?
afv|f rg{ 5f]85 / pu|fpg klg 5f]85 .
afv|f Psbd lgl:qmo ÷emf]sfpg] / pbf; h:tf] b]lvG5 .
d'v jl/kl/ ufh lgsfN5 .
k]6sf] b]a|]kl§sf] efu k'mn]sf] b]lvG5 .
kvfnf nfUg klg ;S5 .
pkrf/ s;/L ug]{
pGo vfFbf afv|fn] /ftf] /Ësf] lk;fa u5{g .
ljif nfu]–gnfu]sf] klxrfg ug]{ tl/sf
ljiffn'/lxt kf/]sf] ‑:6]l/nfOH8 u/]sf]_ lunf;df lk;fa /fVg], @$ 306f;Dd Tof]
lunf;nfO{ s;}n] g5'g]÷grnfpg] / @$ 306fkl5 /fd|f];Fu cjnf]sg ug]{ .
olb lunf;sf] lkFwdf s]xL lylu|Psf] h:tf] (sediments) b]lvG5 eg] To:tf]
cj:yfdf afv|fdf k|f]6f]hf]cfaf6 x'g] /f]u nfu]sf] x'g;S5, t;y{ Tof] lunf;sf]
lk;fa glhssf] kz':jf:Yo k|of]uzfnfdf nuL k/LIf0f u/fpg] .
olb Tof] lk;fadf Psgf;sf] /Ë b]lvG5 eg] Tof] pGo vfPsf sf/0fn] ljif
pTkGg ePsf] x'g;S5 .
pkrf/ s;/L ug]{
pGo knfPsf] r/g–If]qdf afv|fnfO{ r/fpg nfg'x'+Fb}g .
^=# afh/f÷;f]3{d÷h'g]nf]sf] 3fF; vfFbf pTkGg x'g;Sg] ljif / pkrf/
oL afnLsf 3fF;x? slnnf] cj:yfdf v'jfOof] eg] afv|fnfO{ ljif nfUg;S5 . o:tf
3fF; slnnf] x'Fbf ltgdf ;fOgfO8; (cyanides) gfds ljiffn' tTj pRrdfqfdf /x]sf]
x'G5 . oL 3fF;x? v'jfpg' k/]df Ps/ft cf]OnfP/dfq v'jfpg] .
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á

43.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts36
nIf0fx?
/utn] clS;hg lng] Ifdtf 365 / /utdf clS;hgsf] dfqf Gog x'g hfG5 .
;f; k]mg{ ufx|f] x'G5 / aNn aNn Zjf;–k|Zjf; rn]sf] b]lvG5 .
d'vsf] jl/kl/ ufh÷lkFmh b]lvG5 .
cfFvfsf gfgLx? 7N7nf b]lvG5g .
df+;k];Lx? v'lDrPsf] / sDkg ePsf] b]lvG5 .
pkrf/ s;/L ug]{
!) u|fd ;f]l8od yfof];Nk]m6 gfds cf}ifwL !)) ld=ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ v'jfpg] .
?d]g af]n; gfds cf}ifwL ;f]xL Kofs]6df l;kmfl/; ePcg';f/ v'jfpg] .
DofUg]l;od ;Nk]m6 @ b]lv % lrofrDrf !)) ld=ln= -Ps lrof lunf;_ kfgLdf
ld;fO{ v'jfpg] / lb;f u/fpg] .
g;faf6 gd{n ;nfOg lbg] .
^=$ cFu]/L, bz{glkkn, gLnf] k'mNg] uGw], wf]q]m, cf?kft], /ftf] lz/Lif vfPdf
nfUg] ljif
nfdf] ;'Vvf ofdkl5 klxnf]k6s kfn'jf nfUg] pko'{Qm jg:kltsf d'06f÷3fF; afv|fn]
vfPdf t'?Gt ljif nfUg ;S5 . o:tf]df b]lvg] nIf0fx?, o; k|sf/ 5g
nIf0fx?
d'vjl/kl/ ufh lgsfNg]
d'vaf6 ¥ofn alu/xg]
afv|fn] …dflQPsf]Ú h:tf] Jojxf/ b]vfpg yfN5
b]a|]kl§sf] e'F8L k'mn]sf] b]lvG5
af/Daf/ afGtf ug]{
5]/f}6L nfU5÷kftnf] lb;f u5{
emf]qmfpg]÷pbf; b]lvg]
cfFvfsf gfgLx? /ftf–/ftf b]lvG5g
z/L/sf] tfkqmd ;fdfGo cj:yfdf eGbf 365
pkrf/
k|lt ao:s afv|f # b]lv % ln6/ kfgL v'jfpg] .
k|lt ao:s afv|f vfgf ksfpg] t]n @%) ld=ln= sf b/n] v'jfpg] .
pdfn]sf] cldnf] !)) ld=ln= nfO{ cfwf ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|lt ao:s afv|fnfO{
v'jfpg]
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á

