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ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းကိုဘယ္သူသတ္သလဲ

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ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္

ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းကိုဘယ္သူသတ္သလဲ

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AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,f o l o wf o vJ wwd , t}ud r f ðyjyifwnf;jzwfxwa0jcif; k f 1 1 2 2
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f © rlyif= OD;cifatmif ALL RIGHTS RESERVED dk Ö rsufESmzHk; tjyiftqif cifOD;atmifESihf xGef;vSatmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,f o l o wf o vJ pma&;ol OD;cifatmif f Ö uGeysLwm &efEkdifpkd; Ö jrefrmbmom (wwd,t}udrf) 2004 jynfhESpf/ atmufwkdbmv Ö xkwfa0ol a':cifrsKd;at;/ ‘acwfòydif’ *sme,f? The New Era Journal P.O Box (115) Raminthra P.O Bangkhen, Bangkok 10220 E-mail : newera@ksc.th.com jref r mbmomjyef o l a'guf w mwif h a 0 a'guf w mat;ausmf Printed in Thailand Ö pmwnf;jzwfol jr0wD&Jacgif Ô ISBN 974-87617-4-6 á *sme,fwurS xkwa0onf? kd f f 3 3 4 4
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f 19/ 7/ 47 Ô jynfjrefrm a&$tdrfwGif;rSmjzihf rowDp&m ayGvdrfwJh tcif;&,fa-umifh (AdvcsKyfa&æ) k f a&wdrftwGif;rSmrS epf&onf? ? Ô a=omfætcif;ppfvkdufjyefawmh twGi;wESprm avsmuefwenf;awGe‹J f f S f hJ awmfvet+yD;rSm jrefjynfvw&efz‹kd Sf G f }uHpnfrc|wfoaemf tm;tifoHk;vdk‹&,f ykef;vsufppfcsDæ? ? Ô ±kdif;vdkufav rsKd;rppfwJh tcif;ayxifh *dk%f;rdkufawG qdk;npfwJh tcsif;&,feJ‹ rsKd;cspfwoif;udkawmh owfcJh+yDæ? wyfzŒJG ZmenfawGrmawmh S ajcmufewf&Gmodk‹ jref;ºuG+yDwum;æ? jrwfwhJ omuDawG[mrd‹k aemufxyfvmzdk‹ wrf;wonftrsm;æ? ? Ô jzpfa=umif;i,f!¸ef ESpa[mif;uG,veayr,fh f f Gf q,fu;˜cGe˜av;cGe-ESpuawmh h kd f f f kd zefcgcg jyefumppfygv#ijf zifh t+rJwdkif oJqdkifepfvdk‹&,f arhypfroGm;æ? ? jr0wD&Jacgif (vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if yxrqifh) 1959=ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 5 5 6 6
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 7 Zmwfvrf;0ifyk*~dKvfrsm; vlowform;rsm;ESifhOya'qkdif&myk*~dKvfrsm; tcef; (1) AdkvfcsKyfvkyf}uHcH&jcif; tcef; (2) t"duacgif;aqmifrsm; tcef; (3) w&m;qkdifjcif; tcef; (4) v#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fjcif; tcef; (5) tajzr&ao;aomar;cGef;rsm; tcef; (6) t-urf;zufr+tarG tcef; (7) &v'f pmwGJ (vkyf}uHr+ESihf ywfoufaom a-u;eef;pmtcsKdŒ) ○ 7 rSwfcsufrsm; ○ aumvm[vaygif;ac|;cH tjrifxufykdxl; okcZmwfa-umif;jyef pyfpHxGef;.om; OD;b0if;.om; a-u;rHkOD;aomif;xkwfazmfajymqdk_yD wuUokdvfae0if; pufqkyfzG,fvlrsKd;a&;vlowfr+avm vkyf}uHr+ESihf ±Hk;wifw&m;pGJqdkr+wdk‹ESifhywfoufaom a-u;eef;pmtcsKdŒ &nf!¸ef;csufrsm; jrefrmpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; t*Fvdyfpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh tpdk;&xkwfjyefjcif; ○ tcef; (1) AkvcsKyfvy}f uHc&jcif; d f k H tcef; (2) t"duacgif;aqmifrsm; tcef; (3) w&m;qdijf cif; k tcef; (4) v#KdŒ0Suqef;-u,fjcif; f tcef; (5) tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm; + tcef; (6) t-urf;zufrtarG tcef; (7) &v'f pmwGJ ○ tmZmenfrsm; vlowform;rsm; Oya'qkdif&myk*~dKvfrsm; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; ukdvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm; olwdk‹b,folawGvJ jrefrmtrnfrsm;ESihf ywfoufaom rSwfcsuf 11 17 21 25 25 26 28 30 34 36 37 41 63 107 131 153 181 205 206 214 222 227 229 234 240 246 ○ Oa,smZOf pma&;ol.ed'gef; bmomjyefo. trSm l Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k tu,fI ,cktcsdeftxd OD;atmifqef;omtoufraobJ&SifaecJhaomf ed*kH;csKyf ○ rmwdum 255 263 273 273 303 303 304 306 307 307 307 307 311 322 325 332 337 351 358 8 8
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f &efukefòrd›awmf= 1947 -opa-w;vsjynf/ uifbm&mòrd›/ trsKd;om;wuUodkvf/ ajryHkqGJynm okawoe,lepf/ ypdzdwf=tm&S avhvmr+qdkif&mXmerS a&;qGJay;onf? 9 9 10 10 10
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f Oa,smZOf 1951 ckESpftwGif;wGif yxrOD;qHk; -opa-w;vsoHwref udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ ±Hk;zGifhvSpfay;&ef u|efawmf &efukefòrdodk‹ qdkufa&mufcJhygonf? xdktcsdefonf wdkif; › jynfudk *syefvufatmufrS jyefvnfu,fwifcJh_yD; _Adwdo#wdxHrS udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf k‹ a&; &,laqmif&uay;Ediconfh acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; vky}f uHc&_yD;p wwdi;jynf G f k f hJ H kf vH; wxdwwvefEihf ,lóuH;r&cHpm;ae&onfh tcsevnf;jzpfayonf? 1947 ckEp/f k f ‹ S d f S Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹ tpdk;&tzGJŒ tpnf;ta0;wGif OD;atmifqef;ESifhtwl ol. vkyfazmfudkifzuf tukefeD;yg;r# pufaoewfajymif;0wGif toufpaw;cHcJh&onf? þod‹k jzifh &Jabmfo;usdyppfacgif;aqmifEihf jynforsm;tay: qGaqmifr+ xufjrufvS kH f S l J onfh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;wOD; qHk;±+H;cJh&onf? xdtjyif _Adwdo# udkvdkeD u|ef k‹ oayguf vufatmufcHb0rS vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHawmfb0odk‹ ul;ajymif;aeonfh pyful;rwful;umvwGif a&S›wef;tcef;u¾rS yg0ifacgif;aqmifr+ ay;Edkifonfh tjcm;^m%fynm t&Sdeft0g xufjrufvSonfh acgif;aqmifajcmufOD;yg qHk;±+H;cJh& ayonf? OD;apmESifh taygif;tyg ig;OD;wdk‹tm; acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; vkyf}uHr+twGuf aemufydkif;wGif w&m;pD&ifonfhtcg tjypfxif&Sm;awGŒ&Sdr+a-umifh tjypf'%fcsrSwf ay;tyfcjhJ im;vnf; tqdygvky}f uHr}+ uD;onf v#KdŒ0uqef;-u,frtwdjzifh ¹yGr;wD; k S f + f vsuf &Saeygao;onf? OD;cifatmif. pmtkyonf vky}f uHrZmwfvrf;tjynftpHk d f + h udk azmfxway;&ef ESpaygif;rsm;pGm pdw&n&njf zifh óud;yrf;cJjh cif;jzpfI rsm;pGm pdwf k f f f S f S 0ifpm;zG,f&m aumif;vSygonf? _Adwdo#tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&; aemufqHk;ae‹rsm; ta-umif; OD;cifatmifrS xifxif&Sm;&Sm; rD;armif;xdk;jyonfhtvm; r_idrfrouf &Sd vSonfh tqdkygae‹&ufrsm;twGif; v+yf&Sm;cJh-uaom t"duZmwfaumifrsm;. yif udk,fp±dkufESifh pdwf&if;&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk twGif;usus *Ce% azmfxkwfwifjy xm;onf? tu,fIom OD;atmifqef;ESihf a&mif;&if;ajcmufO;wd‹k rusq;cJygv#if aemuf D kH h ydi;jzpfay:vmrnfh jrefrmhordi;onf rsm;pGm jcm;em;uGjJ ym;oGm;ayvdrrnf? ppf_yD; kf kf hf 11 11 p tcsdeuqdygv#if vGwvyfonfEiiawmf ay:aygufvm&ef taetxm;rsm;pGm f k f h kd f H aumif;rGeconf? xdtcsdeu tjcm;tm&SEiirsm;ESihf Edi;,SO-f unfygu jrefrmEdif f hJ k f kd f H +f h k iH. vlaer+tqiftwef;rSm jrifrm;vSonf? {&m0wDjrpfa-umif;wav#muf jrpf0 h h u|e;ay:w0S r; qefa&pyg; oD;ESrsm; wd;wufpnfyif0ajymvSonf? xdrwyg; ayg f f H k k S rsm;onfrqdkEdkifaomfjim;vnf; a&eHESifh ajratmufo,HZmwwdrSmvnf; tawmf k‹ toif&yg.? jrefrmjynfow. ynma&;tqiftwef;onfvnf; usef tm&Swuf h dS l ‹kd h kd 0ef;usifwcdkwGif pmaywwfu|rf;r+E+ef;xm; tjrifhrm;qHk;pHcsdefrsm;wGif yg0ifyg.? 'kw,urBmppfwif ‚if;.tusKd;quftjzpf vlom;taygif; 'kuouQ awmf d G Q k awmfcpm;cJ-h u&onftavsmuf jrefrmjynfonfvnf; _Adwo#/ w±kwEihf *syefppf H h d f S wyfrsm; ppfwvif;cif;usif;&mwGif ajrpmyifjzpfc&onf? udvee,fcsJacwfrS tp hJ k kd D › ysKd;cJaom aoG;cGtycsKyfa&;pepfa-umifh 'kw,urBmppf}uD;t_yD; vGwvyfa&;&p h J k f d f tcsdef jynfwGif;ppfjzpfvmum rD;[kef;[kef;awmufygavawmhonf?þodk‹ jzpf&onf rSm tjcm;tjcm;aom t&if;&Sie,fcsJpepfrsm;uJoyif _Adwo#wdonfvnf; aoG;cJG f › h ‹kd d ‹k tkyfcsKyfa&; rl0g'udk usifhoHk;cJhjcif;a-umifh jzpfonf? vufeufudkifppfwyfrsm;wGif Armr[kwaom wki;&if;om;tkyprsm;udom t"duxm; ppfoifwef;ay;_yD; yg0if f df f k k apcJ±ru ‚if;ppfom;rsm;jzifh wki;jynfukd xde;xm;cJonf? Armrsm;u rausreyf h kH df f h jzpfonfrmvnf; rqef;-u,fvyg? jrefrmjynfrS _Awo#wyfw‹kd qkwcmcgeD;pJpwif S S d d fG J G ArmESifh &S rf;/ u&if/ ucsifwdk‹ oabmuGJvGJr+ jyif;xefvmygawmhonf? topfjyefvnfwnfaqmufonfh jrefrmEdiitaejzifh trsK;om;acgif;aqmif kfH d }uD;rsm;udk qHk;±+H;cJh&aomfvnf; 1950 ckESpfwGif 'Drdkua&pDjzifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf aom tpdk;&tm; wnfaxmifEdkifcJhygonf? rajyrvnf&SdcJhonfh vlrsKd;pkrsm;twGif; wGivnf; twwfEiq; jyefvnfaygif;pnf;a&;udk tm;xkwEicygonf? &Sr;vlrsK; f dk f kH f kd f hJ f d pkrsm;ESihf txl;ojzifh yl;aygif;Edic_hJ yD; &S r;ud,pm;vS,f awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSmvnf; kf f k f jynfaxmifptpd;&twGi; ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾wGif yg0ifc-hJ uonf? wki;jynf k k f df pD;yGm;a&;udk jyefvnfjr‡ifhwifum tbufbufrS jyefvnfxlaxmifI tm&Swdkuf w0S r; pHcsdetjrifrm;qH; qefpyg;udk a&mif;csjzef‹ jzL;Ediconf? wdi;jynfuvnf; f f h k k f hJ kf kd urBmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm;twGuf jyefvnfvrf;zGifhay;cJhonf? omarmzG,f&m awm vufaus;&Gma'orsm;/ jrefrmh,Ofaus;r+ tcsutcsmXmersm;/ yk*òH rda[mif;&Sd ordi; f › kf 12 12
Oa,smZOf 0ifxif&Sm;onfh bk&m;ykxdk; taqmufttHkæponfrsm;tm; urBmvSnfhc&D;onf rsm; avhvmEdkif&ef tpDtpOfrsm;udkvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf? odaomf 1962 ckEpwif AdvcsKyf}uD;ae0if;onf jynfow‹kd a&G;cs,wifajrmuf ‹k Sf G k f l f ‡ cJonfh 'Drua&pDtpd;&udk ðzwfcs_yD; Ediiawmftm; ppftm%m&Sipepfjzifh jyefvnf h kd k kfH f wnfaqmufvdkufonfhtcgwGifrl tqdkygpGrf;aqmifcsufwdrSm &p&mr&Sdatmif t k‹ bufbufY ysujf y,fc&onf? xda-umifh 1947 ckEpf vky}f uHrtwGi; Ediia&;acgif; hJ ‹k S + f kfH aqmif}uD;rsm; usqH;cJ&jcif;onf tem*wfumvY ppfwyf. t"rR t-urf;zufr+ k h atmifjrifa&;twGuf vrf;cif;ay;ouJhodk‹ ta&;ygaom tcsufwcsuf jzpfvm onfrSm ,HkrSm;oHo,jzpf&ef rvdkawmhacs? tjcm;tcsufwcsufrSmrl jynfwGif;ppf udk trSDo[JðyI jrefrmEdkifiHY ppftm%m&Sif vlwef;pm;w&yf aygufzGm;vmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? ppfAvcsKyf}uD;wd‹k tm%m,pfr;rd_yDqv#if xktm%mudk tvG,wul kd f l kd d f vufv$wfay;±dk; xHk;pHr&Sdyg? ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;onf tcsdef-umjrifhvmonfESifhtr# tcGifhxl;cHvlwef;pm;rsm; jzpfoGm;vsuf rdrdwdk‹ udk,fudkvnf; txufwef;v$m vl wef;pm;w&yftjzpf ,HkrSwfvm-uaomfvnf; ppfAdkvfcsKyf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSmrl ynmt&nftcsif;tm;jzifh !Hzsif;olrsm; jzpfjcif;a-umihf acwfopfurBm}uD;wGif 0if h qHhEdkifonfh tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr+qdkif&m ±+yfaxG;eufeJ cufcJr+rsm;. twdrfteufudk óudwifodjrif qifjcifem;vnfEdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm; r[kwfacs/ odk‹ESifhyif ppfAdkvfcsKyfwdk‹ onf vG,&mvrf;udk vdu-f uawmhonf? ‚if;rSm wki;jynfukd jyifyurBmESihf tquf f k df toG,jf zwfawmufvujf cif;yif jzpfygonf? ‚if;tjyif jynfow. 'Drua&pDpepf kd l ‹kd kd wnfaqmufa&;qENwudkvnf; acszsufvdkufavawmhonf? kd‹ odaomfjim;vnf; jrefrmjynfow. arG;&myg &ydicirsm;jzpfaom vltcGihf ‹k l ‹kd k f G hf ‹ ta&;wdonf xm0& jiif;y,fc&rnfum; r[kwygacs? OD;atmifqef;.orD; a': ‹k H f atmifqef;pk-unfonf jynfwGif;'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdka&; v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;udk acgif; aqmifr+ay;aeygonf?