POGONATUM : morphology, anatomy, reproduction etc.
Effect of Nitrogen & Poultry Manure on Late Sown Wheat
1.
2. POTENTIAL OF POULTRY MANURE AS A SOURCE OF
NITROGEN SUPPLEMENTED WITH MINERAL NITROGEN IN
LATE SOWN WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.)
RANA MUHAMMAD KASHIF
PAGF13-E056
M.Sc. (Hons.)
Department of AGRONOMY
University College of Agriculture,
University of Sargodha
3. Introduction
Wheat
Nitrogen
Poultry Manure
Review of Literature
Materials & Methods
References
6. Wheat is a grass, belongs to Poaceae family and cultivated all
over the world.
Technical name of wheat is Triticum aestivum L.
It is the cheapest source of calories, protein, and fiber in
human nutrition.
It occupies an important position among cereal grains with
respect to production and utilization.
In Pakistan major cultivated area is devoted to wheat.
7. Wheat grain is used to
make flour for flat and
steamed breads, biscuits,
cookies, cakes, breakfast
cereal, pasta, noodles and
for fermentation to make
beer.
8. Wheat is a leading food grain of Pakistan and being the
staple diet of the people.
It occupies a central position in agricultural policies.
It contributes 10.3 percent to the value added in agriculture
and 2.2 percent to GDP.
Annual production during 2013-14 is 25.3 million tons.
Area under wheat is 9.03 million hectares in 2013-14.
GOP, (2013-14)
11. Crop production is significantly influenced by a number of
nutrients particularly with Nitrogen.
Sufficient amount of N promotes vigorous growth and dark
green color.
Nitrogen availability at critical growth stages is of supreme
importance.
Among the agronomic practices, the rate and technique of
N fertilization has been used effectively to improve protein
contents and grain quality.
12. Cont…
Nitrogen is the third most important environmental factor
for wheat production which influences yield and quality of
grain.
Appropriate amount of nitrogen increases number of
productive tillers, leaf area index and grain yield.
Nitrogen as a structural part of chlorophyll increases plant
ability to synthesize photosynthetic proteins.
Kindred et al. (2008)
14. Poultry manure is the organic waste material from poultry
consisting of animal feces and urine.
Poultry manure is an excellent fertilizer material because of
its high nutrient content, especially for nitrogen.
Its proper application increased soil and plant nutrient status,
increases soil organic matter and water holding capacity.
Agbede et al. (2008)
15. Cont…
Manures decompose (mineralize) in the soil releasing
nutrients for crop uptake.
Poultry manure contains 3-5% Nitrogen, 1.5-3.5%
Phosphorus, 1.5-3% Potassium and considerable amount of
micronutrients and its pH is 6-7.
Poultry Manure application registered over 53% increase of
Nitrogen level in the soil, from 0.09% to 0.14%.
16. In comparison with all other available manures, poultry manure
is considered the best one due to its better decomposition rate
and timely availability of nutrients.
Reddy et al. (2010)
17. Late Sowing of Wheat… A Major
Problem
• In Pakistan yield of wheat is too low as compared to other
countries of the world, one of the possible reasons in this
context is the late sowing of wheat.
• Area that is under the late sowing of wheat is 5.05 million
hectares, which is 56% of total cropped area of wheat.
• Out of many factors like fixed crop rotation i.e. rice-wheat,
cotton-wheat, increasing prices and unavailability of
nutrients at the time of sowing are also responsible for this
delay.
18. Each day delay in sowing of wheat after 20th
November
onward decreases spike length, No. of spikelet’s per spike,
plant height, grains weight and whole yield.
Hussain et al. (2000)
19. Role of Poultry Manure &Nitrogen in
late Sown Wheat
• Combine use of organic and inorganic sources of nutrients
not only supply essential nutrients but also have some
positive interaction to increase nutrient use efficiency in late
sown wheat.
• In late sown wheat, manure and nitrogen management
practices can give good results.
• One of the possible options to maximize the crop production
in late sown wheat by using of organic manure.
Khaliq et al. (2004)
20. Cont…
• Application of manure in combination with fertilizer releases
more nutrients.
• Combine use of chemical and organic nitrogen sources can
play an important role in soil fertility.
• Integrated use of poultry manure and nitrogen in late sown
wheat results in higher yield and improve other components
of yield.
Hammad et al. (2011)
21. Objectives of Study
Keeping in this view, the present trial was planned to deal
with following objectives:
Estimate the influence of different combinations of Poultry
manure and inorganic fertilizer on yield and quality parameters of
wheat grain.
Identify the best combination of Poultry manure and inorganic
fertilizer with respect to yield and quality of wheat grain.
22. Review of LiteRatuRe
Hammad et al. (2011) conducted a trial in which different
combinations of poultry manure and inorganic fertilizer were used.
It was concluded that yield and other yield components of wheat
were significantly increased with the combine application of
poultry manure and inorganic fertilizer.
