ASEAN Coal Trends: Challenges and Oppor tuni ties on Facing ASEAN Economi c Communi ty (AEC)

ASEAN Coal Trend
Challenges and Opportunities on Facing ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) i
ASEAN Coal Trend
ChallengesandOpportunitiesonFacing
ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)
Asra Virgianita, Ph.D
Santi Hapsari Paramitham, S.Sos
Meliana Lumbantoruan, M.A

ii
ASEAN Coal Trend :
Challenges and Opportunities on Facing ASEAN EconomicCommuni ty (AEC)
ISBN : 978-602-72039-2-1
Writer
AsraVirgianita,Ph.D.
Lecturer, Department of International Relations,
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Indonesia
SantiHapsariParamitham,S.Sos.
Paperer, ASEAN Study Centre,
Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of Indonesia
Meliana Lumbantoruan,M.A.
Research and Knowledge Manager, Publish What You Pay Indonesia
Reviewer
Maryati Abdullah
National Coordin ator, Publish What You Pay Indonesia
Jensi Sartin
Program Development Manager, Publish What You Pay Indonesia
AllRightReserved
First Edition, 2015
This paper was published by Yayasan Transparasi Sumberdaya Ekstraktif-Publish What You Pay
Indonesia, with suppor ted by Natural Resources Governance Institute and United State Agency
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Contents
Abstract .............................................................................................................3
Introduction................................................................................................... 4
Coal Trade Pattern and Global Value Chain: An Overview .......................................6
ASEAN Economic Communi ty: The Way towards Integration .............................10
Coal Trends and the Readines of ASEAN Countries on Facing the AEC ................ 12
Coal Prospects in ASEAN Region .................................................................... 12
ASEAN Energy Policy ...................................................................................... 14
ASEAN Coun tries Strategy...........................................................................16
Clean and Eff icient Coal use in ASEAN: The Economic Benefit .......................17
Challenges and Oppor tuni ties of Coal Sector on Facing AEC................................ 19
Closing ............................................................................................................22
Bibliogr aphy ........................................................................................................ 23
ASEAN Coal Trend
Challenges and Opportunities on Facing ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) iii

iv
A
Abstract
SEAN energy consump tion is forecasted to rise because of the
signi ficant gro wt h of economy and popul ation in the region. Coal
use continuously increase as a replacement for oil and natural gas.
ASEAN plays signi ficant roles in coal consumption and production in Asia
Pacific. Using the value chain approach, it is projected that coal produ cer
coun tries in ASEAN will have the chance to maximize the market through
bilateral trade or AEC framework. The AEC can foster market integration
in ASEAN, build s awareness of ASEAN coun tries to develop their
infrastructure in energy suff iciency, as well as develops clean coal
technolog y. Coal produ ction in ASEAN will still leant on Indonesia as the
main exporter in ASEAN. Energy policy of each country in ASEAN has a lot
of things in common , which provides the space of building further regional
coooperation in managing energy features. The future of coal sector in
ASEAN will highl y depends on advancement of technolog y, impro vement
of governance, effeciency of transpor tation, and connectivity between
the coun tries. Strengthening cooperation and coordin ation must be a key
strategy for ASEAN countries to ensure readiness in facing AEC.
Keywords: Coal, ASEAN, AEC, energy, value chain, governance

ASEAN Coal Trend
Challenges and Opportunities on Facing ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) 1
E
Introduction
conomi c gro wt h and industrial activity
are the two strongl y related aspects. In
the era of global and regional market,
countries are expected to be competitive to
survive the flow of foreign commodi ties, as
well as compete their domestic commodi ties
into foreign market. This condi tion requires
high quality of infrastructure, including the
technolog y, transpor tation, electricity, and
energy supplies. Adequate energy supplies
ensure sustainabili ty of energy consumption
for transportation, electricity, and
technolog y.
Use of coal is continualy rising for producing
electricity. Even, coal is forcasted to replace
the use of oil and natural gas due to its
abundance and aff ordabili ty. With its
cheaper price, coal comes out as a ―new
favourable option of energy source‖ in
fulfilling energy demands. This is suppor ted
by volatili ty of oil price, scarcity of world’ s oil
reserves which uplifts necessity to seek
alternative energy resources such as coal.
Data in figure one shows a general increasing
number of world’ s coal consumption and
production, which Asia-Pacific region
contribu tes a quite signi ficant amoun t. This
contribu tion shows a likelihood of growth of
coal production and consumption in the
regional and global level. In the trading
context, Indonesia listed as the biggest coal
expor t coun try in the world (around 46% of
the world’ s total coal trade), while China is
Figure 1. Coal Production and Consumption by Region
Source: British Petroleum (BP) Statistical Review 2014 of World Energy 2014,
accessed on December 21st 2014, through http://ww w.bp.com/en/glo bal/
corpo rate/about-bp/energy-econom ics/statistical-review-of-worl d-energy/
review-by-energy-type/coal/coal-consumption.html
Coal production/consumption by region
Million tonnes ooil equivalent
Production by region Consumption by region
Asia Pacific 4000 4000
Africa
Middle East
Europe & Eurasia
S & Cent. America
North America
3500 3500
3000 3000
2500 2500
2000 2000
1500 1500
1000 1000
500 500
0 0
88 93 98 03 08 13 88 93 98 03 08 13
BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2014
© BP 2014

6
the country with the highest consumption of
coal in the world.1
According to figure 1, coal has an abundant
resource and has the security aspects in its
supply. World Energy Outlook predicts that
the global coal demand will gro w by 15% in
2040. The coal main producers are China,
India, Indonesia, and Australia. In Asia Pacific,
ASEAN plays significant roles in coal
consump tion and produ ction. Nowadays,in
ASEAN countries, with the implementation of
AEC-which will be in place in 2015-, the
economic growth will stimulates industrial
activities. Then this stimulus will affects
ASEAN energy consumption. Furthermore,
ASEAN energy consumption is forecasted to
rise continously because of the significant
growth of economy and population. These
trajectory will place ASEAN as a key player in
global energy system for now and the
future.2
Although , ASEAN has plenty of
natural resources, ASEAN countries are still
relying on energy impor ts. Also, each coun try
individually have different pattern of energy
use.
This paper aims to look on challenges and
oppor tunities of coal sector on facing AEC.
This paper will use value chain approach,
good governance, ASEAN framework and
cooperation which is strengh tened through
each countries member strategies.
1 BP Statictical Review of World Energy 2014, accessed on
December 21st
, 2014 through http://ww w.bp.com/en/
glo bal/corpo rate/about-bp/energy-econom ics/statistical-
review-of- worl d-energy/review-by-energy-type/coal/
coal-consumption.html
2 Maria van der Hoeven, Southeast Asia Energy Outlook,
accessed on December 20th
2014 through htt p://www .
iea.org /publi cat ion s/freepubli cat ion s/publi cat ion /
southeastasiaenergyoutlook_weo2013specialrepor t.pdf