þpma&;aecsdefwGif olronf ppftm%m&Sifwkd‹. tdrfwGif; tcsKyf ðyvkyfjcif;udk cHae&jim;vnf; pdwf"mwfrus/ vlxkw&yfvHk; awmifhwae onfh taESmiftzGrS vGwfajrmufa&; ar#mfrSef;csufudk wdkufyGJ0ifum &yfwnfvsuf J‹ yif &Sdygonf? jynfya&muf jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;tjyif urBmw0S rf;vHk;&Sd ppftm%m &Sipepfukd pufqyI vltcGita&; csKd;azmufonfh rormr+rsm;udk &Gre;aom Edif f k f ‹ hf H k f k iHwumrS vlrsK;pHy*Kd~ vfrsm;uyg a':atmifqef;pk-unftm; axmufctm;ay;vsuf d k k H &Sygonf?þpmtkya&;ol OD;cifatmifonf jrefrmjynfow. vlrtcGita&;twGuf d f l ‹kd + hf -opa-w;vsjynfwGif;rS wufwufºuGºuG wdkufyGJ0ifaeolrsm;wGif twufºuGqHk; yk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfygonf? ‚if;onf jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; aumfrwD/ -opa-w;vstzGJŒwGif 1988 rS 1992 ckESpftxd OuU@wm0efESifh EdkifiH wumqdi&m aumfrwD. 'k=OuU@wm0efukd xrf;aqmifcygonf? 1991 ckEpwif kf hJ S f G vnf; jynfya&muf jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJŒ jzpfaom trsKd;om;!Gefaygif;tpdk;&. -op ‹ a-w;vsEdkifiHqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,fvnf; jzpfcJhygonf? OD;cifatmifEihf ZeD; yufx&pf&mwdonf jrefrmhordi;wGif xif&m;cJonfh rsKd; S S ‹k kf S h ±dk;pOfqufrS aygufzGm;vm-uolrsm;jzpf-uI OD;cifatmif.zcifrSm uG,fvGefol &J AdvcsKyf OD;xGe;vSatmifjzpfvsuf olZeD;. zcifrm vGwvyfa&;&_yD;acwf/ w&m; k f f ‹ S f ±H;csKyf w&m;ol}uD;vnf;jzpfum tdE,òrdj› ytkycsKyfa&; yËdnmOfc0efxrf; ICS t k Nd f H zGŒJ 0ifwOD;vnf; jzpfconfh OD;aomif;pdejf zpfygonf? OD;cifatmifonf Armhvwvyf hJ G f a&;wyfrawmfEihf Armha&wyfrawmfwwif wm0efxrf;aqmifc_hJ yD; ppf_yD;acwfwif S ‹kd G G yifv,fu;oabFmukr%wckY xl;c|efatmifjrifpm tr+xrf;cJonf? olEihf olZeD; l ` D G h S ‹ wdk‹onf tar&duefEdkifiHwGif (12) ESpf-um aexdkifcJh-u_yD; -opa-w;vsEdkifiH/ uif bm&mòrdY 1983 ckEprpI tajccs aexdivmcJ-h uolrsm; jzpfygonf? › S f S kf pma&;olOD;cifatmifrSm OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif yg0ifcJholtcsKdŒESifh ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ xdktcsdefu tjzpftysuf tajctaet&yf&yfwESifh ywf dk‹ oufIvnf;aumif; udk,fwdkif tawGtóuH&SdcJh±Hkru a&S;a[mif;ordkif; taxmuf ‹ txm; pmtkypmwrf;rsm;udvnf; _Adwo#armfue;wdurS ud,wif okawoeðy f k d G f k f k f kd cJhojzifh þacwfopfjrefrmhordkif;Y ta&;ygvSaom jzpfysufr+tpOfudk jyefajymif; ajym&ef toifhawmfqHk;yk*~dKvfwOD; jzpfcJhygonf? od&mwGif vlrodao;bJ usef&pf k‹ aeonfh tcsKŒdtcsKŒdaom v#KŒd0uqef;-u,fr+ uGi;qufrsm;um; use&aumif; usef S f f f dS &SaeygOD;rnf? Oyrm þTr#-urf;ñuwfvaom vlowfr}+ uD;udk OD;apmusL;vGe&mY d S f rnfonfhta-umif;tcsufwu v+aqmftm;ay;wkdufwGef;cJh-uoenf; qdkonfudk dk‹ H‹ ,ckwdkif em;vnf&efcufcJvSonfhtajc &SdaeqJyif jzpfygonf? odk‹&mwGif Tpm tkyfonf ppf_yD;acwfaemufydkif; jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;udk twGif;usus avhvmvdkuf 13 13 AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f 14 14
Oa,smZOf AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f pm;vdkol okawoDynm&Sifwdk‹twGuf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifatmif taxmuftulðyyg vdrrnf? hf *syefacwf t"dywd a'gufwmbarmfa&;om;_y; ppf_y;acwfwif xkwa0onfh D D G f ‘jrefrmjynfwi;atmifjrifr}+ uD;’ trnf&pmtkywif pma&;olu jrefrmjynfEiywf Gf dS f G S hf oufaom ordkif;qdkif&mtrSefw&m;rsm;onf jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk‹ udk,fwdkif jyefrajym jyor# umvywfvHk; rnfonhftcgr# ±kyfvHk;yDjyifpGm ay:vGifvmrnfr[kwfacs[k a&;om;cJhygonf? ‚if;uyif qufvufI 'kwd,urBmppfESifh ppfóudacwf jrefrmh ordkif;udk xdkacwfwGifyg0ifaom jrefrmwdudk,fwdkif ra&;om;&ao;a-umif; 0efcH k‹ cJh_yD; ta-umif;t&m cdkifcdkifvHkvHkudk twGif;ususodxm;aom yk*d~Kvfwdk‹u ra&; om;ao;or# jrefrmjynfwijf zpfym;cJaom ta-umif;&if;rsm;. trSew&m;udk od G G h f &Sem;vnfEirnfr[kwacs[k a&;om;cJygonf? acwfwacwf. ta&;ygvSonfh d kd f f h tjzpftysufrsm;udk euf±+dif;pGm od&Sdem;vnfap&ef a'gufwmbarmf a&;om;azmf jyouJhodk‹ OD;cifatmif. pmtkyfrSmvnf; tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom taxmuftulwck jzpfayawmhonf? (35) ESpfwkdifwkdif xrf;aqmifcJh_yD; t_idrf;pm;,lcJh&m (ruG,fvGefrD) tESpf (20) umvtwGif; “uifbm&mwkdif;pf” owif;pmwGif tywfpOf -oZmanmif;aom aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;cJhonfhtjyif “aemufqkH;uufzJcsyf” ac: pmtkyfvnf; a&;om; cJhonf? rmvfuGefESifh a&mufZmemwktm; EkdifiHjcm;a&muf jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;pGmwkd‹ d‹ u t_rcspcifpm owd&-uvsu&rnf? txl;tm;jzihf 'Drua&pD jyefvnfxaxmif J f G f dS dk l &ef ¯ud;yrf;vsu&orsm;onf olwEpO; ckirmpGm tqufrjywf axmufctm;ay;cJh f dS l ‹ dk S f D d f H -ujcif;ukd aus;Zl;wifowd&-urnfjzpfygonf? Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô rmvfuGef bGwfum; · uif b m&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vs Ed k 0 if b mv/ 1992 ck E S p f ? · rpPwmþrmvfueþf bGwum; (Mr. Malcolm Booker) onf 1998 ckEp/f Zlvif G f S dk v (15) &ufae‹/ touf (82) ESpfwGif rdrdaetdrf uifbm&m-rdY uG,fvGefcJhonf? › ol‹ZeD; a&mufZmem (Roxana) rSmvnf; xkdae‹wGifyif aq;±kHY a&m*ga0'em -um &SnpmcHpm;&_yD; em&Dom apmIaoqk;oGm;&Smonf? f G H olwEpO;pvk;rSm oHwref0efxrf;rsm;jzpf-uonf? rmvfuef bGwum;onf ‹dk S f D H G f 1951 ckrS 1953 cktxd jrefrmjynfqi&m oHtrwftjzpf ceftyfjcif;cH&I yxrOD;qk; dk f ‹ H -opa-w;vsoH±;ukd (88) urf;em;vrf; (Strand Hotel Annex) wGif zGivpcaom Hk hf S f hJ a-umifh xkdtaqmufttkHY ,ae‹wkdif wnf&Sdvsuf&Sdonf? xkdaemuf tDwvD/ ,l*pvm;AD;,m;/ ±kar;eD;,m;ESihf blva*;&D;,m;jynfrsm;wGif oHtrwf}uD;wm0ef dk d f aqmif&uconf? 1976 ckEpwif uifbm&m-rdo‹dk jyefvm-u_y; EkiijH cm;a&;oHwref G f hJ Sf G › D df 15 15 16 16
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f u|efawmfhZeD;. uG,fvGefav_yD;aomzcif}uD; w&m;ol}uD;a[mif; OD; aomif;pdefonf ‚if;aexdkif&m rJvfbkef;òrdrS uGsefawmfwrdom;pk. uifbm&mtdrf › dk‹ odk‹ 1989 ck/ Zlvdkifv oluG,fvGefcsdeftxd wESpfwacgufcef‹ vma&mufvnfywf avh&ygonf? touf&pq,fausm_f yD qdaomfjim;vnf; zswvwf-unfvif trSwf dS S f k f onmaumif;onfh OD;aomif;pdeonf olb0oufwrf;wav#muf tr+xrf;cJonfh f ‹ h tawGŒtóuH taxGaxGukd jyefajymif; pm;òrHj› yefwwfonf? xdtxJY acwfopf jref k rmhordkif;wGif ta&;ygonfh tjzpftysufrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfaponfh ta-umif; t&mrsm;pGmwdk‹vnf; ygwwfonf? OD;aomif;pdefonf ,cifwcsdefu vlwef;pm; tv$mwckjzpfaom tdENd, òr›djytkyfcsKyfa&; yËdnmOfcH0efxrf;tzGJŒ0if (I.C.S) wOD; jzpfonftjyif w&m;a&;Xme twGi;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tusOf;axmifrsm; OD; h f pD;csKyf (axmifrif;}uD;) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1947 ckESpfwGif wòydifwnf; wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJh&ygonf? _Adwdo#wdk‹xHrS 1948 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; csdewif w&m;±H;csKyf w&m;ol}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ aemufyi;wGif Ediiyif odr; f G k kd f k f H kd f ydkufa&;aumfr&SifESifh a&G;aumufyGJ t,lcHaumfr&SiftzGJŒwdk‹. OuU@tjzpfvnf; aumif; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJŒu txl;a&G;cs,fI wm0efay;tyfjcif; cHcJh&onf? OD;aomif;pde. trSww&tawGŒtóuHrsm;xJrS ol ESpEpòf cduòf cduf ajymjyavh f f f S &Sdaom tjzpftysufwckrSmrl uG,fvGefol u|efawmhfzcif AdkvfcsKyf (&Jwyf) OD;xGef; vSatmifEihf wdu±uywfoufaeygonf? xdtcseu u|eawmhzcifrm &mZ0wfr+ S k f kd f k d f f f S h d f pHprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme t}uD;tuJ ( Dy. Inspector General ) jzpfonftjyif t&Set k 0g}uD;vSonfh t*Fvef bk&ifh&Jwyfrawmf}uD;. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;tjzpfvnf; 1940 ck aESmif;ydkif;wGif wm0efxrf;cJh&oljzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ‚if;.0ef}uD; tzGJŒ0ifrsm;tm; 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhr+a-umifh OD;apmtm; tif;pdetusO;axmifwif xde;odr;xm;cseY 'k=&JcsKyf OD;xGe;vSatmif f f G f f d f f ESifh w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdefwdk‹tm; OD;apm. vHkòcHa&;twGuf yl;wGJwm0ef ay;cJhygonf? xdka-umifhvnf; ‚if;wdk‹ESpfOD;onf ae‹pOfvdkvdk &efukefrS tif;pdef axmifodk‹ um;jzifh twloGm;avh&Sd-u&m c&D;wav#mufwGifvnf; ,m,D ‘jynfol‹ ppfwyf’ yHkpHjzifh zGJŒpnf;xm;aom jynfol‹&JabmftzGJŒ0iftcsKd‹wdk‹ apmifh-uyfaeonfh ppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;pGmwdk‹udk jzwfoef;&avh&Sdonf? xdktcsdefu jynfol‹&Jabmf tzGŒJrmvnf; OD;atmifqef;r&Sonfaemuf (tjzL/ t0g) ESpzŒJGuae_y; rnfonftzGŒJ S d h f JG D h u rnfol‹vufatmufY opPmcHxm;onfudk twdtusrod&ao;acs? odk‹ESifhyif 1947 ckESpfaemufydkif;/ wnaewGif ‚if;wdum;udk &yfwefap&ef ppfaq;a&;pcef; k‹ ‹ wckrS cyfxefxef trdeay;wm;qD;vduum a&mifpajymufusm;ppf0wfpkH 0wfqif ‹f k f kH xm;onfh &JabmftcsKŒd/ ±diz,faoewfajymif;rsm;jzifh csexm;vsuf olwxajy;vm kf d f ‹kd H -uonf? xdtcg u|eawmfzcif OD;xGe;vSatmifonf um;armif;ae&mrS &yfI qif; k f h f oufvdkuf_yD; ‚if;wdrnfolrnf0gjzpfa-umif; ajymjyvsuf ,if;aoewfudkifvlwpk k‹ . acgif;aqmifvufxJrS aoewfudk ykwfcsvdkufonf? ‚if;aemuf olwdk‹ a-umif trf;trf;-unfaeqJrmyif um;ay:jyefwufI armif;xGuvmcJonf? h S f h tqdkygtjzpftysufrsm;ta-umif; jyefajymif;ajymqdkor#udk u|efawmf-um; od&_yD;aemuf xdtcsursm;. v+aqmfra-umifh xdtcseu tuif;raoao;aom k f ‹H + k d f jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;Zmwfvrf;tzHkzHkudk u|efawmf pwif pdwf0ifpm;rdawmhonf? wEdkifiH vHk; vdkufemusifhoHk;-u&rnfh _Adwdo#bk&ifhOya'ESifh acwfay:vufeufudkif a'o cHrsm;. Oya'rJhjzpfaer+rsm; a&maxG;,Sufwif v+yf&Sm;aer+udk u|efawmf txl; owdðy avhvmrSwom;&awmhonf? xdtcgu tajctaet& jynfwi;Ediia&; f k Gf kfH orm;rsm;. ud,yippfwyfrsm;twGi; tm%mudta-umif;ðyI xGuay:vmaom k f kd f f k f tusKd;pD;yGm; yÉdyuQrsm; r-umc%ay:aygufvmavh&Sdonf? tqdkyg ta-umif; t&mrsm;xJwif *VKefwyftjzpf (0g;&if;wkwuAef;jyvsuf) v#KdŒ0uvufeufuif G f kd S f kd wyfzGJŒxm;aom emrnfqdk;jzifhausmf-um;vSonfh *VKefOD;apmudkrl u|efawmf pdwf t0ifpm;qH; jzpf&ygonf? k u|eawmfEitwl u|eawmf. om;i,fEpO;jzpfaom cifO;atmifEihf xGe;vS f S hf f SfD D S f atmifav; (*sLeD,m) wduvnf; tbd;jzpfotm; tqdygZmwfvrf;rsm; jyefajymif; ‹k k l k qufvufajymqdk&ef r-umc% wdkufwGef;-uavh&Sdonf? trsKd;om; acgif;aqmif }uD;rsm; vky}f uHc&r+Eihf ywfoufI OD;apmESihf ‚if;.taygif;ygwdtwGi; pum;0Suf H S ‹k f ESihf a&;aompmrsm;udk ae&mowfrwI v#KŒd0upm vJv,cjhJ cif;rsm;ta-umif; ajym S f S fG S f jyonftcg u|efawmfwtm;vH; rde;armawGa0oGm;rdawmhonf? xdta-umif;t h ‹kd k f k &mrsm;udk wpGef;wp azmfjy&aomf ‘ajcqGHŒaeonfh raumif;qdk;0g;}uD;’/ ‘iSufaysm oD;pdrf;jzifh {nfhcH’/ ‘oHyk&m&nfudkóudufw,f’/ ‘a&uefxJrSm ig;r&Sd’/ ‘t&yfjrifhjrihf 17 18 pma&;ol. ed'gef; 17 18