44.
37afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
^=% e'F8L k'mNg] ;d:of
o:tf] ;d:of vf;u/L lgDg sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] ub{5
cfsl:ds?kdf 7fpF÷jftfj/0f / cfxf/df kl/jt{g ePdf
w]/} k|f]l6gldlt vfB kbfy{x? vfPdf
ljiffn' 3fF;kft vfPdf
cfGtl/s k/hLjLx?n] ;+qmd0f u/]df
3fF6Ldf vfgf c8lsP/ ;f; k]mg{ cK7]/f] ePdf
cGo /f]ux?sf sf/0faf6 klg x'g ;S5 .
nIf0fx?
k]6df Uof; pTkGg x'g], vf;u/L afofF k]6df o:tf] x'G5
;f; k]mg{ sl7g x'g]
56kl6g]
lb;flk;fa ug{ g;Sg]÷aGb x'g]
;dodf pkrf/ gkfPdf dg]{ ;Defjgf x'g] .
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
afv|fn] ljiffn' 3fF; vfPsf
afGtf ug]{, 5]/f}6L nfUg] /
k]6 k'mNg] ;d:of
;dodf pkrf/ geP/ kz'
dg{ ;S5
ljif x6fpg] cf}ifwL ‑Pl068f]6_ ;'O{
lbP/ pkrf/ ug{ ;lsG5
;Dej eP;Dd :yfgLo?kdf pknAw x'g]
ljleGg 3/]n' cf}ifwLx? v'jfpg
;|f]t kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^% .
@–% lrof rDrf DofUg]l;od ;Nk]m6 #)) ld=ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|lt ao:s
afv|fnfO{ v'jfpg]
dflysf pkfox? ckgfpFbf klg ljif vfPsf] afv|fdf s'g} ;'wf/ b]lvPg eg]
glhssf] kz' k|fljlws;Fu t'?Gt ;Dks{ u/L pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
á
á

45.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts38
pkrf/ s;/L ug]{
l6Dkf]n jf Anf6f]l;nåf/f pkrf/
vfg] t]n / tflk{gsf] t]n a/fa/ dfqf ldnfP/ v'jfpg]
PlenÙ k|lt ls=u|f= afv|fsf] hLljt tf}nsf nflu ! ld=ln= sf b/n] df;'df jf
g;fdf ;O{ lbg]
DofUg]l;od ;Nk]m6 cfwf ln6/ kfgLdf ! lrofrDrf cf}ifwL /fv]/ v'jfpg] .
^=^ 5]/f}6L
5]/f}6L nfUgfsf sf/0fx?
vfgf, 7fpF / jftfj/0fdf cfsl:ds kl/jt{g ePdf
w]/} k|f]l6 ldlt vfB kbfy{ vfPdf
ljiffn' 3fF;kft vfPdf
cfGtl/s k/hLjLx?n] ;+qmdg u/]df
cGo /f]ux? nfUbf klg 5]/f}6L nfUg ;S5 .
nIf0fx?
kftnf] lb;f x'g]
z/L/sf] tf}n 36b} hfg]
bw pTkfbg 36b} hfg]
a9L Kof;÷ltvf{ nfUg] / z/L/df kfgLsf] dfqf sd x'g] ‑l8xfO8]«;g_
pkrf/ s;/L ug]{
g]Anf]g kfp8/ / ;Nkmf ju{sf cf}ifwL;Fu} k|ofu] ug]{ .
olb cfGtl/s k/hLjLsf sf/0faf6 5]/f}6L nfu]sf] xf] eg] ;f]sf nflu cf}ifwL
v'jfpg} k5{ .
vf]/ jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f, e'OF, kfgL cflbsf] ;/–;kmfO / :j:ytfdf a9L hf]8
lbg'k5{ .
z/L/df kfgL sd x'g] x'Fbf ;f]sf nflu hLjghn agfO{ v'jfpg], hLjnhn
agfpbf %)) ld=ln= kfgLdf ! lrof rDrf g'g / # lrof rDrf lrgL /fVg] .
;fy} :yfgLo kz' :jf:Yo k|fljlwssf] k/fdz{ / ;xof]u lng] .
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á