ASEAN Coal Trend
V
CoalTradePattern and Global ValueChain:
An Overview
alue chain explains set of activities of different production
phases, including the combination of physical
transformation and service inpu t from producers, the
process of delivering the product to the consumers, and the waste
of using.3
Value chain puts attention to the dynamics of inter-
linkages between produ ction activities which takes further to the
traditional modes of economi cs and social analysis. Moreover, the
full value of a product is regulated in this value chain.
In the case of coal, value chain can be illustrated through the set of
activities of preparation, exploration, management and logistic,
marketing, upgrading and investment. From this set of activities,
exploration, produ ction, management (including governance) and
logistic are the key elements in assuring the value of coal. Next are
marketing, investment, and guarantee towards the sustainable
development of coal and mining usage. This process describes that
investment for the infrastructure impro vement, including rail and
ports are crucial to deliver and distribu te the end-products. The
simple value chain is shown at Figure 2.
Thus, it is impor tant to determine pattern of current coal trade in
regard to the value chain. It is found that there is no signi ficant
change in the pattern of trade, both in expor ts and impor ts.The
steam coal exports is more favourable, compared to cooking and
ligni te. However, the countries which produce steam coal are still
limi ted.
Figure 2. Value Chain of Coal
Source: Modified from various sources
3 Raphael Kaplinsky and Mike Morris, A Handbook for Value Chain Paper, 4.
• Host Country:
ASEANCoun
tries
Preparation:
Infrastructure,
Policy,
technolog y
Exploration
and
Development
of Product
• Direct Use
• Conversion
• High Quality of
Coal and Mining
(Upgrading)
Management/
Governance
andLogistic
Marketing Investing
• Ensuring Revenue
Transparancy
• Energy Security
• Transportation/
delivery/distribu tion
• Intra Trade
ASEAN (basedon
AEC)
• Outside ASEAN/
Global Market
• CCTs
• EnergyEfficiency
• Sustainable
development

4
Furthermore, the global steam coal trade
value in 2013, was abou t 1028 Mt, which
pattern of trade is led by the expor ts of coal
steam product from Indonesia (432 Mt),
Australia (182 Mt) and Russia (118 Mt).4
At
the same time, the biggest impor ters come
from China, Japan, India, South Korea,
Chinese Taipei, and Germany. This proves
that the coal trade center is currently heading
to Asia. In 2013, China produ ced 3034 Mt of
coal which assembled it to the 1st position of
coal producer country, above US (756 Mt),
India (486 Mt), and Indonesia (486 Mt). This
condi tion puts an interesting fact that China
takes both roles as the biggest coal impor ter
Indonesia leads the pattern of coal trade.
Indonesian coal is mostly exported to
Philippin es, Myanmar, and Singapore.The
detail of coal and mining trade intra ASEAN is
described in the table 2
The data in the table 2, shows that coal and
mining trade intra ASEAN is potential to be
explored. Producer coun tries will havethe
chance to maximize the intra ASEAN market
through bilateral trade or AEC framework.
For instance, Thailand is reported to produce
approximately 1,372 Million Ton coal per year
(2009). However, the produced coal is
categorized as ligni te to sub bituminou s coal,
as well as the biggest coal producer. which is a low quality coal.5
This situation
Meanwhile, in ASEAN, Indonesia has the
largest coal reserves with 22,5 billion tonnes,
follo wed by Vietnam with 3.4 billion tonnes
and Thailand with 1,1 billion tonnes.
However, in term of coal resources, Vietnam
ranks first with 203.4 billion tonnes, while
Indonesia has only 92,3 billion tonnes.
opens the oppor tuni ty for trading with other
ASEAN countries to get the expected coal
quality. In addition, coal trade becomes
potentially beneficial in intra ASEAN, because
they are in the same phase on enhancing
their industrial capacity on facingAEC.
Tabel 1 Coal Reserve and Resources by Country and Type, 2011 (billion tonnes)
Hard Coal Brown Coal Total
Reserves Resources Reserves Resources Reserves Resources
Indonesia 13.5 73.3 9 19 22.5 92.3
Vietnam 3.1 3.5 0.2 199.9 1.4 203.4
rest of ASEAN 0.4 2.4 1.7 2.2 2.1 4
Total ASEAN 17 79.2 11 221.1 27.9 300.3
Share of the World 2.30% 0.50% 3.90% 5.30% 2.70% 1.40%
Source: Table is adop ted from Maria van der Hoeven, Southeast Asia Energy Outlook, accessed
on December 20, 2014 through http://ww w.iea.org/publ ications/freepubl ications/publ ication/
southeastasiaenergyoutloo k_weo2013specialreport.pdf
Although, the usage in domestic level is still
low due to the high dependency on gas and
oil supply, in the context of trading in ASEAN,
4 World Coal Association, “Coal Fact 2014”, International
Energy Agency , Coal Information 2014, BP Statistical
Review of World Energy 2014.
5 Viroj Sivavong , Electricity Generating Authority
Thailand, Coal Demand/Supply Outlook in Thailand,
2009, 2, accessed on November 10th
2014 through htt p://
www.kier.re.kr/upload/2009APEC-EGCFE/%28Session3-
B%29Coal%20Demand-Suppl y%20Outlook %20in%20
Thailand.pdf

