4. How do I organize this?
your
Resources
PECHA
KUCHA
5. How to
Organize
Greek oratorical
Classic organizing set-up for
argument
• Gathering in the Audience: establish
the topic, provide ethos, incite interest
• Provide the context for the debate:
give us background/history, prove that
this is a worthy topic, frame the debate
• Explain the parts of the speech: Give
the thesis
• Make the arguments: Give the
reasons and evidence for your position
• Refute the opposition: Anticipate the
other side and deflect their arguments
• Closing argument: often a pathos
appeal that sums up the case
6. How to
Organize
Monroe’s
Motivational
Modern marketing approach
to argument
• Attention: get the audience to
listen
• Need: get the audience to feel a
need or want
• Satisfaction: tell your audience
how to fill need or want
• Visualization: get the
audience to see the benefits of
the solution
• Action: encourage the
audience to do what is needed
to satisfy the need
10. An
example
Resolved:
States ought not
possess nuclear
weapons.
Gathering in the Audience: establish
the topic, provide ethos, incite interest
Question: How can we make
our audience start thinking
about the dangers of nuclear
weapons?
• What stories and anecdotes
can we tell? Hiroshima?
Oppenheimer?
• What stats or facts can we
present? Number of times the
worlds can be destroyed?
• Can we relate ourselves to the
topic? Stories of school drills
11. An
example
Resolved:
States ought not
possess nuclear
weapons.
Provide the context for the debate: give us
background/history, prove that this is a
worthy topic, frame the debate
Question: How can we
explain why we have nukes
and why it matters?
• What history, terminology, and fact
are needed? Who owns nukes? How
do they work?
• How important is this? Number of
times the world can be destroyed?
Radiation?
• What framing device can we use? A
million guns to our heads?
12. An
example
Resolved:
States ought not
possess nuclear
weapons.
Explain the parts of the speech: Give the
thesis
Question: What’s the one
sentence description of my
case?
• What arguments are you going to
make? Who is harmed or
benefitted?What principles are at
stake?
• What arguments are you going to
refute? Is the opposition wrong on
the facts or the priorities?
13. An
example
Resolved:
States ought not
possess nuclear
weapons.
Make the arguments: Give the reasons and
evidence for your position
Question: What are the
reasons why having nukes is
a bad idea?
• Who is harmed? Victims of war?
Taxpayers? People who live in poor
countries?
• What principle of morality is
broken? Utilitarianism? Kantian?
Libertarian?
• What framing device can we use? A
billion guns to our head?
14. An
example
Resolved:
States ought not
possess nuclear
weapons.
Refute the opposition: Anticipate the other side
and deflect their arguments
Question: Why is your
opponent wrong?
• What arguments will they make?
Nukes protect us. Nukes support
nuclear energy. Disarmament
makes us less safe.
• What facts are mistaken? Cost?
Possibility of terrorist acquisition?
• What priorities are mistaken?
Safety of the US vs. the world.
15. An
example
Resolved:
States ought not
possess nuclear
weapons.
Closing argument: often a pathos appeal that
sums up the case
Question: How can I close
the deal?
• What stories can I end with?
Victims of radiation?
• What facts can I end with? How
would a stolen nuke could devastate
Seattle?
• What question do I leave them
with?What world do we want to live
in?
16. Organization
Resolved:
States ought not
possess nuclear
weapons.
Begin finding the information
that answers your questions.
• (Slides 1-2) Gathering in the Audience:
Story of Hiroshima
• (Slides 3-4) Provide the context for the
debate: Facts on the history of nuclear
weapons
17. Organization
Resolved:
States ought not
possess nuclear
weapons.
Begin finding the information
that answers your questions.
• (Slide 5) Explain the parts of the
speech:
✦ Reason 1: Any country will be able
to build nukes.
✦ Reason 2:Terrorists might be able to
steal nukes.
✦ Reason 3: Small countries are
unfairly affected.
✦ Reason 4: Nukes are very expensive.
✦ Reason 5: Nukes don't make us safer.
18. Organization
Resolved:
States ought not
possess nuclear
weapons.
Begin finding the information
that answers your questions.
• (Slides 6-9) Reason 1: Any country will
be able to build nukes.
• (Slides 10-13) Reason 2: Terrorists might
be able to steal nukes.
• (Slides 14-15) Reason 3: Small countries
are unfairly affected.
• (Slides 16-17) Reason 4: Nukes are very
expensive.
19. Organization
Resolved:
States ought not
possess nuclear
weapons.
Begin finding the information
that answers your questions.
• (Slide 18-19) Refute the opposition:
Why nukes don’t make us safer.
• (Slide 20) Closing argument: Imagine
a world without nukes.
20. Research
What reasons
would this
audience
respond to?
• Reason 1: Any country will be able to
build nukes.
• Reason 2: Terrorists might be able to
steal nukes.
• Reason 3: Small countries are unfairly
affected.
• Reason 4: Nukes are very expensive.
• A Different Reason?
22. Final
pointsFigure out the Attention/
Background
1. What would interest them?
2. Why should the audience care?
3. What important values are in play
here?
4. What other issues is this one similar
to?
23. Final
pointsFigure outYour Line of Reasoning
1. What are all of the possible reasons?
2. Which ones will be most effective?
3. How much time will you need to support it?
4. What arguments are you going to need to
refute?
5. What concession might you need to make?
