"عسى ان تكون علما ينتفع به" Vitamins for poultry Water soluble vitamins

1. Water Soluble Vitamins for Poultry

2. Water-soluble Vitamins
The water-soluble vitamins of the B group;
1. B1
2. B2
3. B6
4. B12
5. Biotin
6. Folic acid
7. Niacin
8. Pantothenic acid

3. Cont. …
 They act as co-enzymes, and are hence very important for the
metabolism.
 Each co-enzyme is specialized on specific metabolic reactions.
 Vitamin C and choline are also water-soluble; however, there
is currently no evidence for any co-enzyme function.

4. Cont. …
The most important co-enzymes of the water-soluble vitamins and their main
functions
Vitamin Main co-enzymes Main functions
Vitamin B1 Thiamine pyrophosphate Carbohydrate metabolism
Vitamin B2 FAD, FMN (hydrogen transfer) Energy metabolism
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxal phosphate Amino acid metabolism
Vitamin B12 Cyanocobalamin (transfer of methyl groups) Protein turnover
Biotin Pyruvate-acetyl-CoA -carboxylase Fatty acid metabolism and energy metabolism
Folic acid Tetrahydrofolic acid Amino-and nucleic acid metabolism
Niacin NAD, NADP (hydrogen transfer) Energy metabolism
Pantothenic acid Co-enzyme A Fat metabolism and energy conversion
Vitamin C – Redox reactions
Choline – Fat metabolism, transmission of neural impulses

5. Synthesis …
 The B vitamins can be produced by microbes in the stomach
and intestine.
 In ruminants, auto-synthesis occurs when the rumen system is
functioning normally.
 In pigs, bacterial synthesis of the B vitamins takes place in the
large intestine, where they are absorbed only to a limited
degree.

6. Storage …
 Animals are not able to store major quantities of the water-
soluble vitamins, so that a continuous supply has to be
assured.

7. Deficiency …
An insufficient supply of the B vitamins will lead to:
1. Reduced activity of the corresponding enzyme and in turn
metabolic disorders.
2. Disorders of the skin, mucous membranes and hair.
3. Impaired immune system.
4. Reduced performance.

8. Vitamin B1

9. Natural Sources and Bioavailability
 Vitamin B1 (thiamine) occurs in all feeds in various
concentrations.
– Cereals and middlings, oilseed meals, dairy products and brewer´s
yeast are rich in vitamin B1.
– Tapioca, dried sugar beet pulp, meat meal, fishmeal and coconut meal
are poor.
 The vitamin B1 in feedstuffs is well utilized by animals.
 There are antagonists that can limit utilization considerably.

10. Physiological Effects
 In its phosphorylated form (thiamine pyrophosphate);
1. It is indispensable to degradation processes in CHO
metabolism.
2. It is important for the function of neural and cardiac
tissue.
3. It is necessary for the peristalsis of the stomach and
intestine.
 In the form of thiamine triphosphate;
1. It is a possible activating substance for the stimulation of
peripheral nerves.

11. Deficiency Symptoms
1. Reduced feed consumption.
2. Insufficient energy utilization.
3. Growth depression and weakness.

12. Antagonists
1. Thiaminases
– In fresh fish
2. Feed contaminated with bacteria or fungi.
3. Amprolium (coccidiostat), especially when administered at
high levels.
4. Phenol derivatives and heavy metals, e.g. arsenic and
mercury.

13. Vitamin B2

14. Natural Sources and Bioavailability
 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is contained in feed of plant and
animal origin.
 Feedstuffs of animal origin, especially dairy products such as
skim milk and whey powders and brewer´s yeast, have a high
vitamin B2 content.
 Feedstuffs of plant origin, e.g. cereals and tapioca, have a low
vitamin B2 content.
 The vitamin B2 contained in the feed is only partly
bioavailable.

15. Physiological Role
 Riboflavin, which is almost always bound to proteins
(flavoproteins), is a component of the co-enzymes:
1. FMN (flavin mononucleotide)
2. FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
 It is of importance for the following:
1. Hydrogen transfer within the respiratory chain for energy
metabolism.
2. Oxidation and reduction processes for producing and
breaking down fatty acids and amino acids.

16. Deficiency Symptoms
1. Inflammatory skin disorders (atrophy, hyperkeratosis,
hyperplasia)
2. Neurological disorders.
3. Retarded growth, poor feed conversion efficiency and
diarrhea.
4. Curled Toe Paralysis in chicks.
5. Reduced hatchability and higher losses during rearing.

17. Vitamin B6

18. Natural Sources and Bioavailability
 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) is found in feed of plant and animal
origin.
 Feedstuffs of plant origin such as cereals, milling by-products,
extracted oilseed meals and brewer´s yeast are rich in vitamin
B6.
 Feedstuffs of animal origin and tapioca are poor in vitamin B6.
 The vitamin B6 contained in feed of plant origin is only
partially bioavailable: 65% in soybean meal, and 50% in maize.

