Overview of Biomass Utilization and Bioenergy from Forests

1. Woody Biomass Utilization
Marcia Patton-Mallory, PhD
Biomass and Bioenergy Coordinator, US Forest Service
CSU Biomass Short Course
Fort Collins, CO – January 2008

2. Overview
• Forest Resources, Climate
Change and Biomass
• Bioenergy
• Biobased
Products
• Sustainability

3. Managing our lands for energy, food and fiber

4. Total US Green House Gas Annual
Emissions by Sector (EPA, 2003)
40
35
30
25
forests and wood products
Percent CO2 Eq.
20
sequester 11% US GHG
emissions annually
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5. U.S. Carbon Emissions Displacement Potential from
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by 2030
Source: American Solar Energy Society. 2007. http://www.ases.org/climatechange/climate_change.pdf

6. Restoring Fire Adapted Forest Ecosystems
RA FRCC
http://www.landfire.gov/rapid_assessment.php

7. Forest Insect and Disease Risk

8. Potentially Available Forest Resource
70
60
20
15
50
7
Millon dry tonnes per year
15
40
10
14
30
47
44
42 25
20
32
29
7
10
10
8 7
0
Fuelwood
Logging Residue
Other Removal Residue
(Other Forestland)
(Forest Products)
(Forest Products)
Fuel Treatments
Urban Wood Residue
Wood Residues
Pulping Liquors
Fuel Treatments
(Timberland)
Growth
Unexploited
Existing Use
Source: DOE and USDA “Billion Ton Report” May 2005
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/biomass/publications.html

9. Agricultural and Wood Residues

10. Public vs Private Forests
Land Ownership Matters…
9% federal
58% federal

11. U.S. Energy Consumption
Total = 6.2 Quadrillion Btu
− 2% Wind
Domestic Natural Gas
21%
Domestic Petroleum − 45% Hydroelectric
9%
Domestic Coal
22%
− 5% Geothermal
Domestic Renewable
Energy
6%
Domestic Nuclear − 47% Biomass
Electric
8%
− 1% Solar
All Imports
34%
72% of biomass is wood based

12. Climate Change Mitigation
Pew Center on Global Climate Change 2007

13. Bioenergy: What is it?
• Thermal Energy
– Heat
– Steam
• Power
– Electricity
– Combined heat and power
• Biofuels
– Liquid transportation fuels
• Fermentation
• Gasification
– Methane (digesters)

14. Biomass Heat and Power

15. Biomass Power Plants

16. Fuels for Schools and Communities
Northern and Intermountain
Regions have partnered with
states and RC&D coordinators to
promote local community
biomass energy projects
Location
s of
Vermont
Schools
Using
Woody
Biomass
VT- by law funds 30% of school for
biomass heat projects, the balance is Heating
Source:
through bonds Vermont
Superintende
nts
Association

17. Example facility
biomass sources
(Urban Tree Residues)
(Municipal Solid Waste)
Source: Jefferson County Biomass Facility Feasibility Study McNeil Technologies Inc Jan 2005

18. Electricity Use and Generation
Coastal States
250000
Thousands of Megawatt-Hours/Year
200000
150000 Misc Renewabes
Hydro
Nuclear
Coal
Natural Gas-Fired
100000
Petroleum
Electric Usage
50000
0
OR
CA
WA
Source: EIA State Electricity Profiles, 2005. March 2007. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/st_profiles/sep2005.pdf

19. Electricity Use and Generation
Interior West
100000
90000
80000
Thousands of MW-Hours/Year
70000
60000 Misc Renewabes
Hydro
50000 Nuclear
Coal
Natural Gas-Fired
40000
Petroleum
Electric Usage
30000
20000
10000
0
ID
CO
NV
NM
UT
WY
AZ
MT
Source: EIA State Electricity Profiles, 2005. March 2007. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/st_profiles/sep2005.pdf