ed'gef; vl}uD;’æponfæponfjzifæ? (t&yfjrihjf rihvonf rnfoenf;qdonfrm ya[Vd) h f l l k S odEihf OD;atmifqef;wdtm; vky}f uHr}+ uD;onf OD;apmESihf ‚if;. taygif;ygrsm; vuf ‹k S ‹k csufomru w&m;Oya'a&SŒarSmufodk‹ rnfonfhtcgur# ra&mufvdkuf&bJ vGwf ajrmufqJ/ vGwfajrmufoGm;-uaom tjcm;tr+tcif;rsm;qdkif&m tcsKdŒ yk*~dKvfrsm; vnf; &Sdaumif;&SdavOD;rnf[k u|efawmf oHo,ruif; jzpfvmrdawmhonf? xdk‹ a-umifh u|efawmfha,muQr}uD;. ajymjycsufrsm;udk aemifvmaemufom;rsm;t wGuf pmjzifhrSwfwrf;wifxm;oifhonf[k u|efawmfcHpm;rdcJhonf? odk‹ jzpfonfht avsmuf u|eawmf. pmwdpmprSwwrf;rsm;udk pkpnf;I t-urf;tm;jzifh pmwapmif f k f wzGŒJ tjzpf a&;om;vduaomtcg OD;aomif;pdeu aocsmpGmzwf-unh_f yD; oabm k f f wlconf? þTwGif u|eawmfwEpO;. jyefajymif;owd&r+rsm;udk u|eawmf. xyf hJ f ‹kd S f D f qif&mazG avhvmrSwom;r+rsm;ESihf aygif;pyfI jznf;jznf;csi; wd;csŒJa&;om;cJonf? h S f f k h u|efawmfu,wivnf; xdo‹kd tke;tke;u|ufu|uf ±ke;&if;qefcwf jzpfym;aecsdef kd f kd f k f f f G tcgu xdkvkyf}uHr+}uD; jzpfyGm;cJh&m twGif;0ef±Hk;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif wbufjcrf; &Sd a&wyf (urf;em;XmecsKyf) ðyvkyxm;aom pdeaygvfausmif;0if;twGi;Y vli,f f ‹f f a&wyft&m&SwOD;tjzpf wm0efusaeqJjzpfonf? d xd‹k jyif u|efawmhtm; þta-umif;t&mrsm;udk a&;om;&ef v+aqmfay;cJonfh f ‹H h tjcm;ta-umif;w&yfrSmrl u|efawmf. OD;av;awmfol OD;a&$abmfjzpfonf? ‚if; rSm tdENd,òrdj› ytkyfcsKyfa&; yËdnmOfcH0efxrf; tzGJŒ0if (I.C.S) wOD;jzpfvsuf vGwf vyfa&;r&ao;rD ,m,Dtpd;&tzGŒJ . twGi;0efwOD;jzpf_yD; vky}f uHrj+ zpfym;pOfu k f G OD;atmifqef;. vuf0bufwif uyfvsufxiaecJ&mrS th-H ozG,aumif;avmuf J G kd f h f atmif usnfqefu a&Smifxuom;jcif;a-umifh ab;roD&efrcbJ vGwajrmufc& G f G f hJ olwOD;jzpfygonf? OD;a&$abmfudk,fwdkif xdka-uuGJbG,f&m tjzpftysuf/ ol‹ rsuf jrifu,awGŒZmwfa-umif;udk u|efawmftm; jyefvnfajymjycJygonf? kd f h h xda-umifh Tpmtkyonf vky}f uHr}+ uD;ESiywfoufI tajzwpHw&may;&ef ‹k f hf k xuf OD;apmaemufrm b,foawG&ygvdr[aom tawG;ESitwl odavmodavm S l dS hf l hf ‹k ‹k ar;cGef;rsm;om xyfrH ay:aygufaumif; ay:aygufvmapygvdrfhrnf? u|efawmf. &nf&G,fcsufrSmrl OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHr+ESifhywfoufI v#KdŒ0Sufr+tcsKdŒudk óud;pm; ajz&Sif;vsuf u|efawmfwdk‹EdkifiH. uH-urRmudk 0rf;enf;zG,f&m ajymif;vJoGm;apcJh onfh þjzpf&yfqdk;}uD;udk topfwzefjyefvnfI tao;pdwfavhvm&efjzpfygonf? u|efawmfESifhtwl jrefrmjynfoltrsm;pktaejzifh ,cktcsdefom OD;atmifqef; touf&iaecJygv#if u|efawmfw‹kd ,ckcpm;ae-u&onfh uH-urRmqd;wdukd a&Smif Sf h H k ‹k &Sm;Edkifayvdrfhrnf[k cdkif_rJpGm,Hk-unf-uyg.? Tta-umif;w&yfwnf;ESifhyif t qdyg vky}f uHrZmwfa-umif;udk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm avhvmoifayawmhonf? xdtwl vGef k + h ‹k cJaom (45) ESpwmumvu EkiiAoum}uD; usqH;oGm;_yD;aemufyi;/ xdwacwf h f d f hH d k k kd f k . tarGtESptjzpf usef&pfconfh Ekiia&; a&pD;a-umif;wav#muf }uD;pk;cJonfh f hJ dfH d h avmb/ a'gowdk‹ jzifh ¹yGef;wD;aom t-urf;zufr+rsm;. tajccH t&if;tjrpfwdk‹ udvnf; avhvmoifvayonf? k h S ,if;tarGukd tomw-unfvufc&ef jiif;y,fwe;vSecaom yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESihf H G f f hJ r_yD;qHk;ao;aom jrefrmEkdifiH. vGwfvyfa&;/ 'Drkdua&pDta&;ESifh o[Zmwjzpf a&;wdtwGuf owW&pm wduy0ifaeolrsm;twGuf Tpmtkyukd &nf&,a&;om; ‹k d dS G k f JG f G f &jcif;jzpfygonf? 19 19 AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f 20 armif c if a tmif uif b m&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vs Ek d 0 if b mv/ 1992 ck E S p f ? Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô 20
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f "Who Killed Aung San ?" (atmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ) pmtkyfa&; om;ðypkol OD;cifatmiftm; vGefcJhaom (13) ESpf/ 1986 ck/ pufwifbmvwGif rdwaqGwOD;u rdwzŒJGay;pOf uifbm&mòrdawmf/ jrefrmtdrwckY yxrOD;qH;t}udrf f f › f k awGŒqHkcGihf&cJhygonf? aqmif;tukef/ aEGtul;rdk‹ &moDomarmonfh TvwGif ‘uifbm&m’ Y yef;yGawmf usi;y_rjJ zpfojzihf t&yf&yfrS vma&mufvnfywf-uaom J f {nfonfrsm;jzihf pnfum;avh&onf? u|efawmfrwaqGu OD;cifatmiftm; jrefrm h dS h d f ppftm%m&Sif Akvae0if;tpd;&udk ESpaygif;rsm;pGm awmfveaeolwOD;tjzpfvnf; d f k f S f df D aumif;/ ‘The Canberra Times’ (uifbm&mwki;pfowif;pm}uD;) . t,f'wmxH ay;pmrsm; tcef;u¾wGif jrefrmppftpkd;&. vSnfhuGufjy±kyfrsm;udk azmfxkwf_yD; ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdk;}uD;udk uavmifjzifh rSefrSefxdk;ESufwHk‹ jyefaeolwOD;tjzpf vnf;aumif; rdwqufay;cJygonf? OD;cifatmif. t*Fvypmay Edieif;u|r;usif f h d f kf f r+/ [mo^m%fºuG,0r+/ tm0Z…e;&$irwonf ol. xufjrufaom ^m%fynmudk f f f + ‹kd a&mifjyef[yfaeonf[k u|efawmfrwcsufcsrdonf? aemufaemif olEifh &if;ES;vm S f S D aomtcg AkdvfcsKyfae0if; wdkif;jynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk twif;t"rR odrf; yducaom 1962=ckEpO;umvtcsderpI ,ae‹xufwif worwfwnf; ppftm k f hJ S f D f S kd %m&Sipepfukd awmfveaeol rsKd;cspfwOD;tjzpf ydI av;pm;vmcJygonf? f S f k h xdaemuf 1988=ckESpf/ jrefrmjynfwGif; vlxktHkºuGr+}uD;ay:aygufvmaom k‹ tcg ppftpk;&. &ufpufpm ESyuyowfjzwfra-umifh jrefrmjynfol toufaygif; d G d f G f + axmifEicsDI qH;±+;cJ&onf? S fh k H h jrefrmhvwvyfa&; Adoum}uD; AdvcsKyfatmifqef;. orD; a':atmifqef; G f k k f pk-unf. wnf-unfajzmifhrwfaom acgif;aqmifr+atmufwGif jynfolwdk‹ wnD w!Gwfwnf; pkpnf;I jrefrmjynf. 'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;udk awmif;qdkcJh-uonf? ppftpkd;&onf a':atmifqef;pk-unftm; (6) ESpfwdkifwdkif tdrfwGif;tusOf;csxm; cJh_yD;/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESihf ppftpkd;&udk qefusifolrsm;tm; ‹ pepfwus acsr+ef;cJhygonf? TonfhumvwGif jynfya&muf jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;u vnf; EkdifiHt&yf&yfwGif ppftpkd;&qef‹usifa&; qENjyyGJrsm; usif;ycJh-uonf? 'Drkd ua&pDusihfoHk;aom tpdk;&toD;oD;tm; csOf;uyfvsuf jrefrmppftpkd;&udk,fwdkif OD;pD;usif;yay;cJhaom 1990=ck/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif tEkdif&&SdcJhonfh trsKd;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyftm; olwuwdtwki; tm%mv$ajymif;ay;&ef zdtm; dk ‹kd df J ay;a&;twGuf óud;yrf;cJ-h uonfrm ordi;rSwwiwck jzpfvmonf? -opa-w;vs S k f f kd f &Sd jynfwGif;v+yf&Sm;cJh-uonfh jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;twGif; OD;cifatmifrSm a&SŒwef;rS yg0ifcygonf? hJ OD;cifatmif. ‘atmifqef;udk b,foowfovJ’ t*Fvybmomjzifh pmtkyf l d f ðypkaecsdefwGif -opa-w;vsjynfwGif twlwuG EkdifiHa&;v+yf&Sm;ae-uonfjzpfI u|eawmfEifh r-umc% pmtkyyg ta-umif;t&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;wdiyifc-hJ uonf? f S f kf AkvcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh acgif;aqmifrsm; usq;onftcseu OD;cifatmif. zcifrm d f kH h d f S jrefrmjynf. 'k=&JcsKyfjzpfaeIvnf;aumif;/ OD;cifatmifZeD;. zcifrmvnf; w&m; S a&;Xme. twGif;0efwOD;taejzifh vnf;aumif;/ axmifrsm;udk }uD;-uyftkyfcsKyf &onfh OD;pD;csKyftaejzifvnf;aumif; aqmif&uae-u&aoma-umihf OD;cifatmif h G f onf xdy*Kd~ vf}uD;ESpO;xHrS OD;apmESifh taygif;tygrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom ta-umif; kk fD t&mrsm;tm; twGif;usus owif;tcsuftvufrsm; wkduf±dkufod&SdcGifh&cJhonf? xkd‹a-umihf OD;cifatmif. xdktcsdefu udk,fawGŒrsufjriftjzpftysufrsm;udk ESpf aygif;rsm;pGm pepfwus okawoeðypkxm;onfrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfvuaomtcg ckif kd f d vHkaom orkdif;taxmuftxm;wcktaejzihf ydkrdkwdusjywfom;vmygawmhonf? Tae&mwGif OD;cifatmifonf ta-umif;jcif;&m trSeuom wifjy_yD;/ ta-umif; f kd tusKd; qufEG,fr+rsm;udk pmzwfy&dowfrsm;uom qufvufI pl;prf; qifjcif awG;ac:Ekdif&ef csefvSyfxm;cJhonf? ta-umif;jcif;&m trSeftuef wifjyr+Y OD;cifatmifonf twGif;pnf;rS teD;uyfavhvmcJholjzpfI ol. tcsuftvuf rsm;onf w&m;Oya'tjrifwGif yDjyifwdusvSygonf? orkdif;okawoDrsm; quf vufavhvm&ef tajccHtwjf rpfcsay;cJonfEivnf; wlygonf? k h S fh OD;cifatmif. pmtkyft*Fvdyfrl&if;onf tqifhtwef;jrihfvSonf? odaomf k‹ jrefrmjynfotrsm;twGuf &nfp;I jrefrmbmomjyef&ef vH;yef;aomtcg tcuf l l k tcJrsm;awGŒ I aESmifaES;cJ&onf? u|eawmfonfvnf; jrefrmpmayESifh uif;a0;ae h h f onfrSm ESpftwef-umcJh_yDjzpfonfhtjyif ,cifu bmomjyefqdkonfh tawGŒtóuH vnf; r&SdcJhygacs? OD;cifatmifudk (pDtm'DbD) jrefrmjynf'Drdkua&pD jyefvnfwnf aqmufa&; OD;pD;aumfrwD (tjynfjynfqkdif&mESifh -opa-w;vs) . em,u}uD; tjzpf av;pm;vsuf/ ol. ta&;ygvSaom Tpmtkyfudk jrefjrefqefqef jrefrm 21 22 bmomjyefo. trSm l 21 22
trSm AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f bmomjzifh xkwa0vdaoma-umihf bmomjyeftjzpf wm0ef,rygonf? uHaumif; f k l d onfrSm jr0wDOD;&Jacgif -opa-w;vsodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmojzifh pmwnf;jzwfay;&ef OD;&JacgifrS wm0ef,_l y;/ tcef;vduf txl;óud;pm;wnf;jzwfay;jcif;twGuf aus;Zl; D k wifz,&mjzpfygonf? G f txl;ojzifh rar#mvifbJ u|eawmf. vkyief;qki&mtyki;wGif wm0efyvm f h f f df df d onfhtcgrsm;Yvnf; u|efawmfhnD a'gufwmat;ausmf (atmifoef‹ausmf) tm; tultnDawmif;_yD; olESihftwl tcsKdŒtcef;rsm;udk bmomjyefygonf? tcsKdŒtcef; rsm;rSm a'gufwm at;ausmfbmomjyefqkd_yD;/ u|efawmfu wcsKdŒae&mY jyifqif jznfpuvsuf OD;&JacgifrS xyfrwnf;jzwfygonf? h G f H bmomjyefq&mYvnf; t*FvypmrS wdu±ubmomjyefqrukd ta&;xm; kd d f k f dk f kd + I trsm;qk; tok;ðyaomfvnf; tcsKdtcsuftvufrsm;wGif jrefrmpmzwfy&dowf H H ‹ ESifh ydkrdkqDavsmfap&ef jr0wDOD;&Jacgif. t}uHðycsuft& pma&;ol OD;cifatmif. oabmwlnrj+ zifh tenf;tusOf; ðyjyifa&;om;cJonfrsm; &Sconf? D h d hJ odk‹ jzpfI yl;wGJbmomjyefol a'gufwmat;ausmfESifh u|rf;usifpGm pmwnf; jzwfol jr0wDO;&Jacgifwtm; txl;aus;Zl;wif&ygonf? bmomjyefq&mY trSm; D ‹kd dS kd t,Gi;&Scygv#if u|efawmfwiom wm0ef&ygonf? f d hJ h Gf dS a'guf w mwif h a 0 qpf ' eD ò rŒ/ =opa=w;vs (9/ 9/ 99) yl ; wG J b momjyef o l a'guf w mat;ausmf qpf ' eD ò rŒ/ =opa=w;vs 23 23 24 24