19. Physiological Role
 Vitamin B6 as a component of the co-enzyme pyridoxal-5´-
phosphate plays a central part in:
1. Transamination, decarboxylation and racemising
processes during the metabolism of amino acids.
2. The breaking down of tryptophan (e.g. in niacin
synthesis) requires the enzyme kynureninase, which is
linked to vitamin B6.
3. CHO metabolism by participating in phosphorylation.

20. Deficiency Symptoms
1. Retarded growth, reduced feed consumption and protein
retention.
2. Skin inflammation.
3. Damage to liver and heart.
4. Disorders of blood parameters.
5. Malfunction of the peripheral and central nervous systems.)
6. Reduced hatchability in poultry.

21. Antagonists
 Inhibiting factor in linseed.

22. Vitamin B12

23. Natural Sources and Bioavailability
 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) only occurs in feed of animal origin.
 Fishmeal and skim milk powder are rich in vitamin B12.
 Microbes will produce sufficient quantities of B12 in the
rumen if feed with a sufficient cobalt content (> 0.1 mg/kg dry
matter) is consumed.
 The vitamin B12 present in feed is normally well utilized.

24. Physiological Role
1. Production and growth of blood cells.
2. Production of the co-enzyme 5-desoxyadenylcobalamin,
which is necessary for the utilization of propionic acid and
thus for the production of glucose and lactose in ruminants.
3. Production of the co-enzyme methylcobalamin, which is
necessary for methylation reactions and hence e.g. for the
metabolism of methionine.

25. Deficiency Symptoms
1. Reduced synthesis of DNA and protein.
2. Growth disorders.
3. Lower feed conversion.
4. Anaemia.
5. Rough coat and inflammation of the skin.
6. Poor plumage, reduced hatchability and increased embryo
mortality.

26. Antagonists
 Tannic acid reduces the absorption of vitamin B12

27. Biotin

28. Natural Sources And Bioavailability
 Biotin is present in many feeds of animal and plant origin.
 Biotin-rich products are brewer´s yeast and extracted oilseed
meals.
 Poor sources of biotin are cereals and tapioca.

29. Cont. …
 Monogastric animals are not always able to assimilate a
sufficient percentage of biotin from plant feed (0–10% in
wheat, 20–30% in barley).
 Higher levels of utilization are achieved with maize and
soybean meal.

30. Physiological Role
 Biotin is required as a co-enzyme for the production of a
number of enzymatic systems (carboxylases).
 Biotin-dependent enzymes play an important role in the
several metabolic processes:
1. Fatty acid synthesis (acetyl-CoA carboxylase)
2. Gluconeogenesis (pyruvate carboxylase)
3. Propionic acid metabolism (propionyl-CoA carboxylase)
4. Decomposition of leucine (methyl crotonyl-CoA-
carboxylase)
5. Synthesis of DNA and RNA (via purine synthesis)

31. Deficiency Symptoms
Various symptoms occur according to the severity and duration
of the deficiency:
1. Retarded growth and fertility disorders.
2. Skin disorders.
3. Poor plumage, inflammatory lesions of beak, legs and
toes, fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS)

32. Antagonists
 Avidin in raw egg white

33. Folic acid

34. Natural Sources and Bioavailability
 Folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) is a generic term for various
compounds, also known collectively as folates.
 The biologically active form of folic acid is tetrahydro folic
acid.
 Folates are found in feeds of both plant and animal origin.
 Folate-rich feedstuffs are lucerne green meal and brewer´s
yeast.
 Folate-poor feedstuffs are tapioca and cereals.

35. Cont. …
 In feed, folates are found as monoglutamates and as
polyglutamates.
– Polyglutamates have a very low bioavailability, so that
natural folic acid can only partly be utilized by monogastric
animals.
 Only 20–60% of the folates in cereals is utilized by poultry and
pigs.

36. Physiological Role
 Folic acid in the form of tetrahydrofolic acid is biologically
active as a co-enzyme, with the following metabolic
functions:
1. Transfer of specific C1 units (methyl and formyl groups),
which are important for cell growth, cell division and cell
differentiation in the metabolism of proteins and of DNA
and RNA.
2. Together with vitamin B12, it converts homocysteine into
methionine.

37. Deficiency Symptoms
1. Macrocytic anaemia.
2. Damage to the skin and mucous membranes.
3. Disorders of growth
4. Bad plumage and depigmentation
5. Perosis,
6. Increased embryo mortality
7. Reduced hatchability
8. Laying performance

38. Antagonists
 Sulphonamides and aflatoxins in feed and in drugs to inhibit
intestinal microflora.

39. Additional Effects
 Increased antibody production.

40. Niacin
(nicotinic acid/nicotinamide)

41. Natural Sources and Bioavailability
 Niacin is found as nicotinic acid in varying concentrations in
almost all feeds of plant origin.
 Brewer´s yeast, bran, green forage and plant protein feeds are
rich in niacin.
 Maize and dairy products are poor in niacin.

