this is our presntation for kare workshop in conjunction with SITIS IEEE conference held in Marrakech, Morocco, november 2009

1. Referenceontology Leïla Zemmouchi-Ghomari, l_zemmouchi@esi.dz Abdessamed Réda Ghomari, a_ghomari@esi.dz LMCSLaboratory, ESI (National Superior School of Computer Science) Algiers, Algeria KARE InternationalWorkshop In conjunctionwithSITIS, IEEE International Conference November 29th-December 04th 2009 held in Marrakech, Morocco

2. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 2 Introduction Semantic web Knowledgeshare Need ofdomain ontologies Many ontologies built Most ofthemaretoospecific domain Reference ontologies

3. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 3 Contents Whatis a Referenceontology? Whatisexpectedfromthisontology? How to buildit? What are the mostfamousReference ontologies?

4. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 4 Whatis a Referenceontology? Nicolas Guarinouses the term : « Referenceontology » for the first timeduring the 26th GermanConference on Artificial Intelligence (September 15th-18th 2003 held in Hamburg) SinceThen, there have been ManyReferenceontologydefinitionsproposedwhichhighlitedits main features, such as: To Describe a certain domainadequately  Tobetrue about a certain portion of reality  To beindependentfromspecific objectives  To bevalidated by a large community of domain experts 

5. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 5 Whatis a Referenceontology? « Domain Reference ontologies representknowledge about a particular part of the world in a waythatisindependentfromspecific objectives, through a theory of a domain» Anita Burgun, Desiderata for domainreference ontologies in biomedicine, Journal of Biomedical information, 39(2006) 307-313.

6. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 6 Whatis a Referenceontology? Purpose Application Expressiveness FoundationalOntology Vs. Reference Ontology Reference Lightweight Heavyweight Specificity Core Domain Generic

8. Make use of methods of top-level ontologies

9. Generalize to otherdomains (more specificdomains)

10. Domain-independenttheories

11. High degree of representationalaccuracy

12. Designed to be used ascontrols on other ontologies types

13. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 8 Whatis a Referenceontology? WhenReferenceontologyisgeneric, the twoontology types are equivalent. Otherwise, theybelong to different abstraction levels: Conclusion RequiressolidPhilosophical Background

14. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 9 Whatis a Referenceontology? Purpose Reference Vs. Application ontologyontology Application Expressiveness Reference Lightweight Heavyweight Specificity Core Domain Generic

16. Provides a minimal terminological structure

18. Lightweight ontologies, designedaccording to the viewpoint of an end-user in a particulardomain

19. Can bederivedfromReferenceontology

20. Broad and Deep:

21. maximal coverage

23. Rich, axiomatictheories, designedaccording to strict ontologicalprinciples

25. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 12 Whatis a Referenceontology? Purpose Application Reference Vs. Core ontologyontology Reference Specificity Core Domain Generic

27. Defines concepts which are generic across a set of domains,

28. Focuses on a domain application withoutbeingrestricted to specific applications

29. Built in agreement withfoundational ontologies or based on wellfoundedmethodologies

30. Declare a theory about a particulardomain of reality

31. Generalize to otherdomains

32. Representsknowledge about a particular part of the world in a waythatisindependentfromspecific objectives

34. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 15 2. WhatisexpectedfromReferenceontology? Referenceontologycouldcontributesignificantly to severalresearch areas, like: a. OntologyMatching: Referenceontologyprovidesthe contextin whichitiseasier to match ontologies (by managingdifferencesthat arise betweenthese ontologies)

35. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 16 WhatisexpectedfromReferenceontology? a. OntologyMatching : In a concreteway, Referenceontologyreducessignificantly the number of mappingsbetween ontologies to bematched:  PairwiseAlignment n(n-1)/2 mappings Alignmentthrough a Reference (n-1) mappings

36. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 17 WhatisexpectedfromReferenceontology? b. Ontology Evaluation: If we have to compare several ontologies to eachother, the Referenceontologycouldplay the role of a framwork to facilitatethisevaluation, for example: In the Information Retrievalfield, itisfrequent to compare between ontologies for deducingwhichontologyisthe more relevant for the IR task, the Referenceontologyrepresentshere the corpus in which the taskwillbeachieved.

37. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 18 WhatisexpectedfromReferenceontology? c. Semantic web : Referenceontologycouldprovide a commonconceptualfoundation for variousresources on the semantic web. Referenceontology has the potential to linkheterogeneous application ontologies together in the semantic web.

38. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 19 Semantic web Knowledgeshare Need ofdomain ontologies Many ontologies built Most ofthemaretoospecific The link betweenthesespecificresources will beassuredby the Reference ontology

39. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 20 3. How to build a Referenceontology? On the basis of Domain ontologies By Extensions or Specialization of Foundational ontologies Reference Coreontology Core Generic

40. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 21 3. How to build a Referenceontology? O2 O1 On the basis of Domain ontologies By Extensions or Specialization of Foundational ontologies o3 Inputs: Describe the same Domain DOLCE CYC SUMO BFO OCHRE ReferenceOntology ReferenceOntology Analysis and Synthesis Reuse Output

41. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 22 3. How to build a Referenceontology? Foundationalontology Foundation and Semantics Philosophical background Domain independent Referenceontology Extensions, Specializations, Instanciations Matching, Merging Domain ontology Passage Rulesbetweenontologylevels

42. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 23 4. What are the mostfamous Reference ontologies? Most of existent References ontologies belong to Biomedicaldomain. The OBO (Open Biomedical Ontologies) Foundryisvery active in development of biomedicalReference ontologies.

43. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 24 ChemicalEntities of biologicalinterest CellOntology SequenceOntology Foundational Model of Anatomy Relation ontology Protein ontology Functional Genomics investigation ontology RNA ontology Gene Ontology 4. What are the mostfamous Reference ontologies?

44. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 25 4. What are the mostfamous Reference ontologies?

46. Formalways to derive application ontologies from the Referenceontology (suchassemantic web query languages)Purposes: ClarifyReference ontology paradigm Highlight Reference ontology benefits

47. 23/11/2009 KARE'09 27 Thank you for your attention! Any Questions?