The document discusses modeling personalization in educational designs using IMS Learning Design (IMS LD). IMS LD is a specification that provides a formal syntax for expressing educational designs. It discusses three levels of complexity in IMS LD and two perspectives on personalization - tailoring processes towards individuals and giving individuals control over processes. Previous work on adapting IMS LD is summarized. The research question of how to model personalization in educational designs using IMS LD is stated. Key elements of orchestrating learning and personalization are defined. Approaches to modeling choice, sequence, arrangement, availability and interaction using IMS LD levels A and B are described. Gaps and challenges in fully expressing educational ideas are outlined.

1. Orchestrating Learning using Adaptive Educational Designs in IMS Learning Design Marion R. Gruber, Christian Glahn , Marcus Specht, & Rob Koper CELSTEC, Open University of the Netherlands

19. Modelling Choice and Sequence (IMS LD Level A)

21. Modelling Arrangement and Availability (IMS LD Level B) Learning activity Learning activity Architecture concept Architect Learning activity Learning activity Learning activity Learner note

22. Modelling Arrangement and Availability (IMS LD Level B)

23. Modelling Arrangement and Availability (IMS LD Level B)