Kiani et al. (2005) conducted an experiment in which different
combinations of organic and inorganic sources were used. It
consists of 100%, 50% and 25% N from PM and N. It was
concluded that combine use of organic and synthetic fertilizer have
significant improvement with 35 % increase in wheat yield of late
sown wheat.
23. Cont…
Shah and Ahmad (2006) investigated that by the application of N
from PM and urea @ 120 kg per hectare from two sources in
ratios 0:100, 25: 75, 50: 50, 75: 25, 100: 0 and 0:0. It was found
that treatment in which N was applied from manure and urea in
the ratio of 25:75 gave the highest seed yield.
Xin et al. (2009) studied the effects of combined application of
inorganic and organic fertilizers on grain yield and qualitative
traits of wheat. They applied chicken manure and urea. They
concluded that combine application of organic and inorganic
fertilizers increased grain yield as well as quality traits such as
starch improvement in wheat grain.
25. Experimental site University college of agriculture,
Sargodha
Cultivar Punjab 2011
Design RCBD with split plot arrangement
Plot Size 2.2m x 6.0m
26. Treatments of Study
• T1: Control
• T2: 100% N from inorganic fertilizer
• T3: 100% N from poultry manure
• T4: 50% N from inorganic fertilizer & 50% N from poultry
manure
• T5: 25% N from inorganic fertilizer & 75% N from poultry
manure
• T6: 75% N from inorganic fertilizer & 25% N from poultry
27. • Recommended doses of Nitrogen was applied @ 120 kg ha-1
• Recommended doses of poultry manure was applied @ 4
tons ha-1
• Recommended doses of Phosphorus & Potassium was
applied.
• Full doses of P,K & PM was applied on sowing time while
half dose of N was applied on sowing time & half at the time
of first irrigation..
• Crop was sown with the help of hand drill.
• keeping line to line distance of 22cm apart.
28. Parameters
• Total Number of tillers (m-2
)
• Number of productive tillers (m-2
)
• Number of non-productive tillers (m-2
)
• Plant height at maturity (cm)
• Spike length (cm)
• Number of spikelet’s per spike
• Number of grains per spike
• 1000-grain weight (g)
29. Cont…
• Grain yield (t ha-1
)
• Biological yield (t ha-1
)
• Harvest Index (%)
• Quality analysis
• Statistical analysis
• The data collected for all the parameters will be subjected to
analysis of variance techniques.
Steel et al. (1997)
30. References
• Agbede TM, Ojeniyi SO, Adeyemo AJ (2008). Effect of poultry manure
on soil physical and chemical properties, growth and grain yield of
sorghum in Southwest Nigeria. Ame-Eurasian J. Sustainable Agric. 2(1): 72-
77.
• Boateng, S., A.J. Zickermann and M. Kornaharrens. 2006. Effect of poultry
manure on growth and yield of maize. West Africa J. App. Eco., 9:1-11.
• Food and Agriculture Organization. 2014. Annual Wheat Report. Internet
source: www.fao.org/ world food situation.
• Hammad, H.M., A. Khaliq, A. Ahmad, M. Aslam, A.H. Malik and W, Farhad.
2011. Influence of different organic manures on wheat productivity. Int. J.
Agric. Biol. 13: 137-140.
• Hussain, A., M. Maqsood, A. Ahmad, S. Aftab and Z. Ahmad. 2000. Effect of
irrigation during various development stages on yield, component of yield
and harvest index of different wheat cultivars. Pak .J. Agric. Sci., 34: 104-
107.
• Kiani, M.J., M.K. Abbasi and N. Rahim. 2005. Use of organic manure with mineral
nitrogen fertilizer increases wheat yield at Rawalakot Azad Jammu and
Kashmir. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 51: 299-309.
31. Cont…
• Malival, P.L. 2001. Agronomy at a glance. Agrotech Publishing Academy,
Udaipur.Pp.78-80.
• Nazir, S., M.A. Jabbar, Z. Waheed, A. Ghaffar and M. Aslam. 2000. Response of
late sown wheat to seeding density and nitrogen management. Pak. J. Biol.
Sci., 3:998-1001.
• Pakistan:Satellite Based Crop Monitoring System (2013). Volume 111, Issue 2.
• Shah, Z. and M.I. Ahmad. 2006. Effect of integrated use of farm yard manure and
urea on yield and nitrogen uptake of wheat. J. Agric. Biol. Sci. 1: 60-65.
• Steel, R.G.D., J.H. Torrie and D. Dickey. 1997. Principles and procedures of
statistics, a biometrical approach, 3rd
ed. McGraw Hill Book Co. Inc. New
York. pp. 352-358.
• YingXin, X., XiaoMing, W., Huacen, W., YongHua, W., Yunji, Z and Tiancai,
G. 2009. Combine effect o.f organic and inorganic fertilizer on grain yield and
starch pasting traits of winter wheat. J. Triticeae cro., 29:299-302.
