Basic components of food & metabolism part 2

Basic Components of Food
& Metabolism –Part 2
• Presented By –
• Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
(M.D in Ayurvdic Medicine
& M.D. in Ayurvedic
Physiology)
• www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Mobile – 922 68 10 630
• professordeshpande@gm
ail.com
8/4/2016 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 1

8/4/2016 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 28/4/2016 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 2
Sharir Kriya -- Paper I –
Part B –Point f
• Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande (M.D in Ayurvdic
Medicine & M.D. in Ayurvedic Physiology)
• www.ayurvedicfriend.com
• Mobile – 922 68 10 630
• mailme.drrrdeshpande@rediffmail.com

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Minerals
• Minerals are necessary for the body as they
control a number of regulatory & protective
functions in the body which are as follows:
• 1) Calcium & phosphorus are necessary for the
formation of bones & teeth.
• 2) Calcium helps in the clotting of blood.
• 3) Phosphorus is necessary for the formation of
ATP in cells

Minerals
• 4) Iron being an important constituent of
hemoglobin acts as an oxygen carrier.
• 5) Iodine is an important component of the
hormone Thyroxine which controls the
physical & mental growth of the body.
• 6) Fluorine prevents dental caries

1) Calcium, phosphorus
• Sources of calcium
• Plant sources - (1) Ragi (2) Legumes &
pulses (3) Nuts & oil seeds (til) (4) Green
leafy vegetables (5) Dry fruits such as
black currants & dry dates.
• Animal sources - 1) Milk & milk products,
• 2) Fish, crab & prawns.

Sources of phosphorus
• Plant sources - 1) Cereals & legumes 2)
Nuts & oil seeds.
• Animal sources - 1) Milk 2) Poultry &
seafood 3) Egg.

Functions of
calcium & phosphorus
• 1) Development of bones & teeth -
Calcium & phosphorus offer rigidity &
firmness to bones. They are also essential
for the development of teeth.
• 2) Regulation of muscles - Calcium
regulates the contraction & relaxation of
muscles

Functions of
calcium & phosphorus
• 3) Blood clotting - Calcium helps in the
clotting of blood.
• 4) Conduction of nerve impulses -
Calcium plays an important role in the
conduction of nerve impulses.
• 5) Generation of ATP - Phosphorus is
essential for the formation of ATP in cells.

2) Iron
• Sources of iron
• Plant sources - (1) Whole grain cereals,
legumes & pulses (2) Dry fruits like black
currants & dry dates (3) Green leafy
vegetables (4) Nachani (5) Jaggery
• Animal sources - Kidney & liver.

Functions of iron
• 1) Carrier of oxygen - Hemoglobin of blood,
which is an iron compound acts as oxygen
carrier.
• 2) Muscle action - Myoglobin which is an iron -
protein complex is necessary for the action of
muscles of the body.
• 3) Oxidation of carbohydrates, proteins & fats -
Iron facilitates the complete oxidation of
carbohydrates, proteins & fats.

3) Iodine
• Sources of iodine
• Plant sources - Fruits & vegetables grown
in iodine rich soil.
• Animal sources - Salt, water fish &
shellfish

Functions of iodine
• 1) Iodine is an important component of the
hormone Thyroxine secreted by the
thyroid gland.
• 2) The hormone Thyroxine regulates
physical & mental growth of the body.

4) Fluorine
• Source of fluorine - Drinking water.
• Functions of fluorine
• 1) Fluorine plays an important role in
keeping bones & teeth healthy.
• 2) Regular intake of fluorine in small
amounts, i.e. 0.8 ppm prevents dental
caries.

Sources of water
• Drinking water –
• The water, which we drink, is the main source of
water for our body.
• We should consume atleast 1. 5 to 2 liters of
water a day.

Sources of water
• Water contributed by food –
• The food substances, which we consume,
contain water in varying amounts.
• Fruits & vegetables contain 70 to 90 per
cent water while milk contains 80 to 85 per
cent water

Sources of water
• Water contributed by beverages –
• Beverages such as tea, coffee, aerated
drinks; juices, etc. provide water to our
body.
• Water used in food preparations - Juices,
soups, dals, kheer, rice etc. provide water
in plenty to our body.

Sources of water
• Metabolic water –
• There are number of metabolic activities
that take place in our body.
• During these metabolic activities, water is
produced as a by - product.
• This water, which is called metabolic
water, is also available to the body.

Functions (Importance)
of water
• 1) Major constituent of the body
• 1) Water is one of the major constituents of
our body.
• Out body contains about 65 per cent
water.
• Infants have a higher percentage of water,
i.e. 75 per cent in their body.