46.
39afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
5]/f}6L jf cfpFaf6
lj/fdL ePsf] afv|f
Hj/f] b]lvof], tfkqmd
w]/} a9]sf] 5
Hj/f] gfKbf Hj/f] b]lvPg
/f]ux?n] cfqmd0f
ul/;s]sf 5g
kLkLcf/
nx'd't]
Eofu't]
lb;f k/LIf0f ug]{
ljiff0f' / hLjf0f'af6 x'g]
/f]ux?
:yfgLo k|fljlws;Fu k/fdz{ u/L
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]
cfGtl/s k/hLjL tyf c08f, z/L/sf
6'qmfx? kQf nfU5g ‑h:t}M gfDn]hsf,
uf]nf]hsf, lkmQ]hsf cflb_
k/LIf0f ubf{ k/hLjLsf c08f,
z/L/sf efux? b]lvPgg, zfob
vfgfsf] sdL, ljiffn' 3fF;kft
cflbaf6 klg o:tf] ePsf] x'g;S5 .
:yfgLo k|fljlws;Fu k/fdz{ u/L
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]
:yfgLo k|fljlws;Fu k/fdz{ u/L
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ldnfpg]
;|f]t kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^% .
^= 5]/f}6L jf cfpFn] afv|fnfO{ ;tfpFbf s] s] x'G5

47.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts40
=! ;LkLkL ‑;g]{ vfnsf] k'/fgf] lgdf]lgof_
hLjf0f'sf sf/0faf6 x'g]
d[To'b/ cTolws a9L x'G5 ‑^) k|ltztb]lv !)) k|ltzt;Dd_
nIf0fx?
afv|f ;fx|} sdhf]/ b]lvG5
vfgdf ?lr gb]vfpg]
cTolws Hj/f] cfpg]
a]nfa]nfdf vf]Sg]
Zjf;k|Zjf;df sl7gfO x'g]
sltko hgfj/df d'6'sf] w8sgdf clgoldttf b]lvg], hf]gL{ tyf dl:tisdf ;d]t
km/skg b]lvg ;S5 .
/f]u ;g]{ dfWodx?
/f]uL kz' / :j:y kz'aLr ;Dks{ ePdf
/f]uL kz'n] vfPsf] bfgf–kfgL jf uf]7÷vf]/, r/g–If]q k|of]u ePdf .
lgoGq0fsf pkfox?
ufpFsf ;a} k|sf/sf afv|fx?nfO{ /f]ula?4 ;O{ nufpg'k5{ .
ufpFdf gofF kz'÷afv|f Nofpg' k¥of] eg] pQm kz'÷afv|fn] /f]u lj?4sf] ;O{ lnPs}
x'g'k5{ .
ayfgaf6 /f]uL kz'nfO{ t'?Gt cnUofP/ /fVg'k5{ .
/f]uL kz'sf] ;Dks{÷;+;u{df cfPsf ;Dk0f{ j:t'x? gi6 ug'{k5{ .
pkrf/ tl/sf
6fOnf]l;g (Tylosine) gfds cf}ifwL l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] dfqf cg';f/ v'jfpg] jf
df;'df ;O{ lbg] .
=@ kLkLcf/ /f]u
ljiff0f'af6 x'G5
Psbd} ;+qmfds÷l56f] l56f] ;g]{ k|j[lQsf] x'G5
o;nfO{ …afv|fsf] x}hfÚ eg]/ klg lrlgG5 .
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
k|d'v ;?jf (Contagious) /f]ux?