ASEAN Coal Trend
Table 2 Export-Import on Mine & Coal Intra ASEAN 2013 (in USD)
Country
Brunei
Darussalam
Cambodi a Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Phillippin es Singapore Thailand Vietnam
Brunei
Mining 531.195.045 370.727.641 - 73.860.279 378.122.631 466.747.623 593.266.643
Coal
Cambodia
Mining 522.537 1.184 16 1.004 749.477 2.673.466 42.336.525
Coal 19.006.068 1.246.633.530 - 802.148.711 28.934.970 962.556.934 117.701.068
Indonesia
Mining 10.946.750 22.177.064 15.434 5.279.104.587 84.376.438 1.609.142.244 6.788.530.765 2.303.483.460 368.384.679
Coal 21.511.813 1.136.928.627 1.546.249 1.007.207.109 19.608.561.066 834.864.654 130.606.674 755.000
Lao PDR
Mining 3.122.743 733.697 - - 704.231.954 102.806.500
Coal - - - 497.580 16.497.799 876.926
Malaysia
Mining 249.025.497 10.399.660 4.837.167.607 153.689 226.842.937 461.976.182 10.650.869.362 2.800.851.009 751.037.765
Coal 173.109 504.999 - 25.945.558 5.518.537
Myanmar
Mining 15.136.482 - 733.482 727.253 117.896.275 3.765.764.484 49.120
Coal - - 799.200
Philippin es
Mining 1.412.272 183.223 189.796.451 5.141 303.945.904 1.521.561 444.319.340 178.005.850 32.408.726
Coal 2.362 13.201.200 66.278.084 31.747 361.236 2.262.000 16.794.594 263.395.991 89.653.832
Singapore
Mining 103.048.201 580.590.615 15.955.904.738 104.223 20.418.909.369 780.488.527 1.140.933.034 1.086.288.936 2.559.611.766
Coal 3.506 264.704 206.286 112.869 32.933
Thailand
Mining 21.037.629 997.766.847 979.352.633 1.345.661.415 2.702.160.901 740.171.772 671.166.580 3.856.884.031 973.621.382
Coal 1.742 81.497 6.684 474.358 232.001 14.062 21.961
Vietnam
Mining 621.687 1.363.956.350 464.294.156 244.760.576 1.231.615.244 66.125.090 239.662.441 383.614.651 460.642.517
Coal 750 4.147.504 10.963.990 23.836.954 12.326.804 835.221.845 16.160.492
Source : ASEAN Stats Database based on the ASEAN countries’ report, accessed by request to the ASEAN
Stats Database Officer in 2014
Nevertheless, several ASEAN countries only place coal as minor
commodi ty on their whole intra ASEAN export. Reserving the coal
for their own purpose is the essential factor of their acts, because
they already have high domestic energy demands for industries and
electricity, such as Laos and Vietnam. That’s why then some other
countries with limi ted coal resource needs to impor t from other
countries, while based on its proximi ty, neighbouring impor ter
from ASEAN is an attractive option. Malaysia is one sample of coal
producer in ASEAN which produces coal, but still needs coal supply
from impor ts. It happens since Malaysia can only produce 1 million
tons per year, while its coal demand is abou t 30 million tons per
year.6
Thus, Malaysia should impor ts coal from ASEAN countries,
especially from Indonesia which is now recognized as reliable
source of Malaysian primary energy.7
6 IEA Clean Coal Centre, http://www.iea-coal.org/documents/82373/7605/Prospects-for-
coal-and-clean-coal-technologi es-in-Malaysia-%28CCC/171%29
7 Ibid.

6
Table 3. ASEAN Mine and Coal Trade 2010 – 2013 (USD)8
Year 2010 2011 2012 2013
Coun try E I E I E I E I
BruneiDarussalam 818.450.727 287.302.215 1.429.178.511 413.557.339 1.248.681.128 551.270.625 2.413.919.861 407.612.209
Cambodia 6.477.649 1.736.181.566 1.272.968 2.532.482.403 4.999.898 2.747.191.945 3.223.265.489 2.992.941.773
Indonesia 15.622.651.672 18.544.618.722 15.317.893.317 20.552.598.175 21.621.354.440 21.328.473.993 39.208.142.614 23.073.252.218
Lao PDR 889.808.661 863.559.029 712.239.553 1.129.360.367 620.958.285 1.445.296.146 8.282.767.199 2.752.178.450
Malaysia 12.729.699.087 22.158.194.175 14.535.309.602 28.935.047.677 17.728.160.664 31.122.993.454 20.020.465.911 31.556.817.894
Myanmar 2.963.400.096 2.008.252.380 2.945.464.591 1.001.307.797 2.268.839.598 1.358.840.844 3.901.106.297 2.921.336.316
Phillippin es 972.203.554 5.476.287.895 1.298.606.006 5.276.410.303 828.685.216 5.082.631.287 1.796.276.353 25.662.595.508
Singapore 36.900.984.567 15.162.277.865 44.605.001.469 16.814.626.185 44.769.653.129 23.887.909.044 42.626.499.706 23.535.038.241
Thailand 7.804.496.361 10.465.497.274 11.307.853.909 11.973.504.100 12.299.508.276 11.849.134.052 12.288.800.705 13.131.789.570
Vietnam 3.662.483.628 5.668.484.811 4.279.796.783 7.696.818.404 4.686.403.623 6.703.502.867 5.357.951.051 5.631.633.006
Source : ASEAN Stats Database based on the ASEAN
countries’ report, accessed by request to the ASEAN
Stats Database Officer in 2014
The table 3 above explains that since 2010
until 2013, during the period when 3rd
APAEC
Plan is implemented, the exports of coal and
mining rise significantly on some ASEAN
countries. It further provides the evidence
that the impor t also faces some gains. This
phenomena suggest that the upcoming
ASEANEconomicCommunity fosters the
integrated market of ASEAN, as well as
building awareness of ASEAN countries to
develop their infrastructure in energy
sufficiency for electricity and industrial
activities.
The impact of ASEAN market integration
opens the door for foreign companies to
invest and conduct the coal and mining
exploration in ASEAN countries. In 2013, the
Government of Cambodia reported that the
company which has licensed to do the
exploration activities was 91, consisted of
domestic and foreign companies.9
The
companies contribu ted in exploration in
Cambodi a were from Australia,China,
Thailand, and Vietnam.
Nevertheless, it should be noted that foreign
investment is one of impor tant factors not
only for the development of coal and mining
industry, but also for the development of
eco-friendly coal and mining industry. It
corresponds with the usage of clean coal
technology which also needs the investment
for the technolog y installation and other
related process. Thus, the international
cooperation has to be realized equally in
investment, technolog y, andhuman
resources.
8 This data is measured on follo wing kinds of resource :
Mining (iron and steel; articles of iron and steel; ores,
slag, and ash; copper and articles thereof; alumunium
and articles thereof; lead and articles thereof; zinc
and articles thereof; tin and articles thereof) and Coal
(anthracite coal not agglom erated; bituminou s coal not
agglom erated; other coal not agglom erated; briqu ettes,
ovoids, similar solid fuels from coal).
9 Chrea Vichett, Current Situation of Mining Industry in
Cambodia,GeneralDepartment of Mineral Resourcesof
Cambodi a,2013.