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f 1 Zmwfvrf;0if yk*Kd~ vfrsm; pyfpxe;f (40) ESp/f &S r;jynfe,frS rdi;yGeapmfbm;}uD;/ e,fjcm;a'oqdi&m twdif H G f kf f G kf k yifcH0ef}uD;/ OD;acgif;wGif '%f&m (2) csuf&&Sd_yD; (20) &ufae‹ rGef;wnfhcsdefwGif &efue°f rd/› jynfoaq;±H}k uD;Y aoqH;oGm;onf? k ‹l k tmZmenf r sm; OD;tke;f armif (34) ESpf/ o,f,lyaqmifa&;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;Xme/ 'kwd, dk‹ H Gf twGi;0ef (I.C.S)/ tpD&ifcpmwckukd vma&mufwifoi;aepOf vlowform;rsm;. f usnfqefrsm; xdreom;jcif;cH&onf? ae&mwGiyif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;onf? S f G f J k AdvcsKyfatmifqef; (c) AdvawZ (32) ESp/f jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+y&m;r+. acgif; k f k f f S aqmif}uD;/ bk&ifcHtr+aqmifaumifpD. 'k=OuU@ (odk‹ ) wu,fhvufawGŒtm;jzihf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ. 0ef}uD;csKyf/ ‚if;tjyif xdktpdk;&tzGJŒ. umuG,f a&;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ usnfqef (13) csufoifhaom '%f&mjzifh ae&mwGif yif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;cJ&onf? J k h udaxG; (18) ESpf/ OD;&mZwf.oufawmfapmifh/ rEœav;teD;&Sd awmifjyif ody`H&yfrS k rlqvifvi,fwOD;jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGi;rS aoewforsm;-um;&ojzifh l f H teD;&Sd±Hk;cef;rS ajy;xGufvmpOf qkwfcGmajy;oGm;aeaom vlowform;rsm;. ypfcwfjcif;udkcH&onf? '%f&m (4) csuf&&Sd_yD; aq;±HkwGif aoqHk;onf? 'D;'kwO;D bcsKd (54) ESp/f pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mESihf 'D;'kw*sme,f. t,f'wm/ f f D jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;/ oltouft&G,fESifh OD;aESmufxJ0ifoGm;aom usnfqef tyg ‹ t0if usnqef (5) csu&&Sonfwif ae‹v,fyi;txd &efuejf ynfoaq;±H}k uD;wGif f f d h kd kd f k ‹l touf&ivsuf &Saeao;onf? Sf d vl o wf o rm;rsm; ocifjr (49) ESp/f vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;-um;wGif touft&G,}f uD;&ifaom EdiiH h kf acgif;aqmif/ b¾ma&;0ef}uD;/ tqkwfudk xGif;azmufoGm;aom aoewf'%f &mjzifh ae&mwGif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;onf? J k OD;tAŠ'&mZwf (49) ESpf/ rEœav;°rd› rlqvifacgif;aqmif/ ynma&;ESifh trsKd;om; l pDrHudef;0ef}uD;/ '%f&m (6) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf? OD;b0if; (46) ESpf/ OD;atmifqef;.tudk/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh axmufyHha&; 0ef}uD;/ usnfqef'%f&m (8) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf? OD;apm/ 1900=jynfEpwif om,m0wD°rdY arG;zGm;onf? vlowform;rsm;. acgif; h S f G › aqmif[k tpGyfpGJcH&ol/ orBm&ifh vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;. t"du°ydifbufjzpfonf? ol&d,owif;pmudk pwifxlaxmifolESifh rsKd;cspfygwD acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? 1940=ckESpf/ pufwifbmvrS 1942=ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd eef;&if;0ef/ 1942=rS 1946=txd ,l*E<mjynfwif txde;odr;cHc&onf? 1947=ck G f f hJ ESp/f Zefe0g&DvwGicsKyfqaom atmifqef;=tufwvD pmcsKyfukd todtrSw«f y&ef f kd jiif;qefcojl zpfI OD;atmifqef;ESihf oltr+aqmifaumifpD vkyazmfuizufrsm;tm; hJ ‹ f kd f owfjzwfr+jzifh 1947=ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&vsuf/ pGJqdkxm;onfh twdkif; tjypfay;cH&_yD;/ 1948=ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGif tif;pdefaxmifY ¯ud;ay;cH&onf? ref;bcdif (43) ESpf/ [oFmwrS u&ifvlrsKd;wOD;jzpf_yD; *syefodrf;ydkufxm;pOfu k jyefvnfccawmfve&mY yg0ifconf? pufrvufrXmeESihf tvkyorm;Xme0ef}uD;/ kH S f hJ + + f usnfqef (15) csufxreconf? ae&mwGiyif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;onf? d S f hJ f J k 25 25 armifp;/ aoewform;/ rif;vS-rd›rS *VKefwyfzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpf_yD; OD;apm. teD;uyf dk aemufvkdufjzpfI ol‹ _cHtwGif;Y apmpD;pGmuyif aexkdifcJholjzpfonf? ao'%fay; cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGifyif tif;pdefaxmifY ao'%ftpD &ifc&onf? H 26 26
Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f oufESif;/ aoewform;/ usKdufvwf-rd›rS *VKefwyfzGJŒ0ifa[mif;jzpf_yD; ,if;-rd› rsKd;cspfygwD. twGif;a&;rª;jzpfonf? OD;apmukd txl;-unfndK_yD; vkH;0OkH,kH -unfukd;pm;oljzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf arv (8) &ufae‹wGif yif tif;pdeaxmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&onf? f H xGuftajy;wGif vGwfajrmufEkdif&ef tultnDay;a&;twGuf ajcmufvkH;jyL;ao ewfwvufjzifh twGif;0efrsm;±kH; txGuf*dwfaygufrS apmifhaecJh&onf? ao'%f tay;cH&aomfvnf; tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&_yD; ,if;owif;ukd okcESiw-ydieufwnf; today;cHc&onf? hf f hJ armifpe/f aoewform;/ ¯udŒyifaumuf-rdrjS zpfI ppftwGi;u AkvcsKyfatmifqef;. d › f d f Armhwyfrawmfom;jzpfc_hJ y;aemuf jynfo&abmftzGŒJo‹dk 0ifa&mufconf? olrbrsm; D ‹l J hJ ‹d rSm rsKd;cspfygwDukd vkdvm;ESpfoufolrsm;jzpfI olukd OD;apm. aemufvkdufjzpf&ef ‹ odr;oGi;qGaqmifc-hJ uonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckEp/f arv (8) &ufae‹ f f J S wGif &efuetusOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&onf? k f H r_e}f u;D / }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGŒJ Eihf vkuygoGm;cJonf? tkwz-dk rdteD;rS aus; S d f h f › &Gmom;jzpf_yD; tvkyf-urf;orm;wOD;jzpfonf? OD;apmu ol‹ukd tapcHwOD;uJhokd‹ ckdif;cJhonf? 0ef}uD;tzGJŒpnf;a0;aea-umif; vlowform;rsm;ukd olu tcsufjycJh &onf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGif tif;pdefaxmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&onf? H &ef}u;D atmif/ touf (18) ESpom&S.? toufti,fq; aoewform;jzpfonf? f d Hk OD;apm w0rf;uGn.om;jzpfonf? pwkwajrmufaoewform;? vktyfvmonfh J D ˆ d aemufqkH;tcsdefusrS ol‹ukd a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ol. waZmufuef;tusifh a-umifh aoewform;tjzpf tH0ifciusjzpfconf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckEp/f Gf hJ S arv (8) &ufae‹wGif &efukeftusOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifcH&onf? b!Ge‹f / }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGŒJ wif yg0ifonf? OD;apm.vl,awmf t"du G Hk aemufvuacgif;aqmifjzpf_yD; olwOD;om OD;apm.tdrtwGi; aexkici&onf? dk f f f d f G hf tod^m%f&SdI tkd;onfukef;w&m;±kH;wGif pma&;jzpfcJhonf? ocifEktm;owf&ef wm0eftay;cH&onf? bk&ifhoufao (azmfaumif) tjzpf bufajymif;xGufqkd&ef oabmwlcojl zpfonf? xka-umifh tajctaet& oltm; tjypfrcivwr+ tay; hJ ‹d ‹ S G hf $ f cH&vsuf tvkyf-urf;ESifh jyif;xefaomaxmif'%f (10) ESpfESifh (6) v csrSwfcH cJ&onf? h okc/ vlowform;rsm;tm; twGif;0ef±kH;okd‹ *spfum;jzifh armif;ykday;cJholjzpfonf? ‹ &efukef-rd›&Sd tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;rS (9) wef;atmifjrifcJhonf? ppf_yD;aemuf usKdufvwf-rd› zqyvtzGJŒ. aiGxdef;jzpf_yD; ukefonfwOD;jzpfonf? oufESif;u ol‹ukd OD;apmESifh rdwfqufay;cJhonfhtjyif rsKd;cspfygwDwGJzuftwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf pm&if;wifay;cJhonf? OD;apm. _cH0if;okd‹ vkyf}uHr+rwkdifrD aemufqkH;a&muf&Sdvm oljzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&aomfvnf; ¯ud;ay;rnfhae‹ rwkdifrDae‹ naeykdif;wGifrS tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&onf? cifarmif&if/ }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGJŒpD;aom zkd'fqefx&yfum;ukd armif;ol ‹ jzpfonf? OD;apmZeD;onf. wlawmfonf? 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tpnf;ta0;xkiaea-umif; df v#Kd‹0SufoauFwjzifh owif;ay;_yD; vlowform;rsm; xGufcGmvm&ef tcsufjycJh onf? ao'%ftay;cH&aomfvnf; aemufykdif;wGif tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&onf? Oya'qd k i f & myk * ~ d K vf r sm; w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;ausmjf rif/h 1898 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 0wfvkHawmf&rif;ESifh w&m;v$wfawmf w&m;ol}uD;rif; (1946 ckESpfrSpI)? OD;apmukd ppfaq;pD&ifcsuf csaom txl;ckH±kH;awmf.OuU@/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf. w&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfvmonf? xif&Sm;ausmf-um;aom nDtukdav;OD;jzpfonfh Adkvfr;csKyfwifxGÉf (t}uD;qkH;)/ w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;jrifhodef;/ a'gufwmxifatmif ª wkwif 'kw,ajrmufjzpfonf? 1988 ckEpf arvwGif uG,veconf? ‹d G d S f G f hJ armife/D }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGJŒESifh vkdufygoGm;cJhonf? vlowform;rsm; 27 27 OD;atmifomausm/f tqifhjrifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rif;/ OD;apmudk ppfaq;aom txl;cHk±Hk;awmf. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfI/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmf 28 28
Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f w&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfvsuf/ xdk‹aemuf w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf w&m;ol}uD;rif; jzpf vmonf? Amwefe (pf)˜ bif*srif&maz;&,f (Vertannes,Benjamin Raphael)/ ,cifu ppfwyfrS Adkvf}uD;wOD;jzpfI/ xdkaemuf &efukef°rd&Sd w&m;v$wfawmfwGif a&SŒaejzpf vm_yD;/ ‹ › OD;apmtwGuf ckcHumuG,fay;cJhonfh ti,fwef; Oya't}uHay;jzpfcJhonf? rlvZmwdtm;jzifh jrefrmEdiirjS zpfaomfvnf; vGwvyfa&;&_yD;onftcg t_idr;pm; kfH f h f ,lI _AdweEiio‹kd a&$Œajymif;oGm;cJonf? d f kd f H h bwfpf (cf) / rduu,f tD; (Busk, Michael E.)/ 'kwd,urBmppfwGif ‘csif;'pf’ (exk f S f kd f k › Chindit) rS ppfjyefwOD;jzpfI/ 1940=ckEprsm;. aemufyi;wGif &efue°f rd&dS &JwyfzŒJG wGif vufaxmufaumfr&Sifemrif;}uD; jzpfvmum/ vufeufudkifykvdyfwyfzGJŒ (Armed Police) twGuf jrpf}uD;em;wGif ucsifwi;&if;om;rsm;jzifh wyf&if;w&if; kd f zGJŒcJhonf? uy`wdef a';ApfADAD,ef; (Capt, David Vivian) ukd olu zrf;cJhonf? (atmufwGif±+)? OD;pDb;l / tqifhjrifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfI/ OD;apmudk ppfaq;aom txl;cHk±Hk; awmf. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfI/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol }uD;rif;wOD; jzpfvmonf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pde/f 1906=ckESpfwGif oHvsifY arG;zGm;onf? tdENd, f S yËdnmOfc0efxrf; (ICS)/ w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme. twGi;0efEihf tusOf;axmifrsm; H OD;pD;csKyf wm0efrsm;udk 1947=ckEpwif w°ydiwnf; xrf;aqmifc&onf? 1948=ck S f G f hJ ESpf vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcsdefrS 1962=ckESpfwGif tem;,lcsdeftxd w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol}uD;rif;wOD;jzpfI/ 1975=ckEpwif -opa-w;vsEdiio‹kd ul;ajymif;aexdif S f G kfH k S f f G f G h cJonf? rJvbe;°rd› (Melbourne) wGif 1989=ckEpY uG,veom;cJonf? h f k f AdvcsKyfxe;vSatmif/ 1902=ckESpfwGif &efukef°rd›YarG;zGm;cJhonf? t*Fvdyftpdk;& k f G f vufxuf bk&ifh&JwyfzGJŒ0ifESifh r+cif;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme. 'k=&JcsKyf/ OD;apmESifh ol‹vlrsm;udk vsifjrefpGm zrf;qD;EdkifcJhonfhftwGuf EdkifiHawmf. av;pm;r+udk cHcJh& onf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdeEihf twlwI OD;apm. vk°H cHa&;wm0efukd ,lchJ f S JG &onf? vGwvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf &JcsKyfjzpfvmcJ_h yD;/ 1948=ckEpf vGwvyfa&;&_yD; f S f aemuf -o*kwvwGif AdvcsKyf&mxl;jzifh 'k=OD;pD;csKyftqifo‹kd wd;jrijhf cif;cHc&onf? f k f h k ‡ hJ 1960=ckEpwif &efue°f rdY uG,veom;cJonf? S f G k › f G f G h umwpf/ bifepf˜ qm z&uf'&pf [ife&D ('J&uf) aupD (Curtis- Bennett, Sir Frederick Sf G h h d~ Henry (Derek) KC./ 1904 ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? bk&ifOya't}uHay;yk*KvfjzpfI &mZ0wfr+cif;rsm;wGif atmifjrifausmf-um;aom _AdwdefEkdifiHom; a&SŒaewOD;jzpf onf? txl;ckH±kH;awmfwGif w&m;-ydif&mY ol‹ukdumuG,fckcH&ef t}uD;wef;t}uH ay;tjzpf OD;apmu iSm;&rf;cef‹tyfcJhonf? 1956 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (23) &ufae‹wGif olaexkdif&m vef'efwkdufcef;xJwGif aoqkH;vsuf&Sdonfukd awGŒ&onf? &ifcGJppf aq;olq&m0efu vGefcJhonfh (4=5) &ufuyif oltaejzifh aoqkH;_yD;jzpfonf[k ‹ xifjrifcsuay;onf? ok‹djzpfv#if olaoqk;&ufonf emrnfq;jzifh ausm-f um;vsuf f H dk ao'%fuscHcJh&aom ol.tr+onf usL;vGefcJhaom Zlvkdifv (19) &uf tr+ (9) ESpjf ynfajrmufonfh ae‹&ufcefwif jzpfaeayawmhonf? h ‹ G 29 29 S f G h S f wGwc˜f aumvif; ( Tooke, Colin)/ 1913=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? 1933= ckEprS f pI jrefrmhyvywyfzŒJGwif wm0efxrf;aqmifconf? 1945–46=ckEpw‹kdY om,m k d f G hJ S f 0wDc±dkif &J0efaxmufjzpfI/ OD;apmtr+udk v#Kd‹0SufpHkprf;axmufvS rf;aecJhol[k ,H-k unf&_y;/ OD;apmESiywfoufaom olziwrsm; tcd;cHc&onf? 1948=ckEpwif D hf ‹ kd f JG k hJ S f G ±kww&uf aoqH;oGm;cJonf? f k h cef;˜ tdyf (cs) (Khan,H)/ pD;yGm;a&;orm;wjzpfvJ t_idrf;pm;-unf;wyfAkdvf}uD;? f &efuef at'Dvrf;&Sd OD;apmaetdrEihf rsufEmcsif;qkiwif aexkio/l r+cif;pkprf;ppf k f S S df G df H aq;a&;Xme 'k=&JcsKyf. arwWm&yfccsuft& OD;apm. _cH0if;tm; rsufjcnfrjywf H apmif-h unfunconf? w&m;vkjd youfaotrSwf (39)? h l D hJ Ed k i f i H a &;orm;rsm; Advatmif}u;D / aygif;wnf°rdY 1919=ckEpwiarG;zGm;onf? 1945=ckEpwif *syef k f › S f Gf S f G qef‹usifa&;v+yf&Sm;r+Y jrpf0u|ef;ay:ESifh zsmyHkc±dkiftwGif; Adkvfae0if;. vuf±Hk; t&m&SwOD;tjzpf yg0ifvyuivmcJonf? d k f kd f h xdk‹aemuf vGwfvyfa&;&tHhqJqJ wyfrawmfudk jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;vdkufaom 30 30
Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f tcg trSwf(4) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;wGif Adkvfae0if;vufatmufY tr+xrf; cJonf? qd&,vpfvrf;pOfygwD. pnf;±H;a&;rª;wOD;jzpfonf? 1962=ckEpY Advf h k S f k S f k csKyfae0if; tm%modr;onftcg awmfvea&;aumifp0ifwOD;jzpfvmonf? 1963 f h S f D =ckESpfwGif xkwfy,fcH&_yD; 1988=ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkwGif EdkifiHa&;avm uod‹k jyef0ifvmcJonf? h a'guwmbarmf/ c&pf,mefrom;pkrþS 1897=ckEpwiþf arG;zGm;cJonf?þtmareD,efaoG; f d Sf G h wpdwwydi;ygonf[qonf? ude;b&pfwuUovwif ynmoif-um;cJ_h y;/ abmf f kf k kd f kd f G D kd f d f f h 'l;cfþ( Bordeaux) wuUovrS yDtycs'D (Ph.D) bGŒJ&cJonf? a&S;OD;tp ausmif;q&m b0ESifh xdk‹aemuf 0wfvHkawmf&jzpfvmonf? qif;&Jom; 0HomEkygwDudk zGJŒpnf;cJh onf? 1936=ckEprS 1939=ckEptxd eef;&if;0efjzpfonf? xdaemuf 'kw,urBmppf Sf Sf ‹k d twGi;þ*syefppfwyfuþzGŒJay;aomþtpd;&tzGŒJ.þt"dywdjzpfc_hJ y;/þ1947=ckEpþf vGwvyf f k D S f a&;r&rDtcsewiþf txde;odr;cH&onf?þ1977=ckEpþf arvwGiþf uG,veom;cJonf? df G f f S f Gf G h wOD;jzpfI/ xdaemuf *syefawmfvea&;t_y;/ vGwvyfa&;r&rD qd&,vpfygwDukd ‹k S f D f k S f pwifxlaxmifcJhol tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfum/ 1950=ckESpfrsm;wGif OD;Ek. tpdk;&tzGJŒ twGif; wm0eftrsm;tjym;,lcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh 1962=ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tm%modr;onftcg tzrf;cH&vsuf/ 1966=ckEpwif jyefvwvmonf/ 1985= f h S f G G f ckEp/f pufwifbmvwGif uG,veonf? S f G f OD;ausm+f ir;f / ysO;rem;°rdY 1915=ckEpwiþf arG;zGm;onf?þ&efuewuUovwiþf ynm d f › S f G k f kd f G oif-um;cJh_yD;/þ1930=ckESpfrsm;wGifþausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfcJhI/þ1946=ck ESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ruG,fvGefao;rD (zqyv) tzGJŒcsKyf. taxGaxG twGif;a&;rª;csKyftjzpfrS xkwfy,fjcif;cHvdkuf&onfh uGefjrLepfygwDrS ocifoef; xGe;. ae&mudk qufcc&onf? xdaemuf OD;Ek 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfcsdewif jynfxa&; f H hJ ‹k f G J ESifh w&m;a&;Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ qdk&S,fvpfygwD. 'kwd,t}uD;qHk; acgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJh&I/ 1962=ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tm %modr;onftcgYþtzrf;cHc&_yD;þ1966=ckEpwif jyefvwvmonf? 1986=ckEp/f f h hJ S f G G f S ZGevwGif &efue°f rdY uG,veom;cJonf? f k › f G f G h ocifApde/f 1910=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? &efukefwuUodkvfwGif ynmoif-um;cJh onf? ocifAaomif;wdEitwl uGejf rLepf0g'udk OD;pGm avhvmcJaom ausmif;om; ‹k S hf h acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf/ xdkaemuf 1930=ckESpf wdkArmtpnf;t±Hk;udk a&S;OD;xl ‹ ‹ axmifcJholrsm;xJwGif wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; 0if±dk;wef; tiftm;pkrsm;tay: vdvm;cJojl zpfonf? xda-umifh *syefacwfY oltm; refcsL;ud; k h ‹k ‹ k odk‹ jrefrmEdkifiH. oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf ceftyfjcif;udk cH&onf? 1947=ckESpfwGif vef ‹ 'efo‹kd OD;atmifqef;ESitwl vduygoGm;cJonf? vufsmEdiia&;orm;jzpfonf? hf k f h kfH OD;AaqG/ xm;0,f°rdY 1915=ckEpwiarG;zGm;onf? &efuewuUovwif ynmoif › S f Gf k f kd f G -um;cJonf? 1930=ckEprsm;wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifjzpfconf? 1945=ckEpf h S f hJ S wGif qd&,vpfygwD. OuU@tjzpf wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aomfvnf; ocifjrudk OD;pm; k S f ay;onftaejzifh Ekwxuconf? xda-umifh ocifjr vky}f uHc&_y;aemufrS qd&,f h f G f hJ ‹k H D k S vpfacgif;aqmif jzpfvmjyefonf? (1956–57) ckESpfwGif c%wm 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf cJao;onf? od&mwGif 1962=ckEpf Advae0if; tm%modr;vduonftcg tzrf;cH h ‹k S k f f k f h &_y;/ 1966=ckEpwif jyefvwvmonf? 1987=ckEp/f 'DZifbmvwGif uG,veonf? D Sf G G f S f Gf OD;Ek (c) ocifE/k 0g;c,fr°rd›Y 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1930=ckESpfrsm;wGif wdArmtpnf;t±H;udk pwifxaxmifcorsm;xJwif wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? 1947= ‹k k l hJ l G ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf trsm;oabmwl wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&vsuf jref rmEdii. 'Drua&pDumvrsm;twGi; qlyaomif;use;r+rsm; jzpfym;aeonf-h um;rS kfH kd f l f G zGŒJpnf;cJaom tpd;&tzGŒJrsm;wGif olomv#if 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf t-umqk;aqmif&uchJ h k H G f &oljzpfonf? odaomf 1962=ckEpwif AdvcsKyfae0if;u oltm; &mxl;rSz,f&m;cJ_h y; ‹k Sf G k f ‹ S D zrf;qD;axmifcsconf? 1966=ckEpwif jyefvnfvwvm_yD; AdvcsKyfae0if; ppft hJ S f G G f k f pd;&udk qefusiawmfvea&;twGuf pnf;±H;&ef jynfyodxucmcJonf? 1980=ckEpf k ‹ f Sf k ‹k G f G h S vGw_f ir;csr;omcGiay;&mwGif jrefrmEdiio‹kd jyefa&mufvm_y; ol 0ef}uD;csKyfb0u d f f hf kfH D vkyvufp ydËuwf bmomjyefvyief;udk jyefvyaeqJwif 1988=ckEpf 'Drua&pD f k f k f G S kd ta&;awmfywif yg0ifum pufwifbmv (9) &ufae‹wif olu,wif 0ef}uD;csKyf kH G G kd f kd tjzpfESifh -um;jzwftpdk;&tzGJŒudk a-unmcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh tpdk;&u ol‹tm; 1989=ckEpf 'DZifbmvrS 1992=ckEpf {_yDvtxd tdrwi; tus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif; S S f Gf cHc&onf? xdaemuf 1995=ckEpf azazmf0g&DvwGif &efue°f rdY uG,veom;onf? hJ ‹k S k › f G f G Advcifarmifuav;/ awmifil°rdY 1912=ckESpfwGifþarG;zGm;onf/þ&efukefwuUodkvfY k f › ynmoif-um;cJhonf? a&S;OD;tp ausmif;q&mvkyfcJh_yD;/ wyfrawmfwGif t&m&Sd 31 31 ocif±_armif/ (c) Adkvfae0if;/ jynf°rd›teD;&Sd aygif;wvnf°rd›Y 1910=ckESpfwGif 32 32
Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f arG;zGm;onf? &efue°f rd/› *syqifaumvdyY ynmoif-um;cJaomfvnf; 1931=ckEpf k f f h S wGif bGJŒr&bJ ausmif;rSxGufcGmcJh&onf? pmwdkufpma&;rS &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if jzpfvm_yD;aemuf 1943=ckESpfrS 1945=ckESpftxd jrefrmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf. ppfOD;pD;rª;jzpfonf? wzef 1949=ckESpfrS 1972=ckESpftxd wyfrawmf. umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf aqmif&Gufum/ 1962=ckESpfwGif ppfwyfjzifh EdkifiH awmftm%mudk odrf;,lcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh 1962=ckESpfrS 1974=ckESpftxd awmfvea&;aumifp. OuU@tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1974=ckEprS 1981=ckEptxd S f D S f S f qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHþorRwtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1962=ckESpfrS 1988=ckESpftxd jrefrmhq&,vpfvrf;pOfygwD. OuU@tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ °ydi0or&Sd aqmif&ucI/ kd S f f hH l G f hJ ,cktcsdefwGif (rqv) ygwDudk zsufodrf;vdkufaomfjim;vnf;/ ,ae‹txd ol. -oZmESifhtm%mrSm ppfwyfxJwGif euf±+dif;pGm pl;0ifaeqJ[k ,lqaecJhaomfvnf; ol.wefckd;tm%m !SdK;rSdefvmonf? 2002 ckESpf/ rwfvwGif ajr; (3) a,mufESifh orufwkd‹ EkdifiHawmfopPmazmufr+jzifh zrf;qD;jcif;cH-u&_yD;aemuf olukd,fwkdifyif tus,fcsKyfcHae&pOf 'DZifbmv (5) &ufae‹wGif &efukef-rd› aetdrfY uG,fvGef oGm;onf? wGif EdiijH cm;a&;0ef}uD;wm0efþxrf;aqmifconf? 1948=ckEpf -o*kwvwGif Advf kf hJ S f k rª;csKyf&mxl;jzifh t&efwyfzŒJGrsm; OD;pD;&ef 0ef}uD;tzGŒJrEwxu_f yD; ol tkycsKyfwnf; S k f G f k f G jzwfvsu&aom (The New Burma Times) owif;pmwdua&SŒwif pufwifbmv f dS twGi; vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&onf? ol.tpfurm w&m;v$wawmfcsKyf/ w&m; f kd S f 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;ausmfjrifjh zpfonf? ocifxe;tky/f 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ &efukefESifh udkvHbdk°rd›wdk‹wGif ynm G f oif-um;cJhI wdkArmtpnf;t±Hk;. tjcm;ppftkyfpk. acgif;aqmif (ocif ApdefESifh ‹ twl/ Adkvfae0if;vnf; xdktkyfpkwGifyg0ifonf) olonf [pfwvm (Hitler’s) . ‘rdkifuef‹’ (Mein Kampf) vrf;a-umif;twdkif; a&;om;xm;aom u|Ekfyfwdk‹ pGef‹ pm;cef;’ (Our Exploits) udk a&;om;oljzpf_yD;/ 1940=ckESpfwGif *syefodk‹ vdkufyg oGm;cJonf? h 1940=ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1950=ckESpfrsm;wGif twdkuftcH vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm; b0Y &yfwnf&if; 1970=ckEpf Zefe0g&DvwGif uG,veom;cJonf? S f G f G h ocifoef;xGe;/ ysOf;rem;°rd›Y 1915=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? ausmif;q&mtjzpf f vkyfudkifcJhI *syefacwf a'gufwmbarmf tpdk;&tzGJŒ Y 0ef}uD;&mxl;vufcHcJh_yD;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. ZeD;a':cif-unf. tpfrjzpfol a':cifcif}uD;udk vufxyf ,lcJhonf? 1949=ckESpftxd (zqyv)tzGJŒcsKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf vnf;aumif;/ uGefjrLepfygwD ESpfjcrf; uGJoGm;_yD;aemuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (BCP) . acgif;aqmif jzpfvmygonf? ,if;ygwDonf 1948=ckESpf rwfv wGif ajratmufygwDtjzpfjzifh A[dktpdk;&udk v+yf&Sm;wufºuGpGm ykefuefcJhonf? aemufq; 1968 ckEpwif yJc;±d;rawmxJY olv,awmf &JabmfjroD;. vky}f uHjcif; kH Sf G l k ‹ l kH cHc&onf? hJ udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm; tufwvD/ tm;vfuvDrif/h tm/ (Atlee, Earl Clement R.) 1883 ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? 1945=55 ckEpwif avbmygwD. 0ef}uD;csKyf/ Sf G h Sf G AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒukd vef'efokd‹zdwfac:I 1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (13) &ufae‹rpI awGŒqaqG;aEG;cJonf? Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufae‹wif S Hk h G atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqkdtqkH;owfEkdifcJhonf? OD;apmtay: _Adwdo# 0ef}uD;csKyf. tptOD;tjrifrsm;rSm *k%,z,r&Syg? jrefrmhvwvyfa&;ESihf ,if;ESihf f lG f d G f qufE,aeaom udp&yfrsm;ESiywfoufI aemufyi;wGif Ek=tufwvDpmcsKyfudk G f P hf dk f vef'efwGif 1947 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;csKyfqkdEkdifcJhonf? tufwvDonf 1967 ckEpwif uG,veconf? S f G f G f hJ OD;wifxÉ/f 1895=ckEpwif arG;zGm;onf? 'g;vf0pfcsf aumvdyf (Dulwich College) G S f G ESifh udef;b&pfwuUodkvf ( Cambridge University) wdwGif ynmoif-um;cJhonf? k‹ D k f kd f tdE,yËdnmOfc0efxrf; (ICS) wOD;jzpf_y;/ &efuewuUov. 'k=t"dywd (VicedN H hJ kf S Chancellor) jzpfconf? 'ditmcDacwfEihf (91) Xmeacwfrsm;Y 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tawmf rsm;rsm;wGif twGi;0efcsKyftjzpf aqmif&uc&_yD;/ 1948=ckEpf vGwvyfa&;&csdef f G f hJ S f 33 33 a':refprpf/ qm–&D*sie,f [sL; ( Dorman-Smith, Sir Reginald Hugh) f 1899=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJ_h y; (1935–41) ckEprsm;wGif uGeqmaA;wpf (ConSf G D Sf f hJ d servative MP) trwfjzpfcI/ _Adwo#0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ 0if 34 34
Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (1941–46) ckEprsm;twGi; jrefrmEdii. bk&ifcwOD;jzpfum S f f kfH H OD;apmESivnf; rsm;pGm tu|r;0ifowOD;jzpfonf? xdaemuf _Awo# trsK;om;a&; hf f l k d d d jynfo0efxrf;od‹k jyefr0ifaomfvnf; [ef±i;,m;e,f wm0ef,&aom tqifjh rif&r; ‹l ‹ d+ f l h Jª (High Sheriff of Hampshire) ESifh ajy_idrf;a&; wm0efcH (JP) tvkyfrsm; vkyfudkif ygonf? 1977=ckEpwif uG,veom;cJonf? S f G f G f G h vdw0w/f qm*|e*;D vfbwf/ ( Laithwaite, Sir John Gilbert) fd f 1894=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 1919=ckESpfwGif tdENd,EdkifiHqdkif&m EdkifiHjcm; a&;Xmeodk‹ 0ifa&muftr+xrf;cJhI (1939–43) wGif bk&ifcH. udk,fa&;twGif; 0eftjzpf tr+xrf;aqmifcJhonf? (1945–48) ckESpfrsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeY jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m vufaxmuftwGif;0ef ( Deputy Under Secretary of State) tjzpf wm0ef,conf? l hJ &ef‹/ AdvcsKyf qm/ [sL;bwf (Rance, Major-General Sir Hubert) k f 1898=ckEpwif arG;zGm;onf? (1943=45) ESprsm;wGif ,lau taemufyi; S f G f kd f ppfOD;pD;XmeY wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh_yD; (1945=46) ESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m òrdj› ya&;&mþ!¸e-f um;a&;rª;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ wzef 1946=ck/þ-o*kwvrSþ1948=ck/ f Zefe0g&Dvtxd jrefrmEdii. aemufq; bk&ifctjzpfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmEdii. kfH Hk H kfH txl;xl;taxGaxG vlrsKd;a&;a&m 0g'a&;yg uJGjym;ae-uonfh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm; t-um;wGif bufrvdkufbJ ajzmifhrwfpGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJholwOD;jzpfonf? (1950=54) wGif x&ifheif'ufESifh wdkbmudk;EdkifiH. bk&ifcHESifh ppfaoemywdcsKyf wm0efxrf;aqmifconf? 1974=ckEpwif uG,veom;cJonf? hJ S f G f G f G h vpfw0v/f (5) qufajrmuf tm;vfatmhzf (0Dv,H z&ef‹ppf[,m;) kd J D J th ( Listowel, the 5 . Earl of (William Francis Hare) 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1947=ckESpf {_yDvrSpI EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeY tdENd,EdkifiHESifh jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (1947=ck/ -o*kwf vrS 1948=ck/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd) jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&uconf? 1997=ckEpwif uG,veom;cJonf? G f hJ S f G f G f G h armifbufwef/ Apfaumifh armifbufwef atmhzf bm;rm; h h (a&wyfAvcsKyf avmh-vl0pf-z&efppf-tJvbwf-Apfwm-eDuvufp) kd f J kd f (Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma (Rear-Admiral Lord Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas) 1900=jynfEpwif arG;zGm;onf? (1943=46) ESprsm;wGif tm&S. r[mrdwf h S f G f wyfaygif;pk ppfaoemywdcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJh&oljzpfonf? xdk‹aemuf (1947/ rwfvrS -o*kwfvtxd) tdENd,EdkifiH. bk&ifhtkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mykdif (Viceroy) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ bk&ifcHcsKyf (Governor-General) tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhjyefonf? txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; av;pm;vsuf vGwf vyfaom jrefrmjynf.acgif;aqmiftjzpf rsm;pGm ta&;ay;cJojl zpfonf? 1979=ck/ h -o*kwvwGif owfjzwfjcif;cH&onf? f 35 35 olwdk‹b,folawGvJ bif*av/ *|epwsL;0yf ( Bingley, John Stewart ) f 1899=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? (1946=47) ckEprsm;twGi; jrefrmEkiiwif S f G h S f f dfH G _Adwdo#aumifpD ( British Council) . udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf &efukef-rd›Y aexkdifcJh onf? OD;apmu tif;pdefaxmifxJrS pmtcsKd‹ olxHa&;om;_yD; aiGawmif;cHcJhonf? ‹ axmufvSr;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif ol yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k ocifE/k OD;ausm_f ir;ESihf f f df tcsKdyk*~dKvfrsm;u t}uD;tus,foHo,jzpf-uonf? 1947=ckESpf/ pufwifbmv ‹ (4) &ufae‹wif jrefrmEdiirS tavmok;q,f xGucmoGm;cJonf? 1979=ckEpwif G kfH H f G h S f G _AdwdefEdkifiH/ qa&; (Surrey) e,fwGif uG,fvGefoGm;onf? 'de;/ Advr; yDwmtm;euf vef‹pfavmh ( Daine, Major Peter Ernest Lancelot) f k f ª 1923=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? tdE, tcsujf yqufo,a&;wyfY 1944=rS S f G h dN G f pwifI t&m&Sdtqifhudk &&SdcJhonf? 1947=ckESpfwGif ArmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf axmuf vS rf;a&;wyfY wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf/ r*Fvm'kH ajrmufbuf&Sd yifr cJ,rf;rD; ausmufwdkuf. wyfr;vnf;jzpfonf? OD;apmwynfhrsm; xkwf,loGm;aom vuf ª eufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI oltm; zrf;qD;jcif;r&Sd? ‹ rd;/ Advr; a*s/ at (Moore, Major J.A) k k f ª 1908=ckEpwif arG;zGm;onf? tdE,wyfrawmf. vufeuf}uD;wyfrS t&m S f G dN &SwOD;jzpf_y;/ Advwaxmif&dS yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwu. wyfr;jzpfygvsuf OD;apm d D k f kd f ª 36 36
Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f wynfrsm; xkw,om;onfh vufeufrsm;ESiywfoufI olukd zrf;qD;cJaomfvnf; h f l G hf ‹ h jypf'%fusc&jcif;r&S? H d (Twentieth Century Impressions of Burma) ‚if;. “orki;/ jynfo/ ukeo,r/ df l f G f + OD;aratmif u|efawmhfbcifbufrS tzkd; OD;aratmif a&;om;cJhonhf “enf;[efESifh "avhxkH;pH” (Manners & Customs) aqmif;yg;rS aumufEkwfcsufrsm;ukd atmuf ygtwki; azmfjyygrnf? Taqmif;yg;onf v+u*&dwwm _Awepmtkyf xkwa0a&; df d f f d df f ukr%vrwufrS 1910 ckEpwif xkwa0cJonfh “jrefrmEkii. 20 &mpktjrifrsm;” ` D d d S f G f h dfH pufrvufrvyief;rsm;ESihf o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;” *sme,fwif xnfoi;xm; + + k f G h Gf jcif;jzpfonf? (pmrsufEm=77 ESihf 88)? S “arG;zGm;jcif;ESifhuav;b0? tjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS uav;i,frsm;uJhokdyif ‹ jrefrmuav;i,frsm;rSm vlavmutwGif;okd‹ aysmf&$ifjrL;wl;jcif;rsm;pGmjzifh aºuG; ‹ a-umf0ifa&mufvmcJonf?æ h uav;arG;zGm;_yD; (7) &ufajrmufonfhwkdif vma&mufowif;ar;jref;ol {nfhonfrsm;tm; wae‹ywfvnfvkH; {nfhcHavh&Sdonf?ææt"duajymqkdonfh ta-umif;t&mrSm uav;i,fta-umif;jzpfonf? olarG;zGm;vmonfh &ufESifh vwkd‹ESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG;-uonf? ol‹tem*wfESifhywfoufI aysmf&$ifzG,f aumif;aom edrdwfzwfr+rsm;ukd «yvkyf-uonf? 0gqkdv (ZGef/ Zlvkdif) wGifarG;aom a,musfm;av;ESifh jymokdv (Zefe0g&D/ azazmf0g&D) wGifarG;aom rdef;uav;wkrSm d‹ vlavmu. aumif;cs;axmyemt00ukd cHpm;&rSmuse;aoonf? Ak'[;om;onf ‹ D d f < l csrf;omrnf/ aom-umom; pum;rsm;rnf ponfponfwtjyif tjcm;ta-umif; kd‹ t&mrsKd;pkHukd uav;i,fwa,muf arG;zGm;csdefwGif rvGJraoGajym-uqkd-uonf? ykÀm;uJoaom q&mwyg;yg; (ausmif;q&m okr[kwf ynm&SwOD;OD;)þukþd yifzw_f y; h ‹ dk ‹d d hd D uav;arG;zGm;vmonfh euQwtcsdeudk rSwom;apum uav;i,f. trnfemr f f f a&G;cs,&mY uln!ejf yaponf? jrefrmvlrsK;wkwif (&ckivrsK;wkrvI)þrdbrsK;±k; f D ¸ d ‹d G d f l d ‹ d S JG d d emrnftpOfudk ,l±;r&Sacs? rnfonft&yfwumwGirqkþd emrnfwrmþwykpwnf; dk d h f ‹dk S H H jzpf_yD;þrdbrsKd;±k;pOfqufudk jyo±k;r&Sacs? trsm;pkrm emrnf (2) rsKd;&S_d yD; wrsKd;rSm d d d S euQwtvkt& ZmwmwGif xnfoi;aomtrnfemrjzpfI tjcm;wrsK;rSm oifovkd f d h Gf d h a&G;vkujf cif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ rdbrsm; pdwu;rdovkvnf;aumif;/ ajymifavSmif d f l d ac:&if;rS rGr;rHjyifqifIaomfvnf;aumif; rSnac:vkuonfh trnfemrjzpfonf? f hf d f yxremrnfrsK;rSm a&S;±k;pOfvmtok;«yvmonfh emrnfrsm;jzpfI ,if;uk-d unfjh cif; d d H jzifh uav;i,farG;zGm;vmonfh &ufowWywftwGif;rS ae‹&ufukd rSefuefpGmajym qkEionf? jrefrmtuQ&mrsm;rS pum;vk;rsm;ukd &ufowWywf (7) &ufrS (1) &uf d dk f H pDtm; tcsKd;csay;xm;onf? u/ c/ */ C/ i wkonf wevFmae‹twGu? p/ q/ Z/ ‹d f ps/ n wkd‹onf t*Fgae‹twGuf/ y/ z/ A/ b/ r wkd‹onf -umoyaw;ae‹twGuf pojzif? ok‹djzpfI t*Fgae‹om;onf armifpef (okr[kw) armifaZmf/ -umoyaw;ae‹ h d ‹d f orD;onf rjzL (okd‹r[kwf) rjr pojzifh jzpfvmonf? armifESifhr pum;vkH;wkd‹rSm (Master or Mister and Miss) wkd‹ESifh wlnD_yD; a,musfm;/ rdef;rvdifukd !¸efjyonfh 37 38 ADA,ef;/ uy`wef a';Apf (Vivian, Captain David) D d 1932 ckESpfwGif pwif t&m&Sdjzpfvmonf? tdENd,wyfrawmfrS jrefrmvuf eufuiyvywyfzŒJGo‹kd vufeuft}uHay;yk*Kd~ vftjzpf aqmif&u&ef v$ajymif;jcif; kd f k d f G f J cH&vsuf/ Zlvdkifv (20) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&_yD; vufeufrsm; a&mif;csr+jzifh pJGcsuf wifc&onf? axmif'%f (5) ESpEihf ±ly;ig;axmif aiG'%f (2) ck yl;wGJ tjypfay;cH& H f S D onf? odaomf 1949=ckEpf tif;pdeukd u&ifvufeufuioyewyfrsm; odr;ydu&m ‹k S f kd f l k f f k f wGif vGwajrmufcojzifh u&ifawmfvea&;orm;rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;cJonf? xdaemuf f hJ h S f h ‹k tv,f±;rrSwqifh ta&S±;rawmwGi; vufeufuif u&ifpcef;rsm;od‹k a&mufom; dk › dk f kd G &mrS 1950=ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif xdkif;e,fpyfteD;&Sd aumhu&dwfe,fajrtwGif; v,fwJwckY u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtwl acwWpcef;cs aecduf ArmhwyfrawmfEihf wduyjGJ zpfum towfc&onf[k jrefrmtm%mydirsm;u k S k f H kf ,lqcJaomfjim;vnf; trSepifppf xdae‹u xkae&mwGif olr&Scyg? 1950=ESpv,f h f k d d hJ f cef‹Y xdi;Ediirwqifh _AweEiio‹kd jyefom;onftcsetxd olonf ESpaygif;rsm;pGm kf kfHS d d f kd f H G h df f u&ifawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh vGwfajrmufe,fajrrsm;twGif; aexdkifcJhonf? xdaemuf (1980) ckESpftwGif; a0ve,f/ qGrfpD;òrdwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? k‹ › &ef;/ Advr; pD[ife&D ( Young, Major C. Henry) k f ª tdE,wyfrawmf v#yppfEihf pufrtif*sie,m tvky±wyfc. wyfr;wOD; dN f S + f D f Hk GJ ª jzpfI OD;apmudk vufeufay;urf;cJhr+jzifh 1947=ck/ -o*kwfv (24) &ufae‹wGif tzrf;cH&_yD; axmif'%f (2) ESpf tjypfay;cH&aomfvnf; toem;cHpmwifojzifh v$way;cJonf? jrefrmEdiirS csufcsif; xGucmoGm;cJygonf? f h kfH f G h jrefrmtrnfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom rSwfcsuf 37 38
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ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းကိုဘယ္သူသတ္သလဲ
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းကိုဘယ္သူသတ္သလဲ
ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းကိုဘယ္သူသတ္သလဲ