48.
41afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
kLkLcf/ nfUbf k|f/lDes cj:yfdf b]lvg] nIf0fx?
cTolws Hj/f] cfpg] ‑!)$ l8u|L ;]l06u|]8b]lv !)^ l8u|L ;]l06u|]8;Dd_
d'v / y't'gf]sf] efu ;'Vvf x'g]
z/L/sf] ;tx v;|f] b]lvg]÷lhªl/Ë k/]sf] b]lvg]
cfFvfsf gfgLx? /ftf–/ftf x'Fb} hfg]
vfgdf k6Ss} ?lr gb]vfpg] .
a9L ;+qmd0f ePsf] cj:yfdf b]lvg] nIf0fx?
gfsaf6 kfgL h:tf] l;Fufg alu/xg] / kLk ldl;Ph:tf] klg b]lvG5 .
gfssf Kjfnx?sf] leqkl§ 3fp;d]t x'G5 .
luhf, lha|f] / d'v jl/kl/ ;–;fgf 3fp cfpF5g .
vf]/]t /f]u nfu]sf] h:tf] nIf0f b]lvG5 / uf9f sfnf] / kftnf] vfnsf] lb;f u5{ .
z/L/df kfgLsf] dfqf sd eP/ cTolws Kof; nfU5 .
z/L/sf] tfkqmd ;fdfGoeGbf klg tn 365 .
#–$ lbg kl5 kz'df lgdf]lgof, vf]sL / Zjf;–k|Zjf;sf] ;d:of pTkGg x'g yfN5 .
afv|L ule{0fL 5] eg] ue{ t'lxg] ;d:of klg x'g;S5 .
kf7f–kf7L / jo:s afv|fx?df d[To'b/ a9L x'g;S5
;+qmd0f ePsf] % b]lv !) lbgdf pkrf/ kfPg eg] kz' dg{ klg ;S5 .
/f]u ;g]{ dfWodx?
/f]uL / :j:y afv|faLr ;Dks{÷;+;u{ ePdf
/f]uL kz'n] vfPsf bfgf–kfgL–3fF; lg/f]uLn] vfPdf jf /f]uLn] k|of]u u/]sf] uf]7,
vf]/ tyf r/g–If]qdf r/]df
lgoGq0fsf pkfox?
k|To]s @–@ jif{df ufpFsf ;Dk0f{ afv|fx?nfO{ vf]k lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
gofF afv|f ufpFdf Nofpg'k5{ eg] vf]k nufP–gnufPsf] lglZrt u/L vf]k
nufP/dfq Nofpg] .
pkrf/
kz'df ;+qmd0f eO;s]kl5 pkrf/ ug{ sl7g 5 . t;y{ /f]u nfUg glbg' g}
;a}eGbf pQd pkfo ePsfn] /f]syfdsf pkfox? cjnDag ug]{ .
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
gfs / d'vdf ufh lgsfn]sf] luhf / leqkl§ 3fp cfPsf]

49.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts42
=# ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]ulj?4 lbOg] vf]ksf gfd / dfqf
dlxgf /f]u
dfqf÷k|lt k0f{ jo:s
afv|fsf nflu
dfqf÷kf7f–kf7L ev{/sf]
jo:ssf nflu
hgj/L – k]ma|'c/L ‑df3_ ;LkLkL
)=@ ld=ln= ‑5fnfdf
;O{ lbg]_
)=@ ld=ln= ‑5fnfdf
;O{ lbg]_
k]ma|c/L – dfr{ ‑kmfNu'g_ kLkLcf/
!=) ld=ln=÷df;' jf ‑5fnfdf
;O{ lbg]_
!=) ld=ln=÷df;' jf ‑5fnfdf
;O{ lbg]_
dfr{ – clk|n ‑r}t_ lakm/ (Pox)
;O{sf] k|of]u u/L g/d
df;'df ;O{ nufpg]
;o{sf] k|of]u u/L g/d
df;'df ;O{ nufpg]
clk|n – d] ‑j}zfv_ OG6]/f]6f]lS;ldof
% ld=ln= ‑5fnfdf ;O{
nufpg_
@=% ld=ln= ‑5fnfdf ;O{
nufpg]_
clk|n – d] ‑j}zfv_ vf]/]t (FMD)
@ ld=ln= ‑5fnfdf ;O{
nufpg]_
! ld=ln= ‑5fnfdf ;O{
nufpg]_
=$ pkrf/ lsg k|efjsf/L gx'g ;S5
pkrf/ ug{ w]/} l9nf ePdf
/f]u cg';f/ cf}ifwLsf] k|sf/ / dfqf gldn]df
k6s k6s cgfjZos?kdf ljleGg cf}ifwLx? k|of]u u/]sf] ePdf
olb afv|f cGo s'g} k'/fgf] ‑qmf]lgs_ /f]uaf6 u|:t 5 eg]
cjlw ;lsPsf] cf}ifwL k|of]u u/]sf] v08df
vf]/÷uf]7sf] jftfj/0f / ;/–;kmfO{ :j:ys/ gePdf
lj/fdL kz'nfO{ /fd|f];Fu Wofg glbOPsf] v08df
bfgf / 3fF;sf] u'0f:t/ sd;n ePdf .
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
á
;|f]tM kz'kfng k'l:tsf, @)^%
la/fdL kz'x? xl/of] 3fF;kfteGbf klg ;'s]sf] 3fF; vfg ?rfpF5g .

