DONOR FUNDED PROJECTS IN PAKISTAN

1. Donor Funded Project Guidelines and
Selection of Result Statements
Nudrat Mufti

2. LogicalFrameworkMatrix, KeyTerms:
Inputs Activities
Results:
Impact, Outco
me, Outputs
Indicators
Assumptions
and Risks

3. REMEMBER-IMPACT IS BLACK
OUTPUT
IS GREEN
OUTCOME
IS
ORANGE

4. Sélectionof Objectives
I. As we cannot solve all of the problems we need to prioritize items
from objectives tree.
II. Define potential solutions
III. Select the most appropriate solution
 What will the organisation not do?
 What will other organisation tackle or are already tackling?
 Existing capacities and opportunities: what can the affected people do
themselves?
 Constraints and risks; how vulnerable is the intervention to external
factors?
 What will the organisation do?
 Which objectives are compatible with the USAID fundamental
principles, mandate and policies?
 Which combination of objectives does our organisation and team have the
capacity to effectively address?
• SWOT(Strengths, Weaknesses/Limitations, Opportunities, and Threats)
Analysis to décide

5. ProjectObjectives Analysis
• Convert problem statements into objective statements
• Then into an objective tree. Problem tree shows cause-effect
relationships
• The objective tree shows means-end relationships.
• The means-end relationships show the means by which the
project can achieve the desired ends or future desirable
conditions.

6. Project Activities
• After defining the objectives, and specifying
how they will be measured objectively
verifiable indicators(OVIs)and where and
how that information will be found
measurable organizational value (MOVs) we
get to the detailed planning phase.
• We now determine what activities are
required to achieve each objective.
• The concrete interventions or tasks that
project personnel undertake to transform
inputs into outputs.

7. Activities
Output
• Short
• Within
control
Individual
group
Outcome
• Medium
• Effect of
Several
Output
Results
• Institution
Organization
Community
Impact
• Long
• Result of
other
Variables
• Country
Region
Society
Activities
Activities
Results chain

8. Results Chain (Example)
Inputs
Output
Results
Impact
Result
Activities
Outcome
Results
Train teachers Improved classroom
practices
Increased capacity of
teachers
Improved education
at provincial level

9. Levels of Results
Output
Results
(short-
term)
Outcome
Results
(medium-
term)
Impact
Results
(longer-
term)

10. DifferenceBetweenActivities& Output Results
• Activities are actions to be undertaken within the
scope of the project.
• Completed activities are not output results.
• Output results are the short-term effects of
completed activities.

11. 11
Outputs
Outcome
Inputs
Activities
Increased access to quality education services
Better educated population
Improved curricula and materials, teaching
skills, and systems for school management
Materials development, teacher training,
and management capacity building
Impact
Money, facilities, trainers, materials
Results Chain
How?

12. Characteristics of Effective Results
Specific (in relation to beneficiaries, gender, location)
Measurable
Achievable
Relevant
Time bound
SMART

13. General Guideline and Selection of Results
Statements
Results Normally
Expressed In Terms
Increased Decreased Improved Enhanced Strengthened

14. General Guideline for Development and
Selection of Output Statements
Should be achieved by the mid point of a
project
Commonly expressed in terms of
individuals/groups
Immediate, visible, concrete developmental
change that is the tangible consequence of
project inputs/activities

15. For example :
• MIS system designed and functioning
• Improved planning skills of NGO partners
• Increased collaboration between NGO
partners and local government officials
(male /female )
Output Results

16. General Guideline For Development And
Selection Of Outcome Statements
The developmental change in the
beneficiaries of the project
Commonly expressed in terms of
community, institution, organization
Should be achieved by the end of a
project

17. General Guideline for Development and
Selection of Impact Result Statements
The higher level, long-term effects that are usually
not measurable until after a project ends
Linked to the project goal
Expressed in terms of region, country, province
Projects are not responsible for measuring results
at the impact level

18. Measuring Results Through
Indicators
• Indicators must be identified to measure
output and outcome results.
• An indicator is a pointer, measurement, a
number, a fact, an opinion, or a perception
that helps you to measure the progress
towards achieving results.
• Indicators are to be used during
implementation to monitor progress toward
the achievement of expected results

19. Types of Indicators
Quantitative indicators:
• Measures of quantity
• Examples: # of, % of, frequency of ….
Qualitative indicators:
• Involve people’s perceptions about a subject
• Examples: quality of, extent of, degree of…

20. GeneralGuidelinefor Indicator Development
and Selection
• Indicators measure whether results have been
achieved
• Indicators denote change over time
• Indicators illustrate the cause and effect
relationships between inputs and results
• Start an indicator with
• Number of ….
• % age of the ratio of……
• Quality of…
• Perceptions of…

21. Brainstorm possible indicators Does the indicator really measure the result?
Can we get reliable data for this indicator, now
and in the future?
Does this indicator permit us to measure the
result over time?
Does it provide information upon which
decisions can be based?
Can we afford to use this indicator?
Does this indicator make it easy to communicate
the status of the result?
Is this indicator gender-sensitive?
Discard indicator or keep in
reserve
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Confirmed
Valid
Reliable
Sensitive to
change
Useful
Affordable
Simple
Gender-sensitive
General Guideline for Indicator Development and Selection
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

22. Examples of Indicators
Result: Strengthened human rights capacity of regional
and local government councilors (male /female ) in X
districts.
Indicators:
• Number of local government councilors (male /female ) trained in human
rights
• Number of human rights trainings held
• Number and type of cases attended to by trained local government
councilors
• Degree of human rights commitment by trained councilors (male/female )
• Number of human rights cases occurring in the target area

23. USAID’s criteria for assessing
performance indicators include:
• Direct (valid) -- closely represents the result it is intended to
measure.
• Objective -- unambiguous about what is being measured; has
a precise operational definition that ensures comparability
over time.
• Practical -- data can be collected on a timely basis and at
reasonable cost.
• Adequate -- only the minimum number of indicators necessary
to ensure that key dimensions of a result are sufficiently
captured.
• Reliable -- data are of sufficient quality for confident decision-
making.
• Disaggregated where possible -- by characteristics such as
sex, age, economic status, and location,