ASEAN Coal Trend
A
ASEAN Economic Community:
TheWaytowardsIntegration
SEAN Economic Communi ty (AEC) is one of three pillars
that designed to implement the establishment of ASEAN
Communi ty by 2015. The idea of ASEAN Communi ty 2015
formation was made through the Summi t in Kuala Lumpur ,
Malaysia, in 1997 which agreed upon the ASEAN Vision 2020,
aimed to create a stable and competitive region, andbalanced
economic development. Nevertheless, during the Summi t in 2003,
ASEAN Vision 2020 was accelerated to 2015. There are two main
reasons why the establishment of ASEAN Communi ty is fast-
tracked. 10
First, the increasing influence and competition of China
towards the region. Second, the rise of economic integration in
various regions in the world withou t ASEAN participation.
AEC is expected to work in cooperation with ASEAN Socio-Cultural
Communi ty and ASEAN Political Security Communi ty in succeeding
the ASEAN Communi ty.11
The aims of AEC itself is to achieve higher
level of economic dynamism, sustained prosperity, inclusive
gro wt h, and integrated development of ASEAN by realizing the
increasing interdependence amidst ASEAN countries. Three key
characteristics of AEC are as follo w, (1) Single Market and
Production Base; (2) Competitive Economic Region; and (3)
Equitable Economic Development. These points, highligh t the
implementation of agreement in which the signatories will be able
to trade and invest optimally with the intra region partner.
However, there are pros and cons toward the AEC. The pros often
view that AEC can stimulate the intra ASEAN trade, in which
provide the strengthening integrated market of ASEAN. On the
other hand, like every classic cons toward market integration, the
concern revolves around , the ― wide-opened door ‖ of market
which may result the tigh t competition and put the domestic
commodi ties into danger.
Despite debates on postitive and negative view towards AEC, the
supports for AEC can be indicated using the AEC Scorecard
achievements. Based on AEC Scorecard data in 2011, from 277 sizes
10 Justyna Szczudlik -Tatar, ―Regionalism in East Asia: A Bumpy Road to Asia Integration,‖
Policy Paper No. 16, (2013), 3.
11 ASEAN Economic Communi ty Blueprint, (ASEAN Secretariat, 2008), 5, accessed on
November 20th
2014 through http://ww w.asean.org/archive/5187-10.pdf

8
of expected liberalisation, ASEAN has done
187 or abou t 67,9% of them. In 2014, that
percentage gro ws to 82,1%.12
Clearly, it
describes the common efforts of ASEAN
countries in realizing ASEAN liberalization
and integration through AEC.13
The AEC implementation not only eliminates
tariffs on trade and free flow of investment,
but also discusses the agremeent upon the
energy and mining . Exclusively in poin t B4,
the energy aspect is mentioned, as part of
AEC to-do list to promo te the infastructure
development, involving the completion of
energy and mining cooperation.14
The energy
cooperation, including the coal and mining is
regulated in AEC Blueprin t Article 53-56
which explicitly put the energy security and
strengthening trade and investment in
energy as the common goals.15
Meanwhile,
the framework of trade coal and mining
trade cooperation appeares on the formation
of ASEAN Forum on Coal (AFOC) in 1999
which is a transformation of Coal Sub-Sector
Network, previously buil t under the ASEAN
Energy Cooperation Program.
It is agreed that the regional energy policy
which enables the fulfillment of those goals,
is required. This is to ensure implementation
of the AEC goals as a single market and
production base, a highly competitive
economi c region, a region of equitable
economi c development, and a region fully
integrated into the global economy by 2015.
APAEC 2010-2015 mentions that theenergy
policy agenda of the AEC is targeted to
acquire these follo wing ultimate objectives:16
1) to ensure a secure and reliable supplyof
energy including , bio-fuel, which is crucial to
suppor t and sustain economic and industrial
activities; 2) to expedite the development of
ASEAN Power Grid (APG) and the Trans-
ASEAN Gas Pipeline (TAGP) which allow the
optimization of the region’ s energy resources
for greater securi ty and provide oppor tuni ties
for private sector involvement in terms of
investment, including financing and
technolog y transfer. Integrated networks of
electricity and gas pipelines offer significant
benefits both in terms of security, flexibili ty,
and quality of energy supply; 3) to ensure
sustainable energy development, through
mitigating greenhouse gas emission by means
of effective policies and measures, among
others; and 4) to strengthen renewable
energy development, such as, bio-fuels, as
well as to promo te open trade, facilitation
and cooperation in the renewable energy
sector and related industries as well as
investment in the requisite infrastructure for
renewable energy development.
12 The 12th
AEC Council Meeting, August 26, 2014 accessed
on December 28th
, 2014, through http://ditjenkp i.
kemendag.go.id/website_kpi/index.php?modu le=news_
detail& news_content_id=1501&detail=true
13 ASEAN Economi c Communi ty Scorecard: Charting
Progress Toward Regional Economi c Integration Phase
1 (2008-2009) and Phase II (2010-2011) accessed on
November 23rd
2014, through http://ww w10.iadb.org/
intal/intalcdi/PE/2012/10132.pdf
14 Ibid., 20
15 ASEAN Economi c Commnui ty Blueprin t, ASEAN
Secretariat, 2008. Accessed on November 23rd
2014,
through http://ww w.asean.org/archive/5187-10.pdf
16 ASEANPlanof Action forEnergyCooperation, 2,accessed
on November 10th
2014, through http://aseanenergy.
org/media/filemanager/2012/10/11/f/i/file_1.pdf

