1. Modal Forms

2. Modal Forms

3. Modal Forms
Modal auxiliaries are a special class of words that
indicate things such as ability (can) and obligation
(must)

4. Modal Forms
Modal auxiliaries are a special class of words that
indicate things such as ability (can) and obligation
(must)
Remember that modals
have no third-person
singular form.

5. Modal Forms
Modal auxiliaries are a special class of words that
indicate things such as ability (can) and obligation
(must)
Remember that modals
have no third-person
singular form.

6. Modal Forms
Modal auxiliaries are a special class of words that
indicate things such as ability (can) and obligation
(must)
Jane helps people
Remember that modals
have no third-person
singular form.

7. Modal Forms
Modal auxiliaries are a special class of words that
indicate things such as ability (can) and obligation
(must)
Jane helps people
Remember that modals
have no third-person
singular form. Jane can help you.

8. Function of modals

9. Function of modals
1) Ability (can)

10. Function of modals
1) Ability (can)
2) Polite requests (may, would,
could, can)

11. Function of modals
1) Ability (can)
2) Polite requests (may, would,
could, can)
3) Advice (should, ought to)

12. Function of modals
1) Ability (can)
2) Polite requests (may, would,
could, can)
3) Advice (should, ought to)
4) Obligation/necessity (must,
have to)

13. Function of modals
1) Ability (can)
2) Polite requests (may, would,
could, can)
3) Advice (should, ought to)
4) Obligation/necessity (must,
have to)
5)Probability (must)

14. Function of modals
1) Ability (can)
2) Polite requests (may, would,
could, can)
3) Advice (should, ought to)
4) Obligation/necessity (must,
have to)
5)Probability (must)
6)Possibility (can, could, might,
may)

15. Function of modals
1) Ability (can)
2) Polite requests (may, would,
could, can)
3) Advice (should, ought to)
4) Obligation/necessity (must,
have to)
5)Probability (must)
6)Possibility (can, could, might,
may)
7) Conditional, past habit
(would), desire (would like),
preference (would rather).

16. Function of modals
1) Ability (can)
2) Polite requests (may, would,
could, can)
3) Advice (should, ought to)
Although have to is
4) Obligation/necessity (must, not a modal
have to) auxiliary, it is
5)Probability (must) included on this list
because it functions
6)Possibility (can, could, might, like a modal and has
may) the same meaning as
7) Conditional, past habit must. Have to
(would), desire (would like), becomes has to in
the third person
preference (would rather).

17. 1. Ability (can)
Example Past form

18. 1. Ability (can)
Example Past form
She can speak English very
well.

19. 1. Ability (can)
Example Past form
I could speak English much
She can speak English very
better when I was in high-
well.
school.

20. 2. Polite requests (may,
would,could,can)
Example Past form

21. 2. Polite requests (may,
would,could,can)
Example Past form
May I help you? (formal)

22. 2. Polite requests (may,
would,could,can)
Example Past form
May I help you? (formal)
Would you like some tea?

23. 2. Polite requests (may,
would,could,can)
Example Past form
May I help you? (formal)
Would you like some tea?
Could you pass the butter?

24. 2. Polite requests (may,
would,could,can)
Example Past form
May I help you? (formal)
Would you like some tea?
Could you pass the butter?
Can I have some help?
(informal)

25. 3. Advice (should, ought
to)
Example Past form

26. 3. Advice (should, ought
to)
Example Past form
Alan should see a lawyer.

27. 3. Advice (should, ought
to)
Example Past form
Alan should see a lawyer.
Karen ought to do her
work.

28. 3. Advice (should, ought
to)
Example Past form
He should have seen a
Alan should see a lawyer. lawyer before signing the
Karen ought to do her contract.
work.

29. 3. Advice (should, ought
to)
Example Past form
He should have seen a
Alan should see a lawyer. lawyer before signing the
Karen ought to do her contract.
work. Karen ought to have done
her work sooner.

30. 4. Obligation (must,have
to )
Example Past form

31. 4. Obligation (must,have
to )
Example Past form
Helen must (has to) see
a doctor right away.

32. 4. Obligation (must,have
to )
Example Past form
Helen had to see a
Helen must (has to) see doctor last night
a doctor right away. because she was having
difficulty breathing.

33. 5. Probability (must)
Example Past form

34. 5. Probability (must)
Example Past form
Kay must be home now.

35. 5. Probability (must)
Example Past form
She must have been very
Kay must be home now. beautiful when she was
young.

36. 6. Possibility (can ,could,
might, may)
Example Past form

37. 6. Possibility (can ,could,
might, may)
Example Past form
You can shop online.

38. 6. Possibility (can ,could,
might, may)
Example Past form
You can shop online.
Dan could help you.

39. 6. Possibility (can ,could,
might, may)
Example Past form
You can shop online.
Dan could help you.
Mary might do the job.

40. 6. Possibility (can ,could,
might, may)
Example Past form
You can shop online.
Dan could help you.
Mary might do the job.
Ann may help them.

41. 6. Possibility (can ,could,
might, may)
Example Past form
You can shop online. I could shop online when I
had my credit card.
Dan could help you.
Mary might do the job.
Ann may help them.

42. 6. Possibility (can ,could,
might, may)
Example Past form
You can shop online. I could shop online when I
had my credit card.
Dan could help you. You could have helped me
but you didn’t.
Mary might do the job.
Ann may help them.

43. 6. Possibility (can ,could,
might, may)
Example Past form
You can shop online. I could shop online when I
had my credit card.
Dan could help you. You could have helped me
but you didn’t.
Mary might do the job. Mary might have done the
job.
Ann may help them.

44. 6. Possibility (can ,could,
might, may)
Example Past form
You can shop online. I could shop online when I
had my credit card.
Dan could help you. You could have helped me
but you didn’t.
Mary might do the job. Mary might have done the
job.
Ann may help them. Ann may have told him the
secret.

45. 7(a). Conditional
Example Past form

46. 7(a). Conditional
Example Past form
If I had time, I would help
her (expresses a wish)

47. 7(a). Conditional
Example Past form
If I had studied the
piano when I was
If I had time, I would help
young I would have
her (expresses a wish)
become a concert
pianist by now.

48. 7 (b). Past habit (would)
Example Past form

49. 7 (b). Past habit (would)
Example Past form
As a youth, I would spend
hours at my best friend’s
house. (expresses a habit)

50. 7(c). Desire (would like)
Example Past form

51. 7(c). Desire (would like)
Example Past form
I would like some coffee.

52. 7(c). Desire (would like)
Example Past form
I would have liked
some coffee but the
I would like some coffee.
coffee machine was
broken.

53. 7(d). Preference (would
rather)
Example Past form

54. 7(d). Preference (would
rather)
Example Past form
I would rather be tall than
short.

55. 7(d). Preference (would
rather)
Example Past form
I would rather have
I would rather be tall than been poor and healthy
short. than rich and sick when
I was a child.