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သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္) -...သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္) -...
သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္) -...ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိးလူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိးဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလားလူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလားဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္းရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္းျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ားျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ားဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္းျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္းဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္
 

Más de ဆရာ ဟိန္းတင့္ေဇာ္ (20)

သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္) -...
သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္) -...သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္) -...
သမိုင္း ၁၉၄၅ -ခု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖက္စစ္ေတာ္လွန္ေရးသမိုင္း (တကၠသိုလ္စိန္တင္) -...
 
ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
ဝဏၰသီရိ ညီေတာ္အာနႏၵာ၏တစ္သက္တာမွတ္တမ္း(ဒု)
 
လူထုဦးလွ စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
လူထုဦးလွ စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္လူထုဦးလွ စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
လူထုဦးလွ စစ္အခ်ဳပ္ႏွင့္ေထာင္
 
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိးလူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
လူထုတုိက္ပဲြ ေျမေအာက္လက္စြဲ – မုိးသီးဇြန္ – နစ္ေနမန္း – ခင္မမမ်ဳိး
 
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလားလူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
လူထုစိန္၀င္း အစိုးရကမိဘလား ျပည္သူက မိဘလား
 
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္အတြင္းသို႔ ၀င္ေရာက္လာၾကေသာ ဘဂၤါလီ မူဆလင္မ်ားႏွင့္ ပတ္သက္သည့္ေလ့လ...
 
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္းရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
ရခုိင္ျပည္နယ္ဖြဲ႔စည္းပုံအေျခခံဥပေဒမူၾကမ္း
 
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
ျမန္ႏုိင္ငံစီးပြားေရးဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတုိးတက္ေရး ေတြးျမင္ခ်က္ႏွင့္ မဟာဗ်ဴဟာ
 
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ
 
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
ျမန္မာႏို္င္ငံႏွင့္ စီးပြားေရး ပိတ္ဆို႔မႈ ျပႆနာ (ဂါမဏိ ဘာသာျပန္သည္)
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလႈပ္ရွားမႈသမုိင္း ကိုဗဟိန္းမွသည္ ေက်ာ္ကိုကုိအထိ – ေအာင...
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေက်ာင္းသားလွဳပ္ရွားမွဳသမိုင္း (ေအာင္ေဝး)
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္းျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံလုံးဆိုင္ရာေက်ာင္းသားမ်ားအဖြဲ႕ခ်ဳပ္၏ ႏိုင္ငံေရး သုံးသပ္ခ်က္ စာတမ္း
 
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ားျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံ ဖြံ႔ၿဖဳိးတိုးတက္ေရး အျခားနည္းလမ္းမ်ား
 
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
ျမန္မာ့မင္းခမ္းေတာ္မ်ားႏွင့္အမ်ိဳးသားျပတိုက္တြင္ ျပသထားေသာ နန္းတြင္းသံုး ေရႊထ...
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဗိသုကာ ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္း – တကၠသိုလ္ေန၀င္း
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုေရြးေကာက္ပြဲေကာ္မရွင္ဥပေဒ
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
ျပည္ေထာင္စုလႊတ္ေတာ္ဆိုင္ရာဥပေဒ
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္းျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စုဆိုင္ရာ တပိုင္းတစအျမင္ ရဲေဘာ္ေက်ာ္သန္း
 
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္းျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
ျပည္ေထာင္စု ျမန္မာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ျပန္တမ္း
 

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ဗိုလ္ခ်ဳပ္ေအာင္ဆန္းကိုဘယ္သူသတ္သလဲ