ASEAN Coal Trend
CoalTrendsandtheReadinesof
ASEANCountriesonFacingtheAEC
Coal Prospects in ASEAN Region
ASEAN can be recognized as a region with adequate energy
sources, especially in coal production. Geographically, ASEAN
coun tries remains in the land inherited with coal and mining
resources. This is proven by the latest report which shows that
almost every country in ASEAN has the self-capacity to supply its
energy demands, where the government of each country takes the
biggest part. Like what Vietnam does by optimizing the role of
Vinacom, the state-owned enterprise, to operate the coal
extraction 100%.17
Vinacom also responsibles to control the coal
production, with the aims to secure the coal reserve. In 2001-2005,
Vietnam faced a fast growing coal production which was
considerable as a threat to domestic reserve. However, this fast
growth were sucessfully managed by the authori ty of the
government for the domestic reservereason.18
Chart 1. Percentage of Growth Averages of Primary Energy Demand in
Selected ASEAN Countries by fuel (Mtoe) 2011-2035
Source: Data are based on Maria van der Hoeven, Southeast Asia Energy Outlook,
accessed on December 20th
2014 through http://ww w.iea.org/publications/
freepubl ications/publ ication/southeastasiaenergyoutloo k_weo2013specialreport.pdf
17 Global Methane Initiative accessed on December 12, 2014 through htt ps://www .
globalmethane.org/documents/toolsres_coal_overview_ch37.pdf
18 Ibid.
60
50
40
30
20
10
Coal
Oil
Gas
Hydro
Bio Energy
Other RE
0
Indonesia Thailand Phillipin es Malaysia
-10

1
0
In the case of Indonesia, the coal prospect is
high and predicted to sustain until 2035.19
Indonesian coal production takes 85% of
production in ASEAN which places Indonesia
as the biggest coal exporter in the world. The
value of Indonesian coal resource is 120,53
Billion Ton and the reserve is 31,36 Billion
Ton, contribu tes only 6% of the world’ s total
coal reserve.20
Indonesia is also reported as the largest
energy consumer in ASEAN, follo wed by
Thailand and Malaysia on the second and
third place. Nonetheless, its domestic
consumption is lower than Indonesian coal
export. This situation leads to the
dependency and the mul tiply oil impor t value
of Indonesia, even the wholeASEAN.
In other hand, the growt h averages of energy
demand including coal of four of the larger
ASEAN countries in 2011-2035 are very
diversified. The gro wt h of demand for coal
will occur in each coun try with percentage
around 5.5% to 3.9% (Chart 1).21
In
meantime, the highest gro wt h of demand for
oil and gas will occur in Philipin es , while for
hydro, bio-energy and other renewable
energy, Malaysia will positioned as the
country with the highest growth of demand
for these kind of energy.
Coal prospects in ASEAN seems to be quite
high, as electricity in ASEAN still uses coal as
the source, and electricity plays an impor tant
role not only in daily uses but also in
succeeding the industrial activities.It’s
suppor ted by the fact that though some
countries have the abundant resources of
coal and mining , the quality of the
commodi ties are somehow distinct from one
place to another.
The current condi tions above indicates two
impor tant things. First, the coal production in
ASEAN will still be leant on Indonesia as the
main exporter in ASEAN. Second, the
alternative way to use coal as the fuel of
choice gives the prospect upon the coal trade
value both intra ASEAN, and outside the
region.
19 Maria van der Hoeven, Op.Cit.
20 BP Statistical Review of Energy 2013.
21 Maria van der Hoeven, Op.Cit.

ASEAN Coal Trend
T
ASEAN Energy Policy
Strategy Action
1. Development of Energy Eff iciency
Policy and Build Capacity
1. Develop a clear policy and plan to promo te energy eff iciency.
2. Sett ing national energy eff iciency target and develop a plan to moni tor the
results.
3. Strengthen human capacity and enhance infrastructure to facilitate the EE
policy and plan.
2. Awareness raising and
dissemination of information
1. Develop and run EE&C campaigns to raise awareness, emphasizing on global
environm ental issues
2. Disseminate information using all appropri ate medias (including energy
labels) to help energy consumers make a righ t decision
3. Demonstrate best energy practices and successful cases, e.g, public-private
sector collaboration on EE&C
3. Promo ting good energy
management practices,especially
for industrial and commercial
sectors
1. Develop regulation and / or provide incentives to encourage good energy
management practices in facili ties
2. Build up capacity for all stakeholders to implement good energy
management
4. Facilitation of Energy Efficiency
Financing
1. Develop mechanism (s) to enhance financing for energy eff iciencyand
conservation project implementation
2. Increase involvement of banking sector and financial institutes both domestic
and international agencies in financing energy eff iciency projects
he upcoming AEC cause the economic
growth of ASEAN countries as the intra
ASEAN trade opens the oppor tunity of
all commodi ties to pass through the other
countries in region with no boundaries. This
economic growth is follo wed by the massive
industrial activities in ASEAN countries which
is undeniably increasing. In purpose to fulfil
the market demand, the suff icient energy
sources (such as oil, coal, and gas) are
needed, so that the industrial activitiesare
conducted properly.
Regarding the huge energy needs, ASEAN
creates the common ini tiation for energy,
called ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) to
deepen the energy cooperation among
ASEAN countries. A factual plan of ACE is
ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation
(APAEC). APAEC aims to achieve the energy
security and the sustainable of ASEAN in
health and environm ent through the further
utilization of Clean Coal Technology. Not
limited to that, APAEC also points to facilitate
the coal trade in ASEAN within the advance
regional energy security. APAEC has been
done in 3 periods, which is 1999-2004, 2005-
2009, 2010-2015. The tw o latest plansare
made to accomplish the ASEAN’s energy
needs which is forecasted to doubl efrom
2005 to 2030 along with the implementation
of AEC.22
In terms of coal, the existence of APAEC is
expected to promo te coal and clean coal
technology, also foster the intra-ASEAN coal
trade an investment for the regional energy
security. These plans are implemented
through the ownership of AFOC under the
ACE supervision as the secretariat, which
involves the officials of Ministry of Energy
from ASEAN countries. Each year, AFOC holds
a meeting to receive each ASEAN country’s
repor t on the mining and coal reserve and
22 Ibid.

