for paramedical students

1. Water sources, water pollution
types and control measures
DR P RAMU MBBS MD
D.DIABETIOLOGT,CCGM(CERTIFIE
D COURSE IN GERIATRIC
MEDICINE)

2. Define water
• The water is defined as
a. Free from pathogenic agents.
b. Pleasant to taste i.e free from colour and
odour .
c. Free from harmful chemical substances.
d. Usable for domestic purposes.

3. WATER
• Water is a vital natural resource which forms
the basis of all life.
• It is one of the marvelous gift to us.
• About 70% of the human body is water.
• The bodies of all plants and animals contain
water.
• It has be estimated that the total water
contained on earth is about

4. About water
• 97% of the water on the Earth is salt water.
However, only 3% percent is fresh water; slightly
over 2/3 of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice
caps.
• The remaining unfrozen freshwater is found
mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction
present above ground or in the air.
• On the surface of earth 71% is covered by seas
and oceans and remaining 29% is occupied by
land.

6. SOURCES OF WATER

7. SURFACE WATER
• Surface water is water on the surface of the planet
such as in a river, lake, wetland, or ocean. It can be
contrasted with groundwater and atmospheric water.
• Non-saline surface water is replenished by
precipitation and by recruitment from groundwater. It
is lost through evaporation, seepage into the ground
where it becomes ground-water, used by plants for
transpiration, extracted by mankind for agriculture,
living, industry etc. or discharged to the sea where it
becomes saline.

9. Ground water
• Ground water is the water present beneath
Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the
fractures of rock formations.

10. Uses of water
• The use of water may be broadly divided into three
categories: Uses of water Consumptive use
• Irrigation use Partial consumptive use
• Domestic use
• Industrial use
• Institutional use
• Public use
• Fire demad Non-consumptive use Navigational use
• Recreational use , Hydro electric power generation,
Pollution control

11. Overuse of water
• Rapid population growth and increasing water
consumption for agriculture,industry and
domestic have strained the world’s fresh water
resources.
• Water disputes between the Indian states are
increasing as they have to meet the increase in
water demand due to overuse of water.
• Due to expanding human population,
competition for water is growing such that many
of the world’s aquifers are becoming depleted.
this is due to overuse of water.

12. Overuse of water
• Rapid population growth and increasing water
consumption for agriculture, industry and
domestic have strained the world’s fresh water
resources.
• Water disputes between the Indian states are
increasing as they have to meet the increase in
water demand due to overuse of water.
• Due to expanding human population,
competition for water is growing such that many
of the world’s aquifersare becoming depleted.
this is due to overuse of water.

13. Conservation of water
• Excessive and unplanned use of water has
depleted ourwater resources.
• Water conservation includes all the policies,
strategies and activities made to manage fresh
water as a sustainable resource, to protect the
water environment, and to meet current and
future human demand.
• Hence, there is immediate need for the
conservation of water.

14. Water Pollution
• Water pollution is contamination of water bodies
• This form of environmental degradation occurs
when pollutants are directly or indirectly
discharged into water bodies without adequate
treatment to remove harmful compounds.
• Water pollution occurs when energy and other
materials are released into the water,
contaminating the quality of it for other users.

16. Types of Water Pollution
1.Surface water pollution Found on the exterior
of the earth’s crust ,oceans , rivers and lakes
2. Groundwater pollution In agriculture sector,
used of highly amount of fertilizer, Pesticides
heavy matal Cd, Pb,Zn Ni are leachable by
heavy rainfall,water logged condition & high
irrigation.

17. Thermal Pollution
• Thermal pollution is the rise or fall in the temperature
of a natural body of water caused by human influence.
• Elevated water temperatures decrease oxygen levels,
which can kill fish and alter food chain composition,
reduce species biodiversity, and foster invasion by new
thermophilic species.
Eutrofication
Refers to the bloom or great increase of phytoplankton in
a water body due to the addition of nitrates or
Phosphates from fertilizers or sewage.

18. Water-related diseases
•
• Man's health may be affected by the ingestion of
contaminated water either directly or through food; and by vn
the use of contaminated water for purpose of personal
hygiene and recreation.
• The term water-related diseases includes the classical water-
borne diseases.
• Developing countries carry a heavy burden of water-related
diseases, the heaviest being the diarrhoeal diseases.
• Water-related diseases may be classified as follows
•

19. A. Biological (Water-borne diseases)
1. Those caused by the presence of an infective agent:
(a) Viral Viral hepatitis A, hepatitis E, poliomyelitis, rotavirus diarrhoea in infants.
(b) Bacterial : typhoid and paratyphoid fever, bacillary dysentery, Esch. coli diarrhoea, cholera.
(c) Protozoal: amoebiasis, giardiasis
(d) Helminthic roundworm, threadworm, hydatid disease.
(e) Leptospiral: weil's disease
2. Those due to the presence of an aquatic host:
(a) Snail: schistosomiasis
(b) Cyclops guineaworm, fish tape worm.

20. Water Quality Indicators

21. Water Quality Standards

22. Aquatic Plants for removal of pollutants
(Pb, Cu, Cd, Fe, Hg and Cr) from leather
industries

23. Sewage water treatment is the process of
removing pollutants from waste water

24. How to Control Water Pollution?
1.Keep out fat, grease, or oils from your sink.
2. Do not flush contaminated drugs, liquids,
medications, or pills down the drain.
3. Use detergents or bleach minimally.
4. Reduce the usage of pesticides, fertilizers, and
herbicides.
5. Ensure proper sewage management and
treatment.

25. How to Control Water Pollution?
6. Do dot dump into any water system directly.
7. Always use environmentally friendly products
points
8. Plant trees to reduce the speed of the surface
water.
9. Use super energy saving washing machines.

26. How to Control Water Pollution?
10.Opt for reusable and recyclable options.
11. Avoid the use of plastics.
12. Dispose batteries, antifreeze, and motor oil
at specific collection

27. Solution of Water Pollution
• Education: Making people aware of the problem
is the first step to solving it. Greater public
awareness can make a positive difference.
• Laws: . Environmental laws can make it tougher
for people to pollute, but to be really effective
they have to operate across national and
international borders. If the laws are maintained
people will be aware of polluting the
environment.

28. References
• Park 25th edition pg.no766 to 771
• https://www.simsbury-ct.gov/water-pollution-
control/pages/ten-things-you-can-do-to-
reduce-water-pollution.
• Surayakantha 6th edition pg.no 23to 25.