This document summarizes various phasor-based fault location algorithms for transmission lines. It categorizes algorithms as traditional knowledge-based, traveling wave-based, or phasor-based methods that can use synchronized or unsynchronized data from single-end, double-end, or multi-terminal lines. Factors affecting accuracy are discussed. Selected algorithms are presented for untransposed parallel lines, lines with cables, multi-terminal lines, and series compensated lines. References for various algorithms are provided.

1. Brief Literature Review on Phasor
Based Transmission Line Fault
Location Algorithms
Sarasij Das

2. Traditional Fault location Algorithms
Phasor Based Knowledge Travelling Wave
Based Based
Synchronised Unsynchronised
Data Data
Single Double Multi-
End End Terminal

3. Factors influencing phasor based fault
location Accuracy
• Inaccurate fault-type
• Inaccurate line parameters
• Insufficient accuracy of the line model
• Presence of shunt or series elements
• CT saturation
• CT & PT errors
• Error in phasor estimation
• Source Impedance & Fault resistance
• Load current

4. Selected Phasor Based Transmission
Line Fault location algorithms
Ref I/P Characteristics/Consideration
[1] V,I, Single end, Untransposed, parallel, Fault resistance, Mutual
Z coupling, ignores Shunt capacitance
[2] V,I Two end PMU, Setting free, Fault resistance, arcing, Mutual
coupling, source impedance, ignores Shunt capacitance
[3] V,I,Z Two end PMU, Line with Cable, parallel, Fault resistance,
Mutual coupling, source impedance, ignores transpose,
[4] V,Z Multi-terminal line, PMU @ all end, Untransposed, Mutual
coupling, Fault resistance, source impedance, CT error
[5] V,I,Z Single end, Partial Coupling, fault resistance, source
impedance, ignores transpose
[6] V,I,Z Two end PMU, System Oscillations, Mutual coupling,
parallel, fault resistance, distributed line model

5. Selected Fault location algorithms for
Series Compensated Lines
Ref I/P Characteristics/Consideration
[7] V,I,L Two end, Single ckt, Does not depend on device model
(MOV etc.), iterative in nature, Solution not unique, two
staged
[8] V,I,Z Two end, Single ckt, Non-iterative, Three staged, Does not
depend on device model (MOV etc.),
[9] V,I,Z Two end, Double ckt, iterative, Does not depend on device
model (MOV etc.), zero sequence coupling considered

6. References
1. Kang, S.H., Ahn, Y.J., Kang, Y.C., Nam, S.R.: ‘A fault location algorithm based on
circuit analysis for untransposed parallel transmission lines’, IEEE Trans. Power
Deliv., 2009, 24, (4), pp. 1850– 1856
2. G. Preston, Z.M. Radojevic´, C.H. Kim, V. Terzija: ‘New settings-free fault location
algorithm based on synchronised sampling’, n IET Generation, Transmission &
Distribution
3. Liu, Lin, Yu, and Yang: ‘A Fault Location Technique for Two-Terminal Multisection
Compound Transmission Lines Using Synchronized Phasor Measurements’, IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid, Vol. 3, No. 1, March 2012
4. S. M. Brahma, “Fault location scheme for a multiterminal transmission line using
synchronized voltage measurements,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 20, no. 2, pp.
1325–1331, Apr. 2005.
5. J. Izykowski and R. Kawecki, “Location of faults in partially parallel transmission
networks,” in Proc. Power Tech. Conf., vol. 3, Sep. 2001.

7. 6 Z.Y. He; R.K. Mai; W. He; Q.Q. Qian, “Phasor-measurement-unit-based transmission
line fault location estimator under dynamic conditions,” IET Generation,
Transmission & Distribution
7 C.-S. Yu, C.-W. Liu, S.-L. Yu, and J.-A. Jiang, “A new PMU based fault location
algorithm for series compensated lines,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 17, no. 1, pp.
33–46, Jan. 2002.
8 M.G Ahsaee and Javad Sadeh, "A Novel Fault-Location Algorithm for Long
Transmission Lines Compensated by Series FACTS Devices", IEEE Transactions On
Power Delivery, Vol. 26, No. 4, October 2011
9 Jan Izykowski et. al, "Fault Location on Double-Circuit Series-Compensated Lines
Using Two-End Unsynchronized Measurements", IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, Vol. 26, No. 4, October 2011