1
2
trade. This kind of meeting is advantageous
to picture the challenges of mining and coal
trade intra ASEAN, share about the energy
needs, and suspect the potential partner for
trade.
On this stage, the existence of ACE
acommod ate the grand framework for the
ASEAN countries, related to the aspects that
are impor tant to be done, such us the use of
clean coal technolog y and building of coal
power plant. The cooperation made under
the ACE gives the guidance for each country
to formul ate the national energy policy
which is harmoni zed with the regional goal.
The policy in regional level agreed in 2009 for
example, elaborates two impor tant aspects:
the pursue of reducing regional intensity of
at least 8% by 2015, based on 2005 level
(under Program Area No. 4 Energy Efficiency
and Cooperation); and the eff ort to achievea
collective target of 15% for regional
renewable energy in total power installed
capacity by 2015 (under Program AreaNo.6
RenewableEnergy).23
The ultimate progr ams in regional level are :
buiding of an ASEAN coal image,
development of ASEAN Coal Price Index,
sett ing up coal laboratory and standards,
promo te intra ASEAN coal trade by
facili tating bilateral and mul tilateral long
term coal supply agreement, formul ater an
MOU similar to ASEAN Petroleum Security
Agreement to enhance regional and securi ty
of coal supply, and developemnt of strategy/
action towards harmoni zation of local
practices to encourage coal trading and
sharing of resources and facilities.24
These
programs affirms the ASEAN attempt to build
a commi tment in undertaking energy
probl em.
23 Energy Management Policy in Indonesia and ASEAN,
presentation for Workshop for ASEAN Coal Database
and Information System 9-12 July 2012, accessed on
December 10th
2014 through http://ww w.aseanenergy.
org/media/documents/2012/08/03/f/i/file_2.pdf
24 ASEAN Plan of Action for Energy Cooperation (APAEC
2010-2015), Op.Cit.

ASEAN Coal Trend
A
ASEAN Countries Strategy
SEAN countries highligh t aseveral
impor tant things related to energy,
such assufficient domestic energy
fulfillment, fair and stable energy pricing, the
exploration of sources within the terri tory,
energy eff iciency and conservation, and the
environm ental impacts. In general, it canbe
said that the energy policy of each coun try in
ASEAN has a lot of things in common, which
provides the space of building further
regional coooperation in managing energy
features.
Specifically in coal aspects, intra trade coal
has been regulated in the Programme Area
No.3 through the establishment of AFOC.
Along with AEC, AFOC works to create the
guidelines of coal specifications, producers,
and consumers in ASEAN, as well as organise
a netw ork of coal laboratories in ASEANto
harmonise standards of coal analysis, to
enhance the intra trade coal.25
Nevertheless,
with regard to different capacity of coal
production, each country in ASEAN
implements different kind of policy related to
its domestic needs and goals. The different
kind of policy is sometimes also affected by
the resource reserve and resource capacity
constraint. Countries with the abundant
resources of coal and mining, such as
Indonesia and Malaysia relatively trade their
coal resource with other countries in the
region more than countries which resource is
less. In addition, the different energy policy is
reflected on the energy trade decision. For
example, the energy policy of Laos to not
export its coal production and reserve all
types of coal for supplying its high domestic
consump tion.
On the other hand, Singapore as the country
with insufficient energi resources, is highly
dependent to the impor t of energy. It puts
Singapore in the fragile position under the
dynamic of energy supplies. In purpose to
face this condi tion, one of the implemented
policy is by enhancing the enegy efficiency
within Energy Conservation Act 2013.26
This
agenda meets the energy policy in ASEAN
which considers the efficient and clean
energy as a crucial issue to ensure the energy
reserve and sustainabili ty in ASEAN. On the
other hand, similar with Singapore,
Philippin es also concerns about improving the
energy eff iciency consumption. Although it’s
recorder as the second biggest geothermal
producer in the world, Philippin es is still
dependent on the impor t of energy. This
makes a ground for Philippin es to focusin
efficiency energy and domestic energy access
assurance.
The different natural resources ownership
which causes to the various policies, becomes
the justification to maximize the energy
policy in ASEAN. This accomplishment foster
the energy supply and sustainabili ty, as well
the domestic energy policy of each ASEAN
country.
25 ― Programme Area No.3 ‖ , accessed on December 10th
2014 through ASEAN Secretariat Website http://ww w.
asean.org/news/item/prog ramme-area-no-3-coal
26 ―Singapore: Energy Eff iciency in the Industry‖, accessed
on accessed on December 23rd
, 2014 through http://ww w.
sgc.org.sg/f ileadmi n/ahk_singapur/DEinternational/IR/
diffIR/Energy_Efficiency_in_the_Industry_June_2014.pdf

1
4
T
CleanandEfficientCoaluseinASEAN:
The EconomicBenefit
he abundant resource and competitive
price of coal, put coal asthe
considerable energy option. It’s
forecasted that the use of coal will steadily
rise and reach to 58% in 2035, in business as
usual scheme. On the other hand, coal is one
of the primary environm ental pollu ters. Large
number of coal requires a good arrangement
as the environm ental responsibili ty and the
eff ort in maximizing sustainable economic
benefit. ASEAN needs to create clean and
efficient coal technolog y which costs much
and capable human resources to operate the
technolog y optimally. With regard to coal as
a future energy alternative, it demands not
only the ASEAN countries interests to secure
the coal reserve, development, and
sustainabili ty, but also the contribu tion of
developed countries to assist the funding and
improving ASEAN human resources which
orientation is up to clean and coal technolog y
development.
A technolog y which is introduced to be the
solu tion upon the environ tmetal effect of
coal usage isClean Coal Technologies(CCTs).
According to Shi and Jacobs,
―CCTs cover technologi es ranging from the
perspectives of coal through combustion
and the clean up of waste gases to carbon
capture and storage (CCS), will reduce the
pollu tion emission intensity of coal and
make coal cleaner.‖ 27
27 Xunpeng Shi and Brett Jacobs, CleanCoal Technologies in
Developing Countries, accessed on December 23rd
2014,
through http://ww w.eastasiaforu m.org/2012/09/25/
clean-coal-technolog ies-in-developin g-countries/ Details
see also, Xunpeng Shi,China’s Attempts to Minimize non-
CO2 Emissions from Coal: Evidence of Declining
Emission Intensity, Environment and Development
Economics 16. (2011): 573-590.
They also argue that the development and
application of clean coal technologi es (CCTs)
are believed not only as the key to reconciling
the tensions between coal use andthe
environment, but also the economic benefit,
as they noted,
―While CCTs typically incur additional costs,
they can also provide econom ic benefits in
addition to environm ental ones. For
example, Integrated coal Gasification
Combined Cycle power plant technolog y
can increase efficiencies by 20–30 per cent
compared with conventional coal-fired
power plants; the captured carbon dioxide
from CCS power plants can be injected into
oil fields to increase the oil recovery rate by
4–18 per cent; and carbon storage
technologi es, such as the creation of bio-
charcoal, can improve soil fertili ty,
agricultural produ ctivity and water quality.
CCTs can also bring new export
oppor tunities for developing countries.
Upgraded low-rank coal — such as brown
coal in Indonesia, which has had no
previous market — may develop expor t
oppor tunities clean and eff icient coal
technolog y. ‖28
In addition, the World Energy Report 2013
explains that energy eff iciency through the
oil impor t reduction and the alternative to
coal and natural gas will provide economi c
gains to ASEAN. This will increase the ASEAN
countries’ impor t cost savings that eventually
contribu te to the rise of Regional GDP of
abou t 2% (chart 2). 29
The same
argumentation will also justify thenecessity
of coal usage eff iciency to give the
sustainable economic gains in the future.
28 Ibid.
29 Maria van der Hoeven, Op.Cit