20. Source: American Solar Energy Society. 2007. http://www.ases.org/climatechange/climate_change.pdf

21. Renewable Portfolio Standards
MN: 25% by 2025 ME: 30% by 2000
VT: RE meets load 10% by 2017 - new RE
(Xcel: 30% by 2020)
growth by 2012
*WA: 15% by 2020
☼ NH: 23.8% in 2025
ND: 10% by 2015
WI: requirement varies by
MA: 4% by 2009 +
utility; 10% by 2015 goal
MT: 15% by 2015 1% annual increase
OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilities)
RI: 16% by 2020
5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities)
CT: 23% by 2020
IA: 105 MW
☼ NY: 24% by 2013
☼ *NV: 20% by 2015
☼ CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs) IL: 25% by 2025 ☼ NJ: 22.5% by 2021
*10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)
CA: 20% by 2010 ☼ PA: 18%¹ by 2020
MO: 11% by 2020
☼ MD: 9.5% in 2022
☼ NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs)
☼ *DE: 20% by 2019
☼ AZ: 15% by 2025 10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis)
☼ DC: 11% by 2022
☼ NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)
*VA: 12% by 2022
10% by 2020 (co-ops)
TX: 5,880 MW by 2015
State RPS
HI: 20% by 2020
State Goal
☼ Minimum solar or customer-sited RE requirement
* Increased credit for solar or customer-sited RE
¹PA: 8% Tier I / 10% Tier II (includes non-renewables)
(Source: Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy. 2007. “Renewables Portfolio Standards.” NC State University. NC Solar Center.
Available online at: http://www.dsireusa.org/documents/summarymaps/RPS_Map.ppt)

23. Biomass Incentives
AK - 2 (AK not shown)
Federal – 8 Programs
VT - 8
11 NH - 4
6
13 4
MA - 14
11 15 CT - 13
8 1 9 10
3 10 RI - 6
13 17 NJ - 9
3 8
9 4 8 3 DE - 7
1
13 4
14 1 5 2 DC - 6
7 MD - 10
1
1
6 3 9
11
2 1
1
11 3
4
State RPS
State Goal
6
Numbers of Incentives (State and Local)
(Source: Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy. 2007. “Renewables Portfolio Standards.” NC State University. NC Solar Center.
Available online at: http://www.dsireusa.org/documents/summarymaps/RPS_Map.ppt)

24. Biofuels

27. Net Energy and
Net GHG Emissions
Units of biofuel Reduction in GHG emissions to
produced from 1 unit of make ethanol compared to
fossil fuel gasoline made from fossil fuel
1.3 22%
Corn to ethanol
8 56%
Sugar Cane to ethanol
2.5 69%
Soybean to biodiesel
Up to 36 91%
Wood/Grass to ethanol
Data Sources (adapted from C.Mater, Mater Engineering)
•Corn to ethanol data: US DOE; EPS; Renewable Fuel's Association; Energy Future Coalition; Worldwatch Institute
•Cane to ethanol data: USDOE; Worldwatch Institute; Iowa State University
•Soy to biodiesel data: USDOE; EPA; Worldwatch Institute;
•Woody/grass biomass to ethanol: USDOE; EPA; WorldWatch Institute

28. U.S. Biorefinery Locations
U.S. Biorefinery Locations
Corn and Cellulosic Feedstocks
Source: Renewable Fuels Association 1.29.07
Source: Renewable Fuels Association 1.29.07
Cellulosic Ethanol Biorefineries Announced
Source: Media Announcements as of 3.07

29. Integrated Biobased Products and
Bioenergy Approach
Climate Change
Feedstock
Production effects
& adaptation
Management mitigation
carbon markets
Biobased
Harvest &
Products
Disposal
Delivery
&
Bioenergy
Utilization • Research & Development
• Technical Assistance
&
• Financial Assistance
Products • Land Management
• Public & Private Partnerships
• Collaborative Project Planning &
Development

30. Forest Service
Woody Biomass Utilization Strategy
Identify and build partnerships through
collaboration
Develop and deploy the needed
science and technology
Help develop new and expand markets
for bioenergy and biobased products
Facilitate a reliable and predictable
supply of biomass
Draft National Strategy- September 2007

31. Sustainability and Communities
Biobased Products and Bioenergy
air
culture and
quality
tradition watershed
protection
purchasing
power tree
agricultural
generation protection
zoning
recycling
pest
programs
management ecoindustrial
fuel
parks
choice incentive
programs
materials
heat power
Source: James and Lahti, 2004, The Natural Step for Communities

32. Sustainability and Bioenergy
• Forest Resource
Issues
• National Policy
• State Policy
• Public Interest
• Sustainability- Energy, Environment, Economy
Effective biomass policy is essential to achieving
sustainable forests in the United States

33. Thank you!
Contact Information:
(970) 295-5947
mpattonmallory@fs.fed.us
For more information, please visit:
http://www.fs.fed.us/woodybiomass