2016

2. “SELF DIRECTED LEARNING”
"NO MATTER HOW GOOD TEACHING MAY BE, EACH STUDENT MUST TAKE
THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR HIS OWN EDUCATION"
Presented by :
Sangita Shrestha
Roll no. 14
B.Sc. Nursing
4th Year.

3. Contents:
• Introduction
• Definition
• Purposes
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Process
• Selection criteria

4. Introduction:
• Self activity as the basic principle of learning is universal in its
application. An individual can learn only through her own
reactions to situations. There can be no learning where there has
been no self activity. This principle of self activity may be stated
simply: A student learns through her own activities.
• The process of learning in which the learner assumes primary
responsibility for planning, implementing, and evaluating a
learning project. The learner chooses what to learn and how to
learn, and also decides when to continue and when to end the
learning project.
• A process in which individuals take the initiative, with or without
the help of others, to diagnose their learning goals, identify
resources for learning, select and implement learning strategies,
and evaluate learning outcomes.
• It is also known as adult learning.

5. Definition:
• Self-directed learning as a “process in which individuals take
initiative, with or without the help of others, in diagnosing their
own learning needs, formulating goals, identifying human and
material resources for learning, choosing and implementing
appropriate learning strategies and evaluating learning outcomes.”
- Malcolm Knowles, 1975
• Self directed learning (SDL) views learners as responsible owners
and managers of their own learning process. Self directed
learning integrates self management (Management of context,
including the social setting, resources and action) with self
monitoring (the process whereby the learners monitor, evaluate
and regulate their cognitive learning strategies).
-Bolhuis, 1996 & Garrison, 1997.

6. Con…
In self directed learning, control gradually shifts from
teachers to learners. Learners exercise a great deal of
independence in setting learning goals and deciding what is
worthwhile learning as well as how to approach the learning
task within a given framework.
-Lyman, 1997 & Morrow, Sharkey & Firestone, 1993.
Self directed learning is a process in which the learner
initiating learning making decisions about what and How to
learn self in order to achieve a particular task.
- Neema Baskar

7. Purposes:
• To plan and participate in one’s own learning activities.
• To develop the capacity of learning and thinking of learner.
• To develop the sense of independence by enhancing
emancipatory learning.
• To develop the problem solving approaches.
• To develop time management skills.
• To develop desicion making skills.

8. Process:
It involves a continual process of:
self -motivation
self-management
self-monitoring
self-modification

9. Self-motivation:
• Motivation affects the learning strategies and cognitive
processes an individual employs (Dweck & Elliott, 1983). It
increases the likelihood that people will pay attention to
something, study and practice it, and try to learn it in a
meaningful fashion. It also increases the likelihood that they
will seek help when they encounter difficulty.
• Motivation directs an individual toward certain goals and
fulfill their objectives.

10. Self-management:
Establishes clear goals
Thoroughly gathers information
Persistently stays with a task
Uses a systematic approach to problem solving,
organizational planning, and decision-making.
Uses articulate, thoughtful communication
Continuous process

11. Self-monitoring:
Consideration of the ramifications of thoughts, plans,
decisions, and actions
Metacognition - the process of consciously monitoring one’s
own thinking
Self -reflection - process of reflecting on one’s own thinking
patterns, plans, decisions, and actions.
Self -evaluation

12. Self-modification
Revises strategies and implies a great effort to maximize
his/her effectiveness based on feedback
Changes in one’s behavior based on the data gathered
during self-monitoring and on feed back received from
others.

13. Self-directed Learning Model

14. StepsofSDL:
1. Deciding what detailed knowledge and skill to learn;
2. Deciding the specific activities, methods, resources, or
equipment for learning;
3. Deciding where to learn;
4. Setting specific deadlines or intermediate targets;
5. Deciding when to begin a learning episode;
6. Deciding the pace at which to proceed during a learning
episode;
7. Estimating the current level of knowledge and skill and
progress in gaining the desired knowledge and skill;

15. Cont…
8. Detecting any factor that has been backing or hindering
learning;
9. Obtaining the desired resources or equipment;
10. Preparing or adapting a room;
11. Saving or obtain the money necessary for the use of
certain human or nonhuman resources;
12. Finding time for the learning; and
13. Taking certain steps to increase the motivation for
learning.

16. Knowles’4 PrinciplesOfAndragogy
• In 1984, Knowles suggested 4 principles that are
applied to adult learning:
• Adults need to be involved in the planning and evaluation
of their instruction.
• Experience (including mistakes) provides the basis for the
learning activities.
• Adults are most interested in learning subjects that have
immediate relevance and impact to their job or personal
life.
• Adult learning is problem-centered rather than content-
oriented. (Kearsley, 2010)

17. SKILLNEEDEDTO ANEFFECTIVESELFDIRECTED
LEARNING
• Goal setting skills.
• Processing skills.
• Decision making skills.
• Self awareness.
• Content competence
• Other cognitive skills

18. GOAL SETTING SKILLS
• Here the individual identifies the problem rather than
developing a cognitive ability to engage in problem
identification and solving.
• They have a good observation skills and ability to determine
what is important in their learning environment.