42. Cont. …
 Nicotinamide is frequent in animal cells.
 Minor quantities are produced by microbial synthesis in the
intestine and by transformation of the amino acid tryptophan.
 From a physiological point of view, nicotinic acid and
nicotinamide can be considered as equivalent sources of
niacin.
 Pigs, poultry and ruminants possess a limited capability to
utilize niacin derived from wheat.

43. Physiological Role
1. Constituent of NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and
NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) which
act as hydrogen-transferring co-enzymes and participate in
vital metabolic reactions (carbohydrates, fats and amino
acids)
2. Key functions in energy metabolism.

44. Deficiency Symptoms
1. Functional disorders of the nervous system.
2. Skin disorders (pellagra)
3. Increased peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract.
4. Retarded growth.
5. Inflammation and ulcers of the mucous membranes.
6. Disorders of feather development .
7. Reduced laying activity and brood capability in poultry.

45. Pantothenic acid

46. Natural Sources and Bioavailability
 Pantothenic acid is found in almost all types of feed.
 Dairy products, fish solubles, brewer´s yeast, middlings, green
meals and oilseed meals are rich in pantothenic acid.
 Beans, dried beet pulp and meat meal are poor in pantothenic
acid.
 Pantothenic acid in feed stuffs can be well utilized.

47. Physiological Role
1. As a constituent of co-enzyme A in synthesis and degradation
processes in the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and
fats.
2. Production of acetylcholine for the function of neural cells.
3. Function of skin and mucous membranes.
4. Pigmentation of hair.

48. Deficiency Symptoms
1. Alterations of the skin and mucous membranes.
2. Loss of pigmentation.
3. Rough coat, loss of hair and feathers.
4. Decreased synthesis of steroid hormones.
5. Poor appetite and diarrhea due to functional disorders in the
gastrointestinal tract.
6. In poultry, scabby crusts on the toes and beak, secretions
around the eye, low hatchability, increased embryonic
mortality and poor plumage.

49. Vitamin C

50. Natural Sources and Bioavailability
 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is not found in many feedstuffs, and
degrades rapidly during storage and processing.
 Feedstuffs rich in vitamin C are green forage and potatoes.
 The vitamin C present in stuffs can be utilized very well.

51. Physiological Role
1. Antioxidant effect
– Removal of radicals and lipid peroxyl compounds in the cell
metabolism in co-operation with other antioxidative vitamins such as
vitamin E and ß–carotene.
2. Regulation of calcium metabolism by activating vitamin D3
metabolites.
– Collagen synthesis in bones, cartilage, muscles, skin and eggshell.
3. Function of macrophages, granulocytes and lymphocytes in
the immune system.

52. Cont. …
4. Inhibition of stress reactions caused by reduced hormone
production (cortisol).
5. Improved fertility-linked properties such as sperm quality,
follicle maturation and progesterone synthesis.
6. Improved resorption of iron.
7. Reduction of the toxic effects of heavy metals such as lead,
cadmium and nickel.

53. Deficiency Symptoms
1. Susceptibility to infections and parasites.
2. Retarded growth.
3. Bone diseases.
4. Reduced eggshell stability.
5. Increased susceptibility to stress factors such as heat,
transport and housing changes.
6. Reduced immune reaction in general and after vaccination.
7. Decreased fertility in both males and females.

54. Additional Effects
1. Increased antibody production.
2. Better resistance of younger animals through increased
content in the colostrum (unspecific immunity).

55. Choline

56. Natural Sources and Bioavailability
 Choline is present in all feeds.
 Feeds rich in choline are protein-based feeds of animal origin,
yeasts and some extracted oilseed meals.
 Tapioca and corn have a poor choline content.

57. Cont. …
 Choline from soybean meal is bioavailable to 60–70%.
 The bioavailability of choline from cereals is lower, and in the
case of rapeseed meal falls to 25%.
 With a sufficient supply of methionine, serine, folic acid and
vitamin B12, choline can be produced in the liver.
 Young animals and broilers are not capable of producing
sufficient choline quantities for their own requirements.

58. Physiological Role
1. Production of phospholipids (e.g. lecithin) and lipoproteins.
2. Transport and metabolism of fats.
3. Production of electrical signals in nerve cells (involved in the
production of acetyl choline)
4. In a phospholipid form, choline is a constituent in most cell
types.
5. Methyl group donor in metabolism (other methyl group
donors in metabolism are e.g. methionine and betaine)

59. Deficiency Symptoms
1. Functional disorders in fat metabolism and fatty liver.
2. Functional disorders in joints and bones (perosis of poultry)
3. Retarded growth, mainly of young animals.
4. Increased mortality in chicks.

60. Additional Effects
 Higher choline supplements may improve growth and feed
conversion of high-fat rations, especially in broiler production.