  • 1. AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,f o l o wf o vJ wwd , t}ud r f ðyjyifwnf;jzwfxwa0jcif; k f 1 1 2 2
  • 2. AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f © rlyif= OD;cifatmif ALL RIGHTS RESERVED dk Ö rsufESmzHk; tjyiftqif cifOD;atmifESihf xGef;vSatmif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,f o l o wf o vJ pma&;ol OD;cifatmif f Ö uGeysLwm &efEkdifpkd; Ö jrefrmbmom (wwd,t}udrf) 2004 jynfhESpf/ atmufwkdbmv Ö xkwfa0ol a':cifrsKd;at;/ ‘acwfòydif’ *sme,f? The New Era Journal P.O Box (115) Raminthra P.O Bangkhen, Bangkok 10220 E-mail : newera@ksc.th.com jref r mbmomjyef o l a'guf w mwif h a 0 a'guf w mat;ausmf Printed in Thailand Ö pmwnf;jzwfol jr0wD&Jacgif Ô ISBN 974-87617-4-6 á *sme,fwurS xkwa0onf? kd f f 3 3 4 4
  • 3. AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f 19/ 7/ 47 Ô jynfjrefrm a&$tdrfwGif;rSmjzihf rowDp&m ayGvdrfwJh tcif;&,fa-umifh (AdvcsKyfa&æ) k f a&wdrftwGif;rSmrS epf&onf? ? Ô a=omfætcif;ppfvkdufjyefawmh twGi;wESprm avsmuefwenf;awGe‹J f f S f hJ awmfvet+yD;rSm jrefjynfvw&efz‹kd Sf G f }uHpnfrc|wfoaemf tm;tifoHk;vdk‹&,f ykef;vsufppfcsDæ? ? Ô ±kdif;vdkufav rsKd;rppfwJh tcif;ayxifh *dk%f;rdkufawG qdk;npfwJh tcsif;&,feJ‹ rsKd;cspfwoif;udkawmh owfcJh+yDæ? wyfzŒJG ZmenfawGrmawmh S ajcmufewf&Gmodk‹ jref;ºuG+yDwum;æ? jrwfwhJ omuDawG[mrd‹k aemufxyfvmzdk‹ wrf;wonftrsm;æ? ? Ô jzpfa=umif;i,f!¸ef ESpa[mif;uG,veayr,fh f f Gf q,fu;˜cGe˜av;cGe-ESpuawmh h kd f f f kd zefcgcg jyefumppfygv#ijf zifh t+rJwdkif oJqdkifepfvdk‹&,f arhypfroGm;æ? ? jr0wD&Jacgif (vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if yxrqifh) 1959=ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 5 5 6 6
  • 4. AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ 7 Zmwfvrf;0ifyk*~dKvfrsm; vlowform;rsm;ESifhOya'qkdif&myk*~dKvfrsm; tcef; (1) AdkvfcsKyfvkyf}uHcH&jcif; tcef; (2) t"duacgif;aqmifrsm; tcef; (3) w&m;qkdifjcif; tcef; (4) v#KdŒ0Sufqef;-u,fjcif; tcef; (5) tajzr&ao;aomar;cGef;rsm; tcef; (6) t-urf;zufr+tarG tcef; (7) &v'f pmwGJ (vkyf}uHr+ESihf ywfoufaom a-u;eef;pmtcsKdŒ) ○ 7 rSwfcsufrsm; ○ aumvm[vaygif;ac|;cH tjrifxufykdxl; okcZmwfa-umif;jyef pyfpHxGef;.om; OD;b0if;.om; a-u;rHkOD;aomif;xkwfazmfajymqdk_yD wuUokdvfae0if; pufqkyfzG,fvlrsKd;a&;vlowfr+avm vkyf}uHr+ESihf ±Hk;wifw&m;pGJqdkr+wdk‹ESifhywfoufaom a-u;eef;pmtcsKdŒ &nf!¸ef;csufrsm; jrefrmpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; t*Fvdyfpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh tpdk;&xkwfjyefjcif; ○ tcef; (1) AkvcsKyfvy}f uHc&jcif; d f k H tcef; (2) t"duacgif;aqmifrsm; tcef; (3) w&m;qdijf cif; k tcef; (4) v#KdŒ0Suqef;-u,fjcif; f tcef; (5) tajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f rsm; + tcef; (6) t-urf;zufrtarG tcef; (7) &v'f pmwGJ ○ tmZmenfrsm; vlowform;rsm; Oya'qkdif&myk*~dKvfrsm; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm; ukdvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm; olwdk‹b,folawGvJ jrefrmtrnfrsm;ESihf ywfoufaom rSwfcsuf 11 17 21 25 25 26 28 30 34 36 37 41 63 107 131 153 181 205 206 214 222 227 229 234 240 246 ○ Oa,smZOf pma&;ol.ed'gef; bmomjyefo. trSm l Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k tu,fI ,cktcsdeftxd OD;atmifqef;omtoufraobJ&SifaecJhaomf ed*kH;csKyf ○ rmwdum 255 263 273 273 303 303 304 306 307 307 307 307 311 322 325 332 337 351 358 8 8
  • 5. AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f &efukefòrd›awmf= 1947 -opa-w;vsjynf/ uifbm&mòrd›/ trsKd;om;wuUodkvf/ ajryHkqGJynm okawoe,lepf/ ypdzdwf=tm&S avhvmr+qdkif&mXmerS a&;qGJay;onf? 9 9 10 10 10
  • 6. AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f Oa,smZOf 1951 ckESpftwGif;wGif yxrOD;qHk; -opa-w;vsoHwref udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒ ±Hk;zGifhvSpfay;&ef u|efawmf &efukefòrdodk‹ qdkufa&mufcJhygonf? xdktcsdefonf wdkif; › jynfudk *syefvufatmufrS jyefvnfu,fwifcJh_yD; _Adwdo#wdxHrS udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf k‹ a&; &,laqmif&uay;Ediconfh acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; vky}f uHc&_yD;p wwdi;jynf G f k f hJ H kf vH; wxdwwvefEihf ,lóuH;r&cHpm;ae&onfh tcsevnf;jzpfayonf? 1947 ckEp/f k f ‹ S d f S Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹ tpdk;&tzGJŒ tpnf;ta0;wGif OD;atmifqef;ESifhtwl ol. vkyfazmfudkifzuf tukefeD;yg;r# pufaoewfajymif;0wGif toufpaw;cHcJh&onf? þod‹k jzifh &Jabmfo;usdyppfacgif;aqmifEihf jynforsm;tay: qGaqmifr+ xufjrufvS kH f S l J onfh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmif}uD;wOD; qHk;±+H;cJh&onf? xdtjyif _Adwdo# udkvdkeD u|ef k‹ oayguf vufatmufcHb0rS vGwfvyfaom EdkifiHawmfb0odk‹ ul;ajymif;aeonfh pyful;rwful;umvwGif a&S›wef;tcef;u¾rS yg0ifacgif;aqmifr+ ay;Edkifonfh tjcm;^m%fynm t&Sdeft0g xufjrufvSonfh acgif;aqmifajcmufOD;yg qHk;±+H;cJh& ayonf? OD;apmESifh taygif;tyg ig;OD;wdk‹tm; acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm; vkyf}uHr+twGuf aemufydkif;wGif w&m;pD&ifonfhtcg tjypfxif&Sm;awGŒ&Sdr+a-umifh tjypf'%fcsrSwf ay;tyfcjhJ im;vnf; tqdygvky}f uHr}+ uD;onf v#KdŒ0uqef;-u,frtwdjzifh ¹yGr;wD; k S f + f vsuf &Saeygao;onf? OD;cifatmif. pmtkyonf vky}f uHrZmwfvrf;tjynftpHk d f + h udk azmfxway;&ef ESpaygif;rsm;pGm pdw&n&njf zifh óud;yrf;cJjh cif;jzpfI rsm;pGm pdwf k f f f S f S 0ifpm;zG,f&m aumif;vSygonf? _Adwdo#tpdk;&. tkyfcsKyfa&; aemufqHk;ae‹rsm; ta-umif; OD;cifatmifrS xifxif&Sm;&Sm; rD;armif;xdk;jyonfhtvm; r_idrfrouf &Sd vSonfh tqdkygae‹&ufrsm;twGif; v+yf&Sm;cJh-uaom t"duZmwfaumifrsm;. yif udk,fp±dkufESifh pdwf&if;&nf&G,fcsufrsm;udk twGif;usus *Ce% azmfxkwfwifjy xm;onf? tu,fIom OD;atmifqef;ESihf a&mif;&if;ajcmufO;wd‹k rusq;cJygv#if aemuf D kH h ydi;jzpfay:vmrnfh jrefrmhordi;onf rsm;pGm jcm;em;uGjJ ym;oGm;ayvdrrnf? ppf_yD; kf kf hf 11 11 p tcsdeuqdygv#if vGwvyfonfEiiawmf ay:aygufvm&ef taetxm;rsm;pGm f k f h kd f H aumif;rGeconf? xdtcsdeu tjcm;tm&SEiirsm;ESihf Edi;,SO-f unfygu jrefrmEdif f hJ k f kd f H +f h k iH. vlaer+tqiftwef;rSm jrifrm;vSonf? {&m0wDjrpfa-umif;wav#muf jrpf0 h h u|e;ay:w0S r; qefa&pyg; oD;ESrsm; wd;wufpnfyif0ajymvSonf? xdrwyg; ayg f f H k k S rsm;onfrqdkEdkifaomfjim;vnf; a&eHESifh ajratmufo,HZmwwdrSmvnf; tawmf k‹ toif&yg.? jrefrmjynfow. ynma&;tqiftwef;onfvnf; usef tm&Swuf h dS l ‹kd h kd 0ef;usifwcdkwGif pmaywwfu|rf;r+E+ef;xm; tjrifhrm;qHk;pHcsdefrsm;wGif yg0ifyg.? 'kw,urBmppfwif ‚if;.tusKd;quftjzpf vlom;taygif; 'kuouQ awmf d G Q k awmfcpm;cJ-h u&onftavsmuf jrefrmjynfonfvnf; _Adwo#/ w±kwEihf *syefppf H h d f S wyfrsm; ppfwvif;cif;usif;&mwGif ajrpmyifjzpfc&onf? udvee,fcsJacwfrS tp hJ k kd D › ysKd;cJaom aoG;cGtycsKyfa&;pepfa-umifh 'kw,urBmppf}uD;t_yD; vGwvyfa&;&p h J k f d f tcsdef jynfwGif;ppfjzpfvmum rD;[kef;[kef;awmufygavawmhonf?þodk‹ jzpf&onf rSm tjcm;tjcm;aom t&if;&Sie,fcsJpepfrsm;uJoyif _Adwo#wdonfvnf; aoG;cJG f › h ‹kd d ‹k tkyfcsKyfa&; rl0g'udk usifhoHk;cJhjcif;a-umifh jzpfonf? vufeufudkifppfwyfrsm;wGif Armr[kwaom wki;&if;om;tkyprsm;udom t"duxm; ppfoifwef;ay;_yD; yg0if f df f k k apcJ±ru ‚if;ppfom;rsm;jzifh wki;jynfukd xde;xm;cJonf? Armrsm;u rausreyf h kH df f h jzpfonfrmvnf; rqef;-u,fvyg? jrefrmjynfrS _Awo#wyfw‹kd qkwcmcgeD;pJpwif S S d d fG J G ArmESifh &S rf;/ u&if/ ucsifwdk‹ oabmuGJvGJr+ jyif;xefvmygawmhonf? topfjyefvnfwnfaqmufonfh jrefrmEdiitaejzifh trsK;om;acgif;aqmif kfH d }uD;rsm;udk qHk;±+H;cJh&aomfvnf; 1950 ckESpfwGif 'Drdkua&pDjzifh a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf aom tpdk;&tm; wnfaxmifEdkifcJhygonf? rajyrvnf&SdcJhonfh vlrsKd;pkrsm;twGif; wGivnf; twwfEiq; jyefvnfaygif;pnf;a&;udk tm;xkwEicygonf? &Sr;vlrsK; f dk f kH f kd f hJ f d pkrsm;ESihf txl;ojzifh yl;aygif;Edic_hJ yD; &S r;ud,pm;vS,f awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSmvnf; kf f k f jynfaxmifptpd;&twGi; ta&;ygaom tcef;u¾wGif yg0ifc-hJ uonf? wki;jynf k k f df pD;yGm;a&;udk jyefvnfjr‡ifhwifum tbufbufrS jyefvnfxlaxmifI tm&Swdkuf w0S r; pHcsdetjrifrm;qH; qefpyg;udk a&mif;csjzef‹ jzL;Ediconf? wdi;jynfuvnf; f f h k k f hJ kf kd urBmvSnfhc&D;onfrsm;twGuf jyefvnfvrf;zGifhay;cJhonf? omarmzG,f&m awm vufaus;&Gma'orsm;/ jrefrmh,Ofaus;r+ tcsutcsmXmersm;/ yk*òH rda[mif;&Sd ordi; f › kf 12 12
  • 7. Oa,smZOf 0ifxif&Sm;onfh bk&m;ykxdk; taqmufttHkæponfrsm;tm; urBmvSnfhc&D;onf rsm; avhvmEdkif&ef tpDtpOfrsm;udkvnf; aqmif&GufEdkifcJhygonf? odaomf 1962 ckEpwif AdvcsKyf}uD;ae0if;onf jynfow‹kd a&G;cs,wifajrmuf ‹k Sf G k f l f ‡ cJonfh 'Drua&pDtpd;&udk ðzwfcs_yD; Ediiawmftm; ppftm%m&Sipepfjzifh jyefvnf h kd k kfH f wnfaqmufvdkufonfhtcgwGifrl tqdkygpGrf;aqmifcsufwdrSm &p&mr&Sdatmif t k‹ bufbufY ysujf y,fc&onf? xda-umifh 1947 ckEpf vky}f uHrtwGi; Ediia&;acgif; hJ ‹k S + f kfH aqmif}uD;rsm; usqH;cJ&jcif;onf tem*wfumvY ppfwyf. t"rR t-urf;zufr+ k h atmifjrifa&;twGuf vrf;cif;ay;ouJhodk‹ ta&;ygaom tcsufwcsuf jzpfvm onfrSm ,HkrSm;oHo,jzpf&ef rvdkawmhacs? tjcm;tcsufwcsufrSmrl jynfwGif;ppf udk trSDo[JðyI jrefrmEdkifiHY ppftm%m&Sif vlwef;pm;w&yf aygufzGm;vmcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? ppfAvcsKyf}uD;wd‹k tm%m,pfr;rd_yDqv#if xktm%mudk tvG,wul kd f l kd d f vufv$wfay;±dk; xHk;pHr&Sdyg? ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;onf tcsdef-umjrifhvmonfESifhtr# tcGifhxl;cHvlwef;pm;rsm; jzpfoGm;vsuf rdrdwdk‹ udk,fudkvnf; txufwef;v$m vl wef;pm;w&yftjzpf ,HkrSwfvm-uaomfvnf; ppfAdkvfcsKyf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSmrl ynmt&nftcsif;tm;jzifh !Hzsif;olrsm; jzpfjcif;a-umihf acwfopfurBm}uD;wGif 0if h qHhEdkifonfh tpdk;&tkyfcsKyfr+qdkif&m ±+yfaxG;eufeJ cufcJr+rsm;. twdrfteufudk óudwifodjrif qifjcifem;vnfEdkifpGrf;&Sdolrsm; r[kwfacs/ odk‹ESifhyif ppfAdkvfcsKyfwdk‹ onf vG,&mvrf;udk vdu-f uawmhonf? ‚if;rSm wki;jynfukd jyifyurBmESihf tquf f k df toG,jf zwfawmufvujf cif;yif jzpfygonf? ‚if;tjyif jynfow. 'Drua&pDpepf kd l ‹kd kd wnfaqmufa&;qENwudkvnf; acszsufvdkufavawmhonf? kd‹ odaomfjim;vnf; jrefrmjynfow. arG;&myg &ydicirsm;jzpfaom vltcGihf ‹k l ‹kd k f G hf ‹ ta&;wdonf xm0& jiif;y,fc&rnfum; r[kwygacs? OD;atmifqef;.orD; a': ‹k H f atmifqef;pk-unfonf jynfwGif;'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdka&; v+yf&Sm;r+}uD;udk acgif; aqmifr+ay;aeygonf?þpma&;aecsdefwGif olronf ppftm%m&Sifwkd‹. tdrfwGif; tcsKyf ðyvkyfjcif;udk cHae&jim;vnf; pdwf"mwfrus/ vlxkw&yfvHk; awmifhwae onfh taESmiftzGrS vGwfajrmufa&; ar#mfrSef;csufudk wdkufyGJ0ifum &yfwnfvsuf J‹ yif &Sdygonf? jynfya&muf jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;tjyif urBmw0S rf;vHk;&Sd ppftm%m &Sipepfukd pufqyI vltcGita&; csKd;azmufonfh rormr+rsm;udk &Gre;aom Edif f k f ‹ hf H k f k iHwumrS vlrsK;pHy*Kd~ vfrsm;uyg a':atmifqef;pk-unftm; axmufctm;ay;vsuf d k k H &Sygonf?þpmtkya&;ol OD;cifatmifonf jrefrmjynfow. vlrtcGita&;twGuf d f l ‹kd + hf -opa-w;vsjynfwGif;rS wufwufºuGºuG wdkufyGJ0ifaeolrsm;wGif twufºuGqHk; yk*~dKvfwOD;jzpfygonf? ‚if;onf jrefrmEdkifiH 'Drdkua&pDjyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; aumfrwD/ -opa-w;vstzGJŒwGif 1988 rS 1992 ckESpftxd OuU@wm0efESifh EdkifiH wumqdi&m aumfrwD. 'k=OuU@wm0efukd xrf;aqmifcygonf? 1991 ckEpwif kf hJ S f G vnf; jynfya&muf jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJŒ jzpfaom trsKd;om;!Gefaygif;tpdk;&. -op ‹ a-w;vsEdkifiHqdkif&m udk,fpm;vS,fvnf; jzpfcJhygonf? OD;cifatmifEihf ZeD; yufx&pf&mwdonf jrefrmhordi;wGif xif&m;cJonfh rsKd; S S ‹k kf S h ±dk;pOfqufrS aygufzGm;vm-uolrsm;jzpf-uI OD;cifatmif.zcifrSm uG,fvGefol &J AdvcsKyf OD;xGe;vSatmifjzpfvsuf olZeD;. zcifrm vGwvyfa&;&_yD;acwf/ w&m; k f f ‹ S f ±H;csKyf w&m;ol}uD;vnf;jzpfum tdE,òrdj› ytkycsKyfa&; yËdnmOfc0efxrf; ICS t k Nd f H zGŒJ 0ifwOD;vnf; jzpfconfh OD;aomif;pdejf zpfygonf? OD;cifatmifonf Armhvwvyf hJ G f a&;wyfrawmfEihf Armha&wyfrawmfwwif wm0efxrf;aqmifc_hJ yD; ppf_yD;acwfwif S ‹kd G G yifv,fu;oabFmukr%wckY xl;c|efatmifjrifpm tr+xrf;cJonf? olEihf olZeD; l ` D G h S ‹ wdk‹onf tar&duefEdkifiHwGif (12) ESpf-um aexdkifcJh-u_yD; -opa-w;vsEdkifiH/ uif bm&mòrdY 1983 ckEprpI tajccs aexdivmcJ-h uolrsm; jzpfygonf? › S f S kf pma&;olOD;cifatmifrSm OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHr+}uD;wGif yg0ifcJholtcsKdŒESifh ywfoufIvnf;aumif;/ xdktcsdefu tjzpftysuf tajctaet&yf&yfwESifh ywf dk‹ oufIvnf;aumif; udk,fwdkif tawGtóuH&SdcJh±Hkru a&S;a[mif;ordkif; taxmuf ‹ txm; pmtkypmwrf;rsm;udvnf; _Adwo#armfue;wdurS ud,wif okawoeðy f k d G f k f k f kd cJhojzifh þacwfopfjrefrmhordkif;Y ta&;ygvSaom jzpfysufr+tpOfudk jyefajymif; ajym&ef toifhawmfqHk;yk*~dKvfwOD; jzpfcJhygonf? od&mwGif vlrodao;bJ usef&pf k‹ aeonfh tcsKŒdtcsKŒdaom v#KŒd0uqef;-u,fr+ uGi;qufrsm;um; use&aumif; usef S f f f dS &SaeygOD;rnf? Oyrm þTr#-urf;ñuwfvaom vlowfr}+ uD;udk OD;apmusL;vGe&mY d S f rnfonfhta-umif;tcsufwu v+aqmftm;ay;wkdufwGef;cJh-uoenf; qdkonfudk dk‹ H‹ ,ckwdkif em;vnf&efcufcJvSonfhtajc &SdaeqJyif jzpfygonf? odk‹&mwGif Tpm tkyfonf ppf_yD;acwfaemufydkif; jrefrmEdkifiHordkif;udk twGif;usus avhvmvdkuf 13 13 AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f 14 14
  • 8. Oa,smZOf AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f pm;vdkol okawoDynm&Sifwdk‹twGuf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifatmif taxmuftulðyyg vdrrnf? hf *syefacwf t"dywd a'gufwmbarmfa&;om;_y; ppf_y;acwfwif xkwa0onfh D D G f ‘jrefrmjynfwi;atmifjrifr}+ uD;’ trnf&pmtkywif pma&;olu jrefrmjynfEiywf Gf dS f G S hf oufaom ordkif;qdkif&mtrSefw&m;rsm;onf jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk‹ udk,fwdkif jyefrajym jyor# umvywfvHk; rnfonhftcgr# ±kyfvHk;yDjyifpGm ay:vGifvmrnfr[kwfacs[k a&;om;cJhygonf? ‚if;uyif qufvufI 'kwd,urBmppfESifh ppfóudacwf jrefrmh ordkif;udk xdkacwfwGifyg0ifaom jrefrmwdudk,fwdkif ra&;om;&ao;a-umif; 0efcH k‹ cJh_yD; ta-umif;t&m cdkifcdkifvHkvHkudk twGif;ususodxm;aom yk*d~Kvfwdk‹u ra&; om;ao;or# jrefrmjynfwijf zpfym;cJaom ta-umif;&if;rsm;. trSew&m;udk od G G h f &Sem;vnfEirnfr[kwacs[k a&;om;cJygonf? acwfwacwf. ta&;ygvSonfh d kd f f h tjzpftysufrsm;udk euf±+dif;pGm od&Sdem;vnfap&ef a'gufwmbarmf a&;om;azmf jyouJhodk‹ OD;cifatmif. pmtkyfrSmvnf; tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom taxmuftulwck jzpfayawmhonf? (35) ESpfwkdifwkdif xrf;aqmifcJh_yD; t_idrf;pm;,lcJh&m (ruG,fvGefrD) tESpf (20) umvtwGif; “uifbm&mwkdif;pf” owif;pmwGif tywfpOf -oZmanmif;aom aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;cJhonfhtjyif “aemufqkH;uufzJcsyf” ac: pmtkyfvnf; a&;om; cJhonf? rmvfuGefESifh a&mufZmemwktm; EkdifiHjcm;a&muf jrefrmrdwfaqGrsm;pGmwkd‹ d‹ u t_rcspcifpm owd&-uvsu&rnf? txl;tm;jzihf 'Drua&pD jyefvnfxaxmif J f G f dS dk l &ef ¯ud;yrf;vsu&orsm;onf olwEpO; ckirmpGm tqufrjywf axmufctm;ay;cJh f dS l ‹ dk S f D d f H -ujcif;ukd aus;Zl;wifowd&-urnfjzpfygonf? Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô rmvfuGef bGwfum; · uif b m&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vs Ed k 0 if b mv/ 1992 ck E S p f ? · rpPwmþrmvfueþf bGwum; (Mr. Malcolm Booker) onf 1998 ckEp/f Zlvif G f S dk v (15) &ufae‹/ touf (82) ESpfwGif rdrdaetdrf uifbm&m-rdY uG,fvGefcJhonf? › ol‹ZeD; a&mufZmem (Roxana) rSmvnf; xkdae‹wGifyif aq;±kHY a&m*ga0'em -um &SnpmcHpm;&_yD; em&Dom apmIaoqk;oGm;&Smonf? f G H olwEpO;pvk;rSm oHwref0efxrf;rsm;jzpf-uonf? rmvfuef bGwum;onf ‹dk S f D H G f 1951 ckrS 1953 cktxd jrefrmjynfqi&m oHtrwftjzpf ceftyfjcif;cH&I yxrOD;qk; dk f ‹ H -opa-w;vsoH±;ukd (88) urf;em;vrf; (Strand Hotel Annex) wGif zGivpcaom Hk hf S f hJ a-umifh xkdtaqmufttkHY ,ae‹wkdif wnf&Sdvsuf&Sdonf? xkdaemuf tDwvD/ ,l*pvm;AD;,m;/ ±kar;eD;,m;ESihf blva*;&D;,m;jynfrsm;wGif oHtrwf}uD;wm0ef dk d f aqmif&uconf? 1976 ckEpwif uifbm&m-rdo‹dk jyefvm-u_y; EkiijH cm;a&;oHwref G f hJ Sf G › D df 15 15 16 16
  • 9. AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f u|efawmfhZeD;. uG,fvGefav_yD;aomzcif}uD; w&m;ol}uD;a[mif; OD; aomif;pdefonf ‚if;aexdkif&m rJvfbkef;òrdrS uGsefawmfwrdom;pk. uifbm&mtdrf › dk‹ odk‹ 1989 ck/ Zlvdkifv oluG,fvGefcsdeftxd wESpfwacgufcef‹ vma&mufvnfywf avh&ygonf? touf&pq,fausm_f yD qdaomfjim;vnf; zswvwf-unfvif trSwf dS S f k f onmaumif;onfh OD;aomif;pdeonf olb0oufwrf;wav#muf tr+xrf;cJonfh f ‹ h tawGŒtóuH taxGaxGukd jyefajymif; pm;òrHj› yefwwfonf? xdtxJY acwfopf jref k rmhordkif;wGif ta&;ygonfh tjzpftysufrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfaponfh ta-umif; t&mrsm;pGmwdk‹vnf; ygwwfonf? OD;aomif;pdefonf ,cifwcsdefu vlwef;pm; tv$mwckjzpfaom tdENd, òr›djytkyfcsKyfa&; yËdnmOfcH0efxrf;tzGJŒ0if (I.C.S) wOD; jzpfonftjyif w&m;a&;Xme twGi;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tusOf;axmifrsm; OD; h f pD;csKyf (axmifrif;}uD;) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1947 ckESpfwGif wòydifwnf; wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJh&ygonf? _Adwdo#wdk‹xHrS 1948 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;&_yD; csdewif w&m;±H;csKyf w&m;ol}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ aemufyi;wGif Ediiyif odr; f G k kd f k f H kd f ydkufa&;aumfr&SifESifh a&G;aumufyGJ t,lcHaumfr&SiftzGJŒwdk‹. OuU@tjzpfvnf; aumif; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJŒu txl;a&G;cs,fI wm0efay;tyfjcif; cHcJh&onf? OD;aomif;pde. trSww&tawGŒtóuHrsm;xJrS ol ESpEpòf cduòf cduf ajymjyavh f f f S &Sdaom tjzpftysufwckrSmrl uG,fvGefol u|efawmhfzcif AdkvfcsKyf (&Jwyf) OD;xGef; vSatmifEihf wdu±uywfoufaeygonf? xdtcseu u|eawmhzcifrm &mZ0wfr+ S k