ASEAN Coal Trend
Chart 2 Economic Gains on Energy Efficiency
Source: Chart is adopted from Xunpeng Shi and Brett Jacobs, Clean Coal Technologies
in Developing Countries, accessed on December 23rd
2014, through http://ww w.
eastasiaforu m.org/2012/09/25/clean-coal-technolog ies-in-developin g-countries/
In ASEAN, the implementation of CCTs was
arranged during the MinisterialStatement
(JMS) at the 32nd
ASEAN Energy Meeting
(AMEM) on September 23rd
, 2014in
Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic.
In the attempt of CCTs implementation, the
cooperation with dialogue partners (Japan,
China, and Korea) is fostered, especially in
the technolog y development and funding .
The implementation of APAEC shows its
contribu tion to country’s awareness about
the energy reserve, like what Indonesia
experienced in 2010 to 2013. Indonesia
gained its coal reserve from 21,13 in 2010 to
31,36 Billion Ton in 2013.30
Indonesia is also
affected by the APAEC plan in realizing the
clean coal technolog y as Indonesia’s coal long
term strategy.
30 ― Coun try Repor ts Updates of Indonesia‖, Ministry of
Energy and Mineral Resources, delivered in 12th
AFOC
Meeting, Thailand, 21-22 May 2014.
Gains in fossil-fuel trade balances Increase in GDP
35 200 2.5%
30
160 2.0%
25
20 120 1.5%
15 80 1.0%
10
40 0.5%
5
Coal Gas Oil
Addi tional Import cost
expor trevenue savings
2020
Change
in GDP
2025 2030 2035
Percentage changein
GDP (right axis)
Billiondollars(2012)
Billiondollars(2012)

1
6
A
Challenges and Opportunities of
CoalSectoronFacingAEC
ccording to the value chain and
overview explanation above, to arrive
at the answer of prospect of coal
value chain of mining and coal trade in
ASEAN, the paper should be determined to
several factors which affected the flow of
produ ction and trade, such as the trend of
trade, the technolog y,governance,
transportation and connectivity, and
definitely the ASEAN energy policy. These
factors are examined with theconsideration
of upcoming ASEAN Economic Communi ty.
First, the trend of trade. Oil used to be the
major resource consumed by the ASEAN
countries. However, as the reserve of oil in
ASEAN is being depleted, coal appears as
another possible resource to explore. Based
on the data of ASEAN energy outlook during
the 1999 to 2007, the coal is an energy source
that has the fastest growth. The high demand
of coal is the result of the larger number of
coal-fired power plant installation all over
ASEAN countries. The consumption of coal is
projected to increase approximately 7.7% per
year from 2007 to 2030, due to the power
plant installment and industries. The trend of
coal and mining is further explained by the
increasing amoun t of intra ASEAN Trade31
on
coal and mining sector in 2010 that doubl ed
in 2013 and reached more than 11 billion US
Dollar in balance.
This situation proves that theenergy
consumption in ASEAN is getting higher as
well as the demand of coal in the region,
when the time is getting closer to the AEC
implementation. It also guarantees the
continuation of value chain in terms of supply
31 Both in expor t and impor t
and demand, because while the coal and
mining are continuou sly produ ced, the
demand is coming again and again.
Second, the technology, governance,
transportation, and connectivity. This four
aspects are interlinked to the success of
production, since the value chain stresses on
the flow of produ ction, which involves the
easy access of modern technology and
distribu tion. The modern technolog y
development is needed by the coun tries to
cultivate the energy produ ction. The more
sophisticated the technolog y, the production
will be more eff icient and resulting the high
quality. However it’s built widely vary across
the countries, as Myanmar and Cambodia still
has limited access to modern technolog y
while Singapore has reached 100 percent of
access.32
This triggers some countries in
ASEAN, which Government and state-owned
company unable to build high-technolog y to
manufacture the coal and mining materials,
to open the oppor tuni ty for foreign
companies to explore the mining and coal
within their land under specific regulations
and permission.
Since coal is claimed as the preferable energy
source than oil for its cheaper price and
flexibili ty to be distribu ted, the probl em no
longer spins around the coal as a material.
The challenge occurs on how fast and how
easy the coal is carried from the producer to
the consumer, for example from Indonesia to
Cambodi a. According to the nature of market
integration, the border restraint gradually
32 Hanan Nugroho, ―ASEAN Energy Cooperation: Facts and
Challenges‖, Jakarta Post May 19th
2011, accessed on
December 11th
2014 through http://ww w.thejakartapost.
com/news/2011/05/19/asean-energy-cooperation-facts-
and-challenges.html

ASEAN Coal Trend
perishes as the AEC is approaching, which
means the less cost for coal trade intra region.
Governance is the inseparable key element of
value chain. Regarding the attempt to build a
global and regional value chain, domestic
policy (including the added-value of coal and
mining process) becomesso essential. The
governance issue is also related to the
revenue transportation which is collected
from the coal and mining industry. Resources
Governance Index (RGI) which measures the
quality of governance in the oil, gas and
mining sector of 58 coun tries by looking at
four key areas of transparency and
accountabili ty such as institutional and legal
setting, reporting practices of government
disclosure of information, the presence and
quality of checks and oversight mechanisms
that encourage integri ty and guard against
conflicts of interest, the broader governance
environm ent, based on more than 30 external
measures of accountabili ty, government
effectiveness, rule of law, corrup tion and
democracy. Chart of RGI below, showing that
most ASEAN countries still perforrm poorly
on the index.33
Main finding of RGI repor t showing that
ASEAN countries still lack laws and
institutions that encourage integri ty and
openness, leading to poor performance, lack
effective moni toring of licensing decisions,
and poor government effectiveness, control
of corrup tion and the rule of law, and
Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam publi sh
very little information on resource revenues.34
From this condi tions, impor tant to push
coun tries on ensuring revenue from oil, gas
and mining sector used for society welfare.
For the future value chain, integrated
connection between each countries in ASEAN
needs to be realized. The realization of
integrated connection in ASEAN enhances
Chart 3: East Asia and Pacific Index scores and ranking
Source:Resources Governance index, 2013, Asia Pacific Index Revenue
Watch Institute (Country by country repor t : http://ww w.
resourcegovernance.org/rgi)
33 Resources Governance Index: A measure of transparency
and accoun tabili ty in the oil, gas and mine sector,
Revenue Watch Institute: 2013
34 Ibid

