Assignment on communication skills by Saadia Aslam, center of excellence in molecular biology, university of the punjab, lahore.

1. COMMUNICATION
SKILLS
Submitted To: Dr Tayyab Husnain
If I Went Back To College Again,
I'd Concentrate On Two Areas:
Learning To Write And To Speak
Before An Audience. Nothing In
Life Is More Important Than The
Ability To Communicate
Effectively." -- Gerald R. Ford
By: Saadia Aslam
MPhil 3rd sememster (2013-2015)

2. 1
17-Sep-14
Table of Contents
Sr. No. Content Page No.
1 Communication: Definitions 2
2 Components of communication 3
3 Communication process 4
4 Categories of communication 6
5 Directions of communication 7
6 Principles to effective communication 8
7 Barriers to communication 9
8 Some TIPS to effective communication 11
9 Scope of communication 12

3. 2
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
“To effectively communicate, we must
realize that we are all different in a way
we perceive the world and use this
understanding as a guide to our
communication with others.”
- Tony Robbins
“Communication – the human connection
– is the key to personal and career
success.”
- Paul. J.Meyer
COMMUNICATION:
“It is a process in which one person (sender) transmit some type of information
from one place through some transmitting channel and the other person (receiver)
perceives it at another place.”
By Aristotle:
“Communication means the search for all available means of persuasion.”
COMMUNICATION SKILLS:
“These are the collection of abilities and tactics that a person uses to make other
people understand his thoughts, attitudes, feelings, intentions, or anything he want
to convey to others.”

4. 3
Communication is basically derived from a Latin word “Communicare” which
means “to share”. Good communication is as stimulating thing just as a black
coffee is.
The purpose or desire outcome of any
communication process is
UNDERSTANDING. Communication
process becomes successful only when
both the sender and the receiver
understands the same thing.
Communication is not only a phenomenon which just happens but it’s a complex
process that involves so many things that make the whole process successful. The
role of sender and receiver is very crucial in the whole process, their words, body
language, gestures, eye contact, and tone of voice everything matters a lot. These are
the things that determines that which type of discussion is going on between sender
and receiver. In face to face type of communication, both the sender and the receiver
plays an equal role and it is not distinct that who is sender and who is receiver as
both the parties communicate with one another.
Components of Communication:
There are four key components of communication, which are as following:
1. Encoding
2. Medium of Transmission
3. Decoding
4. Feedback

5. 4
Encoding: message encoded by the sender
Medium of Transmission: radio, TV, letters, social media etc.
Decoding: receiver decodes the sender’s message
Feedback: the response of receiver to sender after getting message.
Communication Process:
Four key
components
feedback
Encoding
medium of
transmission
Decoding

6. 5
7% WORDS
• Words have a little role in communication process as they are only
labels
38% PARA-LINGUISTIC
• The way in which something is said - the accent, tone, voice modulation
55% BODY LANGUAGE
• While delivering a message, what a speaker look like.

7. 6
Communication is not only about listening and speaking, but it is a series of
experiences that include sense of seeing, smell, touch, taste. The process of
communication starts with a message send by the sender that is received by the
receiver and in returns receiver sends feedback to the sender. If in case receiver can’t
understand the message properly then he becomes unable to feedback properly.
Categories of Communication:
There are mainly three categories of communication which are:
1. Verbal communication
2. Non-verbal communication
3. Written communication
Verbal communication: The type of communication in which message is send
verbally. It includes face to face communication, telephonic conversation etc.

8. 7
Non-verbal communication: The type of communication in which there is wordless
message. People communicate through body language, gestures and postures,
dressing even the scent they use.
Three Elements:
 Appearance
 Body language
 Facial expressions
Written communication: The type of communication which is done through
writings. It can be through letters, e-mails, books, newspaper, internet etc.
Directions of Communication:
The process of communication can have three different directions depending upon
the situation in which communication is taking place:
1. Upward communication
2. Downward communication
3. Lateral communication
Upward communication: In this type of communication a person deals with his
high authorities, his officers, and his boss.
Downward Communication: In this type of communication a person which is at
high post deals with his sub-ordinates.
Lateral Communication: in this type of communication all the person in the
communicating panel are having same level of knowledge and they equally
participate in the whole process of communication by sharing their knowledge.

9. 8
Principles of Effective Communication:
As previously discussed that
the most important thing in the whole process of communication is
UNDERSTANDING. It is very necessary for an effective and successful
communication. At any level of communication misunderstanding can take place
and effective communication is such that minimize the risk of misunderstanding and
it also overcomes any barrier that cause resistance in communication process. Some
other things which a person should have to focus on while communicating are:
 Clarity of message is very important.
 The message should have some Objective or purpose.
 It should be Understandable.
 Completeness is very necessary for effective communication.
 Time management is very crucial.
 A proper Feedback leads you to improve in future.
There is a rule that when you are communicating you are actually dealing with
PEOPLE so the focus should be on:
 (P)Postures and gestures
 (E) Expression of emotions
 (O) Orientation
 (P) Presentation
 (L) Looks
 (E) Eye contact
7 C’s of Communication:
 Clear
 Concise
 Concrete
 Complete
 Correct
 Coherent
 Courteous

10. 9
Barriers to Communication:
Effective communication can be distorted by
Barriers in communication due to which the intention of message being conveyed is
changed and this is the failure in effective communication. There are following
different types of barriers.
 Semantic barriers
 Emotional or psychological barriers

11. 10
 Personal barriers
Semantic barriers: These type of barriers
comes when words and symbols don’t match
with each other. The presenter is talking about
something but the audience is getting something
else because of wrong use of symbols. So in this
way message is badly expressed and the
audience make unclarified assumptions into
their minds.
Emotional barriers: These type of barriers
arise when the presenter is feeling some type of
personal discomfort or he is emotionally
disturbed. He is worried or have any type of fear
due to which he is unable to communicate
properly. So it results in failure of
communication.
Personal barriers: These type of barriers come
when the person who is going to present is afraid
of communicating with higher authorities, he has
a fear in his mind to challenge them. The reason
may be that he is not well prepared for the
presentation or he doesn’t have command on his
topic or he is running short of time. So these all
things prove to be a hurdle or barrier in effective
communication.

12. 11
Some TIPS for Effective Communication:
There are some tips
which one should have in mind while presenting or communicating to make it
effective. These are:
 Time management is very necessary. If one is presenting a 15 minutes lecture
in 1 hour then definitely he will lose concentration by audience.
 Expressions of the person who is communicating cast immense impact on
what he is presenting and also the expression of audience are also very crucial
for the presenter to judge himself.
 Eye contact with the audience has deep impression on your presentation.
 Body language is another keystone on the way to effective communication.
 Practice is one of the most important thing for good and effective
communication.

13. 12
Scope of communication:
Communication is considered to be the fastest way
of delivering new information, knowledge. The role of communication can’t be
denied in any field of life. In every perspective of life communication plays a vital
role. In our personal life, social life, religious life, political life, national and
international affairs everywhere communication is getting immense significance.
People have to communicate for their daily matters. The way people communicate
with each other depicts their personality. Hence there is very significant role of
effective communication in our daily lives.
“Communication works for those who works at it.”
- John Powell
“How well we communicate is determined by not how well we say things
but how well we understand.”
- Andrew Grove