19. PROCESSING SKILLS
• Observing- the ability to see and understand.
• Seeing and translating- the ability to translate visual
information to notes and records.
• Reading -the ability to read ,translate and compared written
material
• Listing -the ability to receive and process aural information
and related it is existing information schemes.

20. DECISION MAKING SKILLS
• This denotes the learners thinking ability.
• learner must develop the ability to identify, prioritize; select
validate, evaluate and interpret information obtained
through processing.

21. SELF AWARENESS
• The successful self directed learner has the ability to be
aware self.
• It enables the individuals to be aware of their learning
processes their weakness and strengths to know of their
ability to use different in their environment,
• To know when, how and what is distracting in their
environment.
• To know when they need assistance, and to have a realistic
perception of their ability to achieve learning goal.

22. CONTENT COMPETENCE
• Here some personal observation indicates that people
skilled in certain areas tend to emphasize those while
avoiding topics and activities in areas in which they are less
competent.
• for example one who knows the own language may learn
another language based on first language.

23. OTHER CONGNITIVE SKILLS
• other cognitive skills appear to be associated with self
directed learning success. They are-
• Sensory- including ability to select, identify and classify
information
• Memory- working memory is important in the processing of
information before it is assimilated into existing long-term
memory.
• Elaboration-includes the ability to taken item from working
memory and process it by imaging, deducing, discriminating
generalizing etc.

24. Advantages:
• Self-directed learning allows learners to be more effective
learners and social beings.
• It enhances the ability to think and learn.
• It promotes emancipatory learning process.
• Self-directed learners are curious and willing to try new things.
• They can view problems as challenges, desire change, and enjoy
learning.
• Self-directed learners are motivated and persistent, independent,
self-disciplined, self-confident and goal-oriented.
• self-directed learners demonstrate a greater awareness of their
responsibility in making learning meaningful and monitoring
themselves.
• Self-directed learning encourages students to develop their own
rules and leadership patterns.

25. Cont…
• SDL is more deep and permanent.
• It helps to develop time management skills.
• It helps to identify the requirements for a problem solving
process.
• It increases self esteem.
• Helps in decision making.
• It promotes self awareness.

26. Disadvantages:
• Research have proved that some adults are unable to engage in
self directed learning because they lack independence,
confidence or resources.
• Possible for frequent error and sometimes it misguides the
student how to learn.
• Self directed learning needs to be combined with other learning
methods for content to be fully learned.
• Self directed learning is quite time consuming.
• It lacks team spirit.

27. APPLICATIONOFSELFDIRECTEDLEARNINGINNURSING
EDUCATION?
• Individual projects:- A student undertake research
projects individually by the guidance of the teacher, the
projects are completed. The projects are where the students
take up and in varied settings.
• Case studies:- Case study as a method of teaching probably
has been used in the teaching of nursing more extensively
and for longer time than any other method. The case study
describes the life history of an individual or all of the factors
which affect a situation. It tries to give as much breadth and
depth of an individual in situation.

28. Selectioncriteria:
• The learner should be enthusiastic.
• The materials should be available and appropriate.
• Guide or advisor should be available if needed.
• Learner should be physically and mentally healthy.
• Learner should be able to select the tools and methods that
they use, the technologies that could be used to support the
approach are largely dependent on the students.
• Working collaboratively with others (people and resources).

29. Conclusion:
• A process in which individuals take the initiative, with or
without the help of others, to diagnose their learning goals,
identify resources for learning, select and implement
learning strategies, and evaluate learning outcomes. its
purposes are to boost up the critical thinking and learning
and learn permanently. It has more advantages than
disadvantages.
• As everything is controversial, it is the deep and permanent
method of learning.

31. Bibliography:
• B. T. Basavanthappa, “Nursing Education”, 2nd edition, 2009,
Jaypee Brothers, Medical Publishers, New Delhi, page no.
513-515.
• Shrestha. R., A Textbook Of Educational Science in Nursing, 1st
edition, vidhyarthi pustak bhandar,bhotahity, kathmandu,
page no. 96-100.
• http://www.slideshare.net/LouisGrauer/self-directed-
learning-15797490
• http://www.slideshare.net/tjcarter/what-is-self-directed-
learning?from_action=save
• http://www.slideshare.net/jashya/self-directed-learning-
13753232?from_action=save