50.
43afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
* afv|fsf nflu 8fn]3fF; tyf
cGo e'OF3fF;x?
*=! ux|f–sfGnf tyf 8Lnx?df 8fn]3fF; tyf e'OF3fF;x? nufpg]
Olkn–Olkn
9}+rf ‑;gx]Dk_
e]r 3fF;
e6df;] 3fF;
cld|;f] 3fF;
s]/f
g]lko/
afF;
Olkn–Olkn
sfGnfdf ul/Psf] 3fF;–/f]k0f
Olkn–
Olkn
6fFsLe]r
3fF;
e6df;]
3fF;
g]lko/
sfGnfdf ul/Psf] 3fF;–/f]k0f bLgfgfy 3fF;sf] g;{/L /fVg] sfd x'Fb}5
g]lko/ e6df;]
ux|f / sfGnfdf 3fF;sf aLpx? ;Lw}+ /f]lkFb}5bLgfgfy 3fF;sf la?jf ;fl/Fb}5
hO{ e]r

51.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts44
*=@ 8fn]3fF; / e'O{3fF;x? sf6g] pko'Qm cj:yf
cld|;f] e6df;]
Olkn–Olkn
;Gbe{–;fdu|Lx?
Aryal, IK., Kuwar, BS., Bista KS., and Kandel RN (B.S. 2065). Padhupalan Pusthika (Animal
Health).DepartmentofLivestockServices,LeaseholdForestryandLivestockDevelopment
Program, Harihar Bhawan, Lalitpur.
Aryal, IK., Kuwar, BS., Bista KS., and Kandel RN (B.S. 2065). Padhupalan Pusthika (Livestock
Management). Department of Livestock Services, Leasehold Forestry and Livestock
Development Program, Harihar Bhawan, Lalitpur.
DLS (F/Y‑2065/066). Bakharapalan; Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Central Sheep
and Goat development Office, Harihar Bhawan, Lalitpur.
Koirala, PK; Saha. RB and Das RP (F/Y‑2065/66). Bakhara Palan Pusthiks; Department of
Livestock Services, Leasehold Forestry and Livestock Development Program, Harihar
Bhawan, Lalitpur.
Paudyal Ram Mani (2047 B.S). An Introduction to Animal Health, Vol ‑1; Pakhribas Agriculture
Centre, Dhankuta, Nepal

52.
45afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts
Ifdtf clej[l4 lqmofsnfk cGtu{t lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{nosf k|fljlwsx?sf
nflu afv|fkfng ljifodf k|lzIfs k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd x'Fb}
kl/of]hgfsf pkk|jGwsåf/f sfo{qmd;DaGwL
hfgsf/L k|bfg ub}{
/fli6«o kz'kfng ljz]if1åf/f afv|fkfng tflndsf]
af/]df k|sfz kfb}{
afv|fkfng tflndsf ;xefuLx? ;dxut 5nkmndf afv|fkfng tflndsf ;xefuL k|:t'tLs/0f ub}{

53.
afv|fkfng M s[ifsx?sf nflu xft]–k':ts46
kl/of]hgf (OSRO/NEP/801/SPA) cGtu{t ;~rflnt afv|fkfng;DaGwL
s[ifs:t/Lo ljleGg lqmofsnfkx?
afv|fkfng tflndsf ;xefuLx? 3/;Fu} hf]l8Psf] afv|fsf] vf]/
afv|f ljt/0fsf nflu ;+sng s]Gb|df
hDDff kfl/Psf afv|fx?
lhNnf kz';]jf sfof{nosf k|fljlwsx? Affv|f klxrfgsf
nflu sfgdf 6ofluª ub}{
afv|f ljt/0fsf nflu ckgfOPsf] lrÝf k|0ffnL lhNnf kz';]jf sfof{nosf k|fljlwsx? Affv|f klxrfgsf
nflu sfgdf 6ofluª ub}{