1. The Civil War 1861 - 1865

2. Bombing of Fort Sumter (15 April 1861)

4. Four years to the day of Lincoln’s assassination

5. Shelling was conducted by Southern belligerents upset at the possibility of Lincoln being an anti-slavery president

6. Lincoln demands the shelling stops

7. Commands them to disband immediately

8. Known to Southerners as the beginning of “Lincoln’s Aggression”

9. The South began to systematically secede from the Union because of Lincoln’s perceived ‘aggression’.

11. West Virginia calls for gradual abolition and remains loyal to the Union throughout the conflict

12. Some stay because of Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus

13. Lincoln suspends it in cases involving Southern supporters

16. Increased size of military and navy without Congressional approval

17. Blockade of Southern ports

18. Instructs the Treasury Dept. to pay two secret agents $2 million to secure extra supplies

19. Reasoning:

20. “By general law, life and limb must be protected, yet often a limb must be amputated to save a life; but a life is never wisely given to save a limb.”

21. What does Lincoln mean by this?

22. It makes no sense to follow the Constitution letter by letter if the ultimate purpose of the Constitution – preserving the Union was under attack.

24. Suffocate the South from all sides and let it die by occupying a majority of the enemy territory

25. Advocated by General-in-Chief Winfield Scott

26. Called for a blockade on all Southern ports

27. Advance down the Mississippi River to cut the South into two pieces

28. This was a fairly passive military strategy

29. Scott takes on this approach partially due to Lincoln’s push for a blockade

30. The plan’s failure

31. No U.S. Navy ships could navigate the Mississippi the way Scott believed

32. The strategy was too short-sighted; Scott believed that the South would easily give up

35. Battle of Shiloh (6-7 April 1862)

37. Hardin County, Tennessee (southwestern)

38. Union: Ulysses S. Grant and Don Carlos Buell

39. Confederate: Albert Sidney Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard

40. Bloodiest battle in the war (up to 1862)

41. 24,000 casualties

42. More than the American Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican War combinedUlysses S. Grant (Union)

44. Easily one of the best mid-level CSA officers

45. Begins a trend of mid-level CSA officer casualties that the CSA cannot easily replace and does not recover from

46. Grant’s command is questioned

47. Thought to be drunk during the battle

48. Accused of not planning for a defensive position in the first day of the battle

49. A regiment got bayoneted in their tents asleep; this makes for big news headlines

50. Felix H. Robertson was present and commanded a small detachment of artillery (beginning to move up in rank)Albert Sidney Johnston (C.S.A.)

51. Bloody Pond, Battle of Shiloh

52. Shiloh National Cemetery

53. Battle of Antietam (17 September 1862)

55. Sharpsburg, Maryland (Maryland Campaign)

56. Union: George B. McClelland

57. Confederate: Robert E. Lee

58. Bloodiest single-day battle in American history

59. 23,000 casualties

60. 1st major battle on Union soil

62. 1/3 of the Union army never fired a shot

63. After a CSA retreat, McClelland does not pursue Lee and easily squanders a chance for a decisive Union victory

64. Lincoln recalls McClelland and replaces him of his command

65. “If you won’t use the army, could I borrow it for a time?”

66. Technically, the battle was a tactical victory for the North

68. “Bloody Lane” -- 5600 casualties over an 800 yard stretch of road

69. “Bloody Lane” (2005)

71. This plan took two years to formulate as Lincoln stalls on the issue numerous times

72. Still sees slaves as property

73. Historian ManishaSinha contends Lincoln issued it due to pressure from the black and abolitionist communities; somewhat unsubstantiated

75. Some parts of Louisiana, West Virginia, and other border states were not included due to their precarious status with the Union (didn’t want them to secede)

76. Causes great fear in the South

77. Slaves running free to revolt against their masters

79. “Hard War” – increasing the pressures of war on the South, especially on civilians

80. Historian Mark Grimsley uses this term instead of “total war”

81. Not enough evidence to establish the Civil War as a “total war”

83. Was a reaction to increasing guerilla tactics perpetrated by the CSA in the Western TheaterWilliam T. Sherman (Union)