Functions of water
• All body fluids such as blood, saliva,
digestive juices, sweat & urine contain
water.
• 3) Water is an important constituent of
protoplasm.
• 2) Universal solvent - Water dissolves a
wide variety of substances including the
products of digestion & transports them to
the various organs of the body.

Functions of water
• Removal of waste matters from the body -
Water plays an important role in the
removal of waste matters from the body.
• 4) Regulation of body temperature -
Water plays an important role in regulating
the body temperature through evaporation
of water from the skin & lungs.

Functions of water
• 5) Lubrication of joints & prevention of
friction –
• Water lubricates the joints & prevents
friction between the moving parts.

The following body fluids
contain water
• 1) Blood
• 2) Saliva
• 3) Sweat
• 4) Digestive juices
• 5) Urine.

Food that contribute water
• 1) Fruits
• 2) Vegetables
• 3) Milk
• 4) Curries
• 5) Soups, etc.

Comparison –
Carbohydrate & Proteins

Fat & Water Soluble vitamins

Vitamin E & K

Vitamin A & C

Folic Acid & Ascorbic Acid

Dietary Deficiency Diseases
• The reasons for high incidence of
nutritional deficiency diseases among the
poorer sections of the society in India are
as follows
• 1) Faulty food habits such as irregular
meals, poor eating & unhygienic
practices of handling foods.

Dietary Deficiency Diseases
• 2) The poor intake of proteins.
•
• 3) Consumption of vitamins & minerals
below the desired level.
• 4) No fulfilment of basic calorie
requirement

Malnutrition
• Malnutrition means disordered nutrition.
• Hazards (Effects) of malnutrition
•
• 1) Malnutrition is hazardous to physical &
physiological well - being of an
individual.
• 2) Malnutrition affects mental & emotional
state of an individual.

Malnutrition
• 3) The physical, mental & social
performance of a malnourished individual
becomes subnormal.
• 4) An individual who is undernourished is
susceptible to infectious diseases like
cold, cough & fever.
• 5) Undernourished children become prone
to diseases like rickets, marasmus &
anemia.

Malnutrition
• 6) The over nourished people become
over - weight & obese.
• 7) The over nourished individuals become
more prone to diseases like diabetes,
arthritis, hypertension & other
cardiovascular diseases.

Obesity & BMI

Obesity Causes & Effects

Obesity & Skin fold thickness
Sites for Skin Fold
Thickness
How to measure Skin fold
Thickness

Types of Obesity

Waist Hip Ratio

Waist Hip Ration Norms

Complications of Obesity

Causes (Reasons) of
energy malnutrition
• The main reasons of energy malnutrition are as
follows
• 1) Ignorance about the kind, quality & quantity of
food to be taken.
• 2) Faulty food habits such as irregular meals,
poor eating or rigid eating habits.
• 3) Unhygienic practices of handling of foods.
• 4) Faulty handling of foods.
• 5) Poverty

Undernourished person
• The general effects on physical &
physiological well - being of an
undernourished person are as follows
• 1) Weight & height of an undernourished
person is generally below the standard
level.
• 2) The undernourished person is
susceptible to infections due to low
resistance of the body.

Undernourished person
• 3) The physical, mental & social
performance of an undernourished person
is subnormal.
•
• 4) The undernourished person becomes
prone to diseases like Rickets &
Anaemia.

4 effects of deficiency of
protein & energy
• 1) Listless & miserable
• 2) Retardation of growth
• 3) Diminished body weight
• 4) Muscle wasting & oedema.

Healthy & Unhealthy child

1) PEM
• PEM is the abbreviation of protein energy
malnutrition.
• PEM results due to the deficiency of
proteins, carbohydrates & fats in the
body.
• PEM is the most important nutritional
disorder affecting Indian children in the
age group of 1 to 5 years.

2) 2 diseases caused by PEM
• 1) Kwashiorkor
• 2) Marasmus

Nutrient Deficiency

Symptoms of PEM
• Retardation of body growth
• Loss in weight.
• The child becomes weak
• sickly Loss in height.

1) Kwashiorkor
• 1) Kwashiorkor is a malnutrition disease
occurring due to deficiency of proteins in
diet.
• 2) Kwashiorkor develops when babies are
weaned from protein rich breast milk to
other diets deficient in protein.

Protein Deficiency

Symptoms of Kwashiorkor
• 1) The child suffering from Kwashiorkor
becomes listless & miserable.
• 2) Retardation of growth is very
common.
• 3) The child becomes extremely apathetic
with no interest in his surroundings.
• 4) Cheerless with no appetite

• 5) His height & weight are below normal.
• 6) Oedema occurs on the body due to
excessive loss of nitrogen.
• 7) The face becomes fully rounded & is
known as ‘moon face’.
• 8) The skin cracks & becomes scaly.

