3. 57% of total drylands in two major
Asian countries are degraded
China – 178.9 m ha
India – 108.6 m ha
Accelerated soil erosion associated
with agriculture
Of the 173 m tones of sediment
discharged in oceans annually, Asia
contributes half of the sediment load
Asia: Hot Spot for Land
Degradation - Desertification
4. Widespread deficiency of
micronutrients (Zn, B) and
secondary nutrients (S) in
80-100% farmers fields in
India
Mining of plant nutrients
Inappropriate soil, water
and nutrient management
practices
Nutrient Depletion a Serious Threat
for Sustainable Development
5. SAT Soils are not only thirsty
but hungry also
Documented widespread deficiency of micronutrients
State No. of
farmers’
fields
OC
(%)
AvP
(ppm)
K
(ppm)
S
(ppm)
B
(ppm)
Zn
(ppm)
Andhra Pradesh 1927 84 39 12 87 88 81
Karnataka 38432 65 43 14 82 68 61
Madhya Pradesh 73 9 86 1 96 65 93
Rajasthan 179 22 40 9 64 43 24
Gujarat 82 12 60 10 46 100 82
Tamilnadu 119 57 51 24 71 89 61
Kerala 28 11 21 7 96 100 18
1. OC = Organic Carbon; AvP = Available phosphorus
6. Population living in blue water stress (absolute water scarcity)
and green and blue water stress in 2000 and 2050
(after Rockström et al, 2009)
8. Poverty – Land Degradation
Nexus
Drought
Land
Degradation
Poverty
Water is the Key-Issue
An Entry Point
Community Watershed Management
9. Rain-fed Agriculture – A Large
Untapped Potential
Current farmers’ yields are lower by 2 to 5 folds than the
achievable yields
Vast potential of rain-fed agriculture needs to be
harnessed
0
2
4
6
8
1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2010
Year
Yield(tha
-1
)
BW1
BW4C
Rate of growth
71 kg ha
-1
y
-1
Rate of growth
20 kg ha -1
y-1
Carrying Capacity
27 persons ha -1
Carrying Capacity
4.8 persons ha -1
Observed potential yield
0
2
4
6
8
1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2010
Year
Yield(tha
-1
)
BW1
BW4C
Rate of growth
71 kg ha
-1
y
-1
Rate of growth
20 kg ha -1
y-1
Carrying Capacity
27 persons ha -1
Carrying Capacity
4.8 persons ha -1
Observed potential yield
10. Observed Yield Gap between Farmers’
Yield and Achievable Yields
Source: Derived from Rockstrom et al., 2007
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Zambia
Tanzania
Kenya
Uganda
Ethiopia
BurkinaFaso
Niger
Botswana
Zimbabwe
Vietnam
Thailand
India
Iran
Iraq
Jordan
Morocco
Pakistan
Syria
Yemen
Farmers yields are lower by 2 to 4 folds of achievable yields
11. Watersheds are Revolutionalising Drylands:
Meta-analysis – 636 Case Studies
Particulars Unit
No. of
studies
Mean Minimum Maximum t-value
Efficiency B:C ratio Ratio 311 2.01 0.82 7.30 35.09
IRR Per cent 162 27.43 2.03 102.70 21.75
Equity Employment Person
days ha-1 y-1
99 154.53 0.05 900.00 8.13
Sustainability
Increase in
irrigated area
Per cent 93 51.55 1.28 204.00 10.94
Increase in
cropping
intensity
Per cent 339 35.51 3.00 283.00 14.96
Runoff
reduced
Per cent 83 45.72 0.38 96.00 9.36
Soil loss saved t ha-1 y-1 72 1.12 0.11 2.05 47.21
12. STEPs to Achieve Impact
S = Sustainability
T = Technology inputs
E = Equity
P = Participation
Less than 1% watersheds are economically non-remunerative
Two-thirds of watersheds’ performance can be improved
13. Consortium Approach for Community
Watershed Management
Convergence
Collective action
Capacity building
Consortium for technical
backstopping
14. IGNRM
Holistic livelihood approach
Sustainability, empowerment and KS
Social inclusion (equity & gender)
Scaling-up and scaling-out
Learning and evolutionary
Strategy
Farmers centric watersheds as entry point
for improved livelihoods
15. Unify the efforts around a new paradigm
which shifts the objectives from merely
drought-proofing and agricultural
production to sustainably increasing
agricultural productivity, reducing poverty,
protecting the environment, and building
human and natural resource resilience to
cope with future challenges, including
climate change
Way Forward
16. Common Guidelines for Integrated
Watershed Management Program
Delegated power to states
Dedicated institutions
Financial assistance to dedicated
institutions
Duration of the program
Livelihood orientation
Cluster approach
Scientific planning
Capacity building
Multi-tier approach
17. Seeing is Believing:
Sites of Learning
Convergence
Collective action
Capacity building
Consortium for technical backstopping
18. Shift from Cash to Knowledge
for Enhancing Quality Participation
Knowledge-based entry point activity is more
effective for better and sustainable community
participation than the regular cash back EPA
currently adopted in the watershed programs
19. Common guidelines and a single effective
national and state mechanism, using
technology and we need to move from a
subsistence to a business model by
establishing market links and public private
partnerships to harness larger benefits
through value-chain approach
Develop Watersheds as Business
Model with PPPP
20. Recognize IWMP as the most appropriate
framework for area development program
to meet national goals of:
Food security
Inclusive and sustainable growth
Cope with growing water scarcity
Cope with the climate change impacts
Convergence is Must for Operationalizing
New Paradigm in Watersheds
21. New Science Tools in IWM
• Geographic Information
Systems for planning,
characterization and
monitoring
• Simulation Modeling for
assessing potential yields
and quantifying yield gaps
• Remote Sensing for
monitoring and impact
assessment
22. Using data on climate and soil, available soil water, runoff etc.
are estimated spatially and temporally in a GIS
GIS for Estimating Derived
Parameters
23. • More variation in the beginning compared to the end
• As early as 10 Jun at Hubli and Haveri; as late as 20 Aug at Pavagada
• Extends up to 20 Dec at Gudibanda and Sidlaghatta; Ends by 25 Nov at Pavagada
• At Hubli, Haveri and Ranebennur, two wet periods separated by semi-moist period
• Hiriyur has great risk of dry conditions during crop vegetative phase
• Kolar and Tumkur districts have more than 6 consecutive weeks of wet conditions from Sep
LGP at Sujala-ICRISAT Nucleus
Watersheds New Knowledge
24. Through model watershed initiate the
process to establish consortium in each
state comprising the key research and
development institutions, civil society
organizations and the private sector
Establish Consortia for Technical
Backstopping
25. Quality Capacity
Development is Must
Community Based Organizations (CBOs)
Development Cadre (WDTs, Eos, Paraworkers, etc)
Executing agencies (NGOs, line department, etc)
DWDU
SLNA
CLNA
M&E agencies
Policy makers
Development investors
Politicians
Researchers
26. Challenging and Complex Issues
in Capacity Building
• Innovative extension to reach small
and marginal farmers
• Climate change
• Microenterprises, market linkages
• Gender, equity
• Change from water supply
augmentation to demand
management
- Drinking water
- Sustainable use of groundwater
- Growing water smart crops
- Enhancing water use efficiency
27. Harness Power of Collective
Action
Tangible economic benefits for individuals
Income-generating activities for women
and landless
High-value crops
Holistic approach – IGNRM approach
28. Strengthen and support small area groups/
user groups formed on the basis of drainage
lines (secondary and territory) in the
watershed in their planning and execution
Ensure at least 50% representation on WCs
by women
Effective Institutional Arrangements
for Sustainable Development
29. Although, watershed approaches seem to have
universal application for effective management
of natural resources, sustainable agricultural
production and income generation; the
comprehensive assessment showed that one
size fits all approach did not work. Need to
support on-farm research and development
options for higher and lower rainfall regions
One Size Fits All Approach Does
Not Work
30. To date, water policy has focused on augmentation of
supply, this now needs to be expanded to embrace water
demand management and water use efficiency. There are
a number of aspects:
• Drinking water needs
• Devise and implement policies to regulate
groundwater extraction
• Ban the cultivation of high water requiring crops
such as paddy and sugarcane in watershed areas
• Encourage cultivation of low-water requiring crops
with market incentives
• Promote efficient irrigation methods through
water-saving devices and the creation of
community-based water assets
Water Demand Management
Options are Must
31. Equity and gender concerns regarding
women, the resource-less and those
without adequate representation need
to be brought to the forefront of
watershed planning and execution
• Emphasis on women’s active
participation
• Gender concerns should form non-
negotiable components of the initial
phase
• Adequate representation of women
and vulnerable groups in decision-
making committees
Gender and Vulnerable Groups
33. Impacts in On-farm Watersheds:
Developed Five capitals
Human
• Trained men and women in specialized skills
• Youth clubs (vermicomposting, nursery raising, cross breed animal rearing
• Increase awareness through environment clubs
• All children in school
•Increasedfamilyincomeby100%in5years
•Marketablesurplusmilk700Ld-1@Rs.20L-1
•Nobroughtmigrationunderstressduringdrought
•ImprovedFunctionalwells
•Check-damstoharvestwater
•Increasedno.oftrees
•Tractors,motorcyclesand
transportvehicles
•Personalhouseholdassets
35. Tangible economic benefits to individuals
through convergence
Knowledge-based entry point − empowerment
Equal partnership, trust and shared vision
Good local leadership
Transparency and social vigilance in financial
dealings
Equity through low-cost structures
Pre-disposition to work collectively
Targeted activities for landless and women
members
Drivers for Improved Collective
Action and Participation
37. Eighty per cent of global agriculture is rainfed
and in developing countries these areas are
hot spots of poverty, malnutrition and prone
to degradation
Vast untapped potential of rainfed agriculture
could be harnessed to achieve targets of food
security and sustainable development
Integrated and holistic watershed
management approach could be used as an
entry point
Conclusion