84. Battle of Galveston (1 January 1863)

86. Galveston, Texas

87. Union: William B. Renshaw

89. CSA regained control of Galveston and kept it through the rest of the war

90. Union navy accidentally blew up their own ship

93. Vicksburg, Mississippi

94. Union: Ulysses S. Grant

96. Spells a major defeat for the CSA

97. Cuts CSA’s communication with the Trans-Mississippi Dept.

98. Splits the CSA into two

99. Union now had control of the Mississippi River and access to Texas

100. Pemberton surrenders on 4 July 1863

101. Vicksburg does not celebrate the Forth of July until the late 1940s

103. Uses the founding of the nation in 1776 and the signing of Declaration of Independence to highlight “all men are created equal”

104. Lincoln never demonizes the South during the address

105. The North and the South share the responsibility and burden of the war

106. Total length of the speech: 3 minutes; 272 words

107. “the nation will have a new birth of freedom”

109. Arrested in Indiana for charges of conspiracy to aide CSA prisoners in escaping and rejoining the CSA army

110. Tried by a military commission because Lincoln had placed Indiana under martial law

111. Milligan was found guilty and sentenced to death

112. Ex Parte Milligan

113. Supreme Court ruled in favor of Milligan’s claim that the military commission had no right to try him

114. Because the regular courts were still functioning (even during war)

115. The big idea is….Even during times of war, if regular courts still function, the government cannot impose military trials on civilians

117. Matthew: “woe unto the world because of offenses”

118. Possibly the most terrifying thing a president has ever said:

119. “If God wills that this war continue until all the wealth piled by the bondman’s two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword…so still it must be said ‘the judgments of the Lord, are true and righteous altogether’.”

120. All are guilty

121. Everyone’s hands are stained with the blood of centuries of slavery

125. Saltville, Virginia

126. Union: Stephen G. Burbridge

128. 5th U.S. Colored Cavalry fought bravely during the battle and sustained many casualties

129. The “Massacre” occurred after the battle as mercenary Champ Ferguson’s posse killed most of the wounded black Union soldiers

130. Some affiliated with Felix H. Robertson’s unit joined in

132. Born near Independence, Texas (close to Houston)

133. Left West Point to fight with the CSA (and his family)

134. Became notoriously known as a cold blooded killer because of the Saltville Massacre

135. Only Texan to serve as a General in the CSA army

137. Born in Kentucky

138. Had a strange obsession with killing anyone affiliated with the anti-slavery movement and/or the North

139. The resident Southern guerilla sociopath that everyone, including Southern soldiers feared

140. “When Rebel guerilla Champ Ferguson showed up at your house, you could be sure of one thing; you were about to die.”

141. Executed for war crimes on 20 October 1865

144. Appomattox Court House, Appomattox, Virginia

145. Union: Ulysses S. Grant

147. Surrender was the only option

148. Many of Lee’s officers (including James Longstreet who greatly miscalculated the Union in Gettysburg) agreed on surrender

149. Lee, “there is nothing left for me to do but to go and see General Grant and I would rather die a thousand deaths.”

151. Grant shows up in a mud spattered uniform with no side arm, no regalia, and only a tarnished shoulder strap showing his rank

152. The two generals spend a great deal of time discussing their past and service in the Mexican War

153. Grant offers Lee a very generous deal:

154. None of his officers or men would be imprisoned or prosecuted

155. Grant would supply food for Lee’s starving army

156. CSA soldiers could take home their horses and mules for spring planting

157. Lee agrees and said it would have a positive effect on reconciling the torn country

159. Chamberlain’s Salute of Honor

161. 373,000 Union

163. Preservation of the Union, the “last great hope in the world”

164. South

165. Preservation of our way of life

166. Slavery, plantations, antebellum mentalities

167. An economic system welded to tradition and slavery

169. Civic Religion forms out of the fusion of religion and God’s ‘just cause’ for Lincoln’s “last great hope in the world”

170. South

171. “Lost Cause” mentality – the South was defeated unjustly

172. They were fighting for the same cause as the Revolution

173. Freedom from oppression