• 9) Reddish pigmentation develops on the
skin & patches of the skin become
inflamed.
•
• 10) Abdomen swells & liver enlarges (pot
belly).
• 11) The hair becomes discoloured, sparse
& easily pluckable.

4 effects of Niacin deficiency
• 1) Rough, scaly & ulcerated skin.
• 2) Soreness of mouth.
• 3) Diarrhoea & fatigue.
• 4) Headache & backache.

4 effects of lack of
Thiamine Deficirncy
• 1) Loss of appetite
• 2) Muscular weakness
• 3) Oedema
• 4) Loss of memory.

2) Marasmus
• Marasmus is a malnutrition disease
characterized by the stunted growth of a
child.
• Marasmus occurs due to the deficiency
of proteins, carbohydrates & fats in the
diet of infants.

Symptoms of marasmus
• 1) The Child of reduced to skin & bones
owing to wasting of muscles.
• 2) The skin becomes shrunken.
• 3) The eyes become large in size.
• 4) The ribs of marasmic child look very
prominent.
• 5) Dehydration occurs due to watery
diarrhea & vomiting

3) Beriberi
• Beriberi is a deficiency disease caused ---
• Due to the deficiency of vitamin B1
(Thiamine).

Symptoms of beriberi
• 1) Loss of appetite.
• 2) Muscle weakness.
• 3) Degeneration of nervous tissues.
• 4) Poor concentration.
• 5) Decrease in mental alertness.
• 6) Reduction in memory.
• 7) Sometimes, there is oedema on the
body.

Beriberi

Wet Beriberi

4) Pellagra
• Pellagra is the deficiency disease caused
by the deficiency of vitamin B3 (Niacin) in
the diet.

Pellagra
Pellagra Skin
Pellagra – Skin & Mucous
membrane

Symptoms of pellagra
• 1) Rough, scaly & ulcerated skin.
• 2) Darkening of complexion due to
hyperpigmentation.
• 3) Soreness of mouth.
• 4) Diarrhea & fatigue.
• 5) Listlessness & depression.
• 6) Headache & backache.

5) Anaemia
• Anaemia is a deficiency disease caused by
the deficiency of iron in the diet.
• In Anaemia the Haemoglobin content of
the blood goes down.

Anaemia – Less RBCs

Anaemia Symptoms

Symptoms of anemia
• Pale appearance of the skin, fingernails &
mucous membrane. Flat or Concave nails
• Frequent headache.
• Breathlessness & palpitation.
• Constant feeling of tiredness & giddiness.
• Insomnia

Anaemia Signs
Koilynochia Pale Conjuctiva

6) Rickets
• Rickets is a deficiency disease caused by
the deficiency of calcium, phosphorus &
vitamin D.
• Symptoms of rickets
• 1) Faulty mineralization of bones & teeth.
• 2) Skeletal malformation resulting into
twisted bones.
• 3) Late eruption of teeth.

Rickets 10 Features

7) Scurvy
• Scurvy is a deficiency disease caused due
to the deficiency of vitamin C (Ascorbic
acid) in diet.

Scurvy

Scurvy Gums

Scurvy Skin bleeding

Symptoms of scurvy
• 1) Swelling & bleeding of gums.
• 2) Reduction in resistance of the body to
infections.
• 3) Poor healing of wounds.
• 4) Subcutaneous haemorrhage.
• 5) Irritability.

The main causes of
undernutrition
• 1) Ignorance about food - Ignorance
about the kind, quality & quantity of food to
be taken for the proper nourishment of the
body.
• 2) Faulty food processing practices -
Faulty food processing practices such as
refining, polishing of rice, overcooking,
discarding the water used for cooking etc

The main causes of
undernutrition
• 3) Poverty - Poor economic condition
leads to limited purchasing power of food.
•
• 4) Habits - Food fads & faulty traditions
about food restrict the choice &
consumption of food.
• Even personal likes & dislikes also restrict
the choice of food

The main causes of
undernutrition
• 5) Environmental factors - Environmental
factors such as faulty meal timings, over -
fatigue before food consumption,
overemphasis on table manner & unusual
manners of eating.
• 6) Natural calamities - Natural calamities
such as floods, droughts & famines cause
acute shortage & non - availability of food.