1
8
the efficiency of distribu tion in ASEAN.
Singapore, with its strategic location and
modern technolog y is ideal to be placed asa
hub to connect the coal and mining trade of
the entire countries in region. Singapore has
been well-kno wn as a key hub for oil and
maritime commerce for a long time, as it
covers the activities of the entirevaluechain
from exploration management, refinery, and
marketing and trading for energy produ cts.35
Consequently the plan will also work for the
coal and mining trade.
Third, ASEAN energy policy. The continuation
of ASEAN Centre for Energy, especially the
APAEC Plan, gives the guidance for each
country in ASEAN to compose the national
energy policy that meets the standard of
regional purpo se, for example the power
plant building , the agreement to reduce the
carbon emissions, and the use of cleancoal
technolog y. An agenda to foster the intra-
ASEAN coal and mining trade also signs that
ASEAN is moving forward to achievethe
regional self-sufficiency. The reason why it is
impor tant, as explained previously, because
the energy self-sufficiency leads to the
growth of economy and industrial activity,
which is crucial in facing the ASEAN Economic
Communi ty. In precise, harmoni zedpolicy
will make unprobl ematic produ ction and
distribu tion in the region, so that each
country has the abili ty to export and impor t
the commodi ty thoroughl y, which directly
affects the fulfillment of national demand of
energy.
Closing
Besides, the proli feration of modern
technolog y is also necessary to cultivated for
the countries with limi ted access. It helps the
countries to manage and conduct the coal
and mining produ ction properly and produ ce
the high quality produ cts. With the abili ty to
reach the demand and standard of good coal
and mining those coun tries will then actively
suppor t the intra ASEAN coal and mining
trade. Addi tionally, to tackle the challenge of
coal as energy source which contribu tes to
the environm ental pollu tant, an advanced
technolog y is also required. In this context,
strengthening regional cooperation on both
intra ASEAN and ASEAN with its dialogue
partners will be an alternative to acquire a
coal and mining trade which economi cally
and environm entally advantageous.
Moreover, the readiness of ASEAN coun tries
in the face of the AEC , especially in coal and
mining trade, not only rely on domestic
strategy of each country , but cooperation
and coordination on energy issues Including
coal and mining sectors in ASEAN level should
be maximized. Potential cooperation for
development and trade of mining and coal
must also be a key strategy of ASEAN
coun tries. The good common framework in
the management, development, and trade
should be buil t, as withou t it, the AEC will
become merely an ASEAN’s rhetoric.
35 Mark Hong, ―Overview of Singapore’s Energy Situation ‖,
Energy Perspectives on Singapore and the Region,
(Singapore: ISEAS, 2007), 2-3.

ASEAN Coal Trend
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ASEAN Coal Trend
Short Biography of Authors
Asra Virginianita, lecturer at Depertment of International Relations at Faculty of
Social and Political Sciences, University Indonesia. Got her Ph.d. from Meiji
gakuin University, Japan in 2014. She is research manager at Japan study
centre University of Indonesia, lead researcher in DIKTI on ―Perception and
Local Government Policy on facing ASEAN Economic Communi ty (AEC)‖.
She ever become speaker in some seminars about AEC in Makasar, Jambi,
International Seminar that held by Centre for International Relations
Studies (CIRes)- FISIP UI. She also active writing opinion in Media and journal
such as Jakarta Post, Global and Strategies Journal Airlangga University.
Santi H Paramitha was born on March, 11st
, 1992 in Surabaya,
East Java. She graduated from Department of International
Relations - University of Indonesia in 2014. She actively
engage as contribu tor and research assistant in ASEAN Study
Centre, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, University of
Indonesia. She concern in ASEAN China free trade agreement
and Asean Economic Communi ty(AEC) issues.
Meliana Lumbantoruan was born on July, 5th,
1987 in Indrapura-North
Sumatera. She got her Master degree from Department of International
Relations - Gadjah Mada University in 2013. She manage research and
knowledge management division and also manage progr amme of Southeast
Partnership for Extractive Reform in Publish What You Pay. Sheinterested
on Value chain, Asean Economic Communi ty, extractive industry
governance, communi ty advocacy and sustainable development issues.

ASEAN energy consumption is forecasted to rise because of the significant
growt h of economy and population in the region. Coal use continuou sly increase
as a replacement for oil and natural gas. ASEAN plays signi ficant roles in coal
consump tion and produ ction in Asia Pacific. Using the value chain approach,it
is projected that coal producer countries in ASEAN will have the chance to
maximize the market through bilateral trade or AEC framework. The AEC can
foster market integration in ASEAN, builds awareness of ASEAN countries to
develop their infrastructure in energy suff iciency, as well as develops clean coal
technolog y. Coal produ ction in ASEAN will still leant on Indonesia as themain
exporter in ASEAN. Energy policy of each country in ASEAN has a lot of things in
common , which provides the space of building further regional coooperation in
managing energy features. The future of coal sector in ASEAN will highly
depends on advancement of technolog y, improvement of governance, effeciency
of transportation, and connectivity between the countries. Strengthening
cooperation and coordin ation must be a key strategy for ASEAN countries to
ensure readiness in facing AEC.
PWYP Indonesia is a coalition of civil societies for transparency and accountability
of extractive resources governance in Indonesia. PWYP Indonesia was establishedin
2007, legalised under Indonesia’s law in 2012 as Yayasan TransparansiSumberdaya
Ekstraktif , and affiliates to the network of PWYP global campaign. PWYPIndonesia
works in transparency and accountability along the chain of extractive resource, from
development phase of contract and mining operation (publish why you pay and how
you extract), production phase and revenue from industries (publish what you pay), to
the spending phase of revenue for sustainable development and social welfare (publish
what you earn and how you spent).
Website: www.pwyp-indonesia.org
Email: sekretariat@pwyp-indonesia.org
Facebook Fanpage: Publish What You Pay Indonesia
Twitter:@PWYP_Indonesia

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