The main causes of
undernutrition
• 7) Faulty distribution of food - In most
families, knowingly or unknowingly, food is
served unevenly.
• Preference is given to male members of
the family.
• Leftover & stale food is given to ladies.
Girls are often neglected

8) Goitre
• 1) Goitre - Goitre is an endemic nutritional
deficiency disease characterized by an
abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland.
• Goitre belt - The region where the iodine
content of the soil & water is low is known
as goitre belt.

Goitre

Huge Goitre

Goitre areas (regions)
of our country
• 1) Sub - Himalayan regions from Kashmir
to Arunachal Pradesh.
• 2) Dhule, Aurangabad, Jalna, Wardha,
Amravati, Buldhana, Satara & Thane
districts of Maharashtra.

Control of goitre
• Goitre can be controlled by adding iodine
salts such as potassium iodate (KIO3) to
drinking water & consuming iodine
enriched (iodized) salt.
• Goitre is observed among tribal people of
Dhule district.

Mineral deficiency diseases
• 1) Goitre
• 2) Anemia

Govt Measures
• Both the central & the state governments have taken
many measures for improving the nutritional status of the
needy community
• These measures are as follows:
• 1) Implementation of programmes like ICDS (Integrated
child development scheme), MCHP (Mother child health
programme), MDMP (Mid day meal programme), FFWP
(Food for work programme) & NREP (National rural
employment programme).

Govt Measures
• 2) Foodstuffs like sukhada or sukadi, milk
powder, breads, eggs, nutri - biscuits,
preparations of bulgur wheat & soya bean
are distributed by the government to
needy & vulnerable people, such as
pregnant women, lactating mothers &
children

Govt Measures
• 3) Foodstuffs are enriched by specific nutrients
to avoid malnutrition.
• For example, hydrogenated fat is enriched with
vitamins A & D.
• Similarly, common salt is enriched by iodine.
• Milk products & baby foods are fortified with
vitamins A, B, C & D & minerals such as calcium
& iron

Govt Measures
• 4) To avoid protein energy malnutrition (PEM) deficiency
of protein, deficiency of vitamin A & nutritional anaemia,
the above mentioned projects (1 to 3) are adopted as
protective measures against them.
• These nutritional programmes are getting good response
but unfortunately, owing to tremendous increase in
population, these programmes are limited to a very few
people.
• It cannot reach the masses.

Scurvy & Rickets

Kwashorkor & Marasmus

Hypervitaminosis
• Hypervitaminosis means consumption of
excess one or more vitamins.
• The fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are
more toxic because they tend to be stored
& accumulated in the body, rather than
excreted in the urine.

Adverse effects of high doses
of some vitamins
• 1) Vit. A - Blurred vision, ringing in the ears,
headache, insomnia, irritability, diarrhea,
vomiting, joint pain,menstrual irregularity
• 2) Vit. D - Nausea, headache, kidney stones,
high cholesterol, Hyeprtension.
• 3) Vit. E - Hypertension, severe fatigue, breast
tenderness, slow wound healing,
thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism

Hypervitaminosis A

6 Side Effects of
Hypervitaminosis D
• Nausea & Vomiting
• Hepatic & Renal
Problems
• Heart problems like
Heart attack
• Urinary Tract
Infections8/4/2016 Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande 105

Hypervitaminosis D

Adverse effects of high doses
of some vitamins
• 4) Naicin - Acute flushing, peptic ulcers,
tingling of finger tips, arrhythmis, hyperglycemia,
gout.
• 5) B6 (Pyridoxin) - Numbness & loss of
sensation in hand & feet, difficulty in walking,
impaired memory, impaired sense of position &
vibration.
• 6) Vit. C - Kidney stones, diarrhea, headache,
insomnia

Digestion & metabolism of
proteins, fats & carbohydrates
• Absorption - Amino acids & glucose are
absorbed into blood capillaries & fatty
acids are absorbed into lacteals (Lymph
vessels)
• Assimilation - Absorbed food is taken up
by the protoplasm. Then building up
process is called ‘Assimilation

Metabolism
• Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism
• Anabolism = Storage of energy & new
construction.
• Catabolism = Use of energy

1) Carbohydrate Metabolism
• All complex sugars in G - I tract are broken
down to - glucose, fructose & Galactose
(which all are)
• mono saccharides
• Absorption of glucose & Galactose is fast
while absorption of fructose is slower. All
mono saccharides appear in the liver via
‘Portal vein’.

• Monosaccharides are again converted into
polysaccharide – Glycogen by the process
called as Glycogenesis.
• As per requirement of the body the
glycogen of the liver is broken down to
‘glucose’ (Process is Glycogeno - lysis)

• Except glucose no other form of
monosaccharide is normally found in the
blood.
• Blood glucose is distributed to various
tissues of body - brain, muscle & adipose
tissue.

• The fate of glucose in the tissue is as
follows ------
• Glucose may be catabolised to produce
energy.
• Energy is stored as ATP which is used
for different kind of work like - muscle
contraction, glandular secretion etc.

Stages of Glucose Catabolism
• 1) First stage
• ‘Glycolytic pathway’ (EMP Pathway - Embden, Mayer,
Phoff pathway)
• The 6 ‘C’ atoms structure (Glucose) is converted into 3
‘C’ structure (Pyruvic/Lactic acid).
• This stage can occur in absence of O2 & small amount of
‘ATP’ is generated.
• Instead of EMP, Glucose molecule may be broken down
via another pathway (eg. - HMP or PPP pathway)

Stages of Glucose Catabolism
• 2) Second stage
• Pyruvic acid enters into the kreb’s cycle
(Citric acid cycle) & broken down into CO2
& H2O.
• This stage cannot occur without O2 &
acquire more ATP molecule.

Anabolism of Glucose / Carbohydrate
• Glucose may be taken up by the muscle to
synthesize - ‘Muscle glycogen’ or an
intermediate product of glucose
metabolism like acetic acid.
• This acetic acid is utilized for the synthesis
of fatty acids.

Glucose Metabolism

2) Protein Metabolism
• The food proteins are digested in G.I. tract
& ultimately converted into amino acid.
• The human body has, amino acid pool.
• The pool includes places like plasma &
tissue fluid.

2) Protein Metabolism
• Various body tissues pick up the required
amino acids from the pool & synthesize
their own productive & characteristic
protein.
• Also simultaneously disintegrating tissues,
discharge amino acid into the pool.
• The size of this pool, remain practically
constant.

Protein Metabolism

Protein Anabolism
• 1) Amino acids are taken up by the tissues
for the replacement of wear & tear.
• 2) For growing children, additional quantity
of protein is required for the growth

Protein Anabolism
• 3) Some endocrine glands, like pancreas,
parathyroid, hypothalamus pick up amino
acid for manufacturing their specific
hormones (protein in nature) - Insulin.
• 4) Lactating mother require extra amount
of protein.
• 5) Enzymes are protein in nature, so the
cells, which secrete enzymes, pick up
‘amino acids’.

Protein Catabolism
(Energy Liberation)
• In catabolism, amino group from amino acid is
removed.
• From - NH2 → Urea is synthesized & excreted
in urine. - NH2 group from amino acid is
removed with “Transamination” process.
• This reaction is catalyzed by “Glutamate,
Oxaloacetate, Transaminase.
• ” High value of this enzyme in the serum i.e.
High SGOT indicated ‘M. I. ” or “Liver damage’ or
“skeletal muscle damage’

Protein Catabolism
(Energy Liberation)
• In short NH2 group of amino acids is ultimately removed
as NH3.
• NH3 is highly toxic, so it is converted into urea.
• In liver failure, urea cannot be formed & blood ammonia
concentration is increased, which damages the brain
(Hepatic coma) & death.
• Normal blood urea = 20 - 40 mg %
• (In renal failure, blood urea = 200 mg%. This condition is
called as ‘Uraemia’)

Creatine / Creatinine
• Creatine phosphate is present in the muscles & due to
high energy phosphate compound, take part in the
contraction of skeletal muscle.
• A part of creatine phosphate is converted into
‘Creatinine’ & is excreted through the urine, as a
creatine.
• Normal serum creatine = 0.6 - 1. 5 mg%
• In renal failure serum creatinine ↑.

Protein Metabolism

Proteins Enter into
Kreb Cycle

3) Fat Metabolism
• Among different types of lipids, Triglyceride
mainly generate energy.
• Fatty acids of ‘Triglycerides’ are the main agent
for ‘ATP Generation”.
• Triglycerides are hydrolyzed in adipose tissue.
Fatty acid are release & appear as FFA (Free
Fatty Acid).
• Plasma albumin & FFA complex in the plasma is
mainly transported.

Fat Metabolism

3) Fat Metabolism
• FFA are brought to different organs (liver, muscle &
heart) where further catabolism occurs.
• Fatty acids are catabolised by a process called
oxidation within the mitochondria.
• The end products of fatty acid catabolism are active
acetate molecules which immediately enter into ‘Krebs’s
cycle’.
• The H atom liberated during oxidation are removed by
respiratory chain (H carrier system)

Metabolism Summary

Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande
• Sharing of Knowledge
• FOR
• Propagating Ayurved
8/4/2016 132Prof.Dr.R.R.Deshpande

Basic components of food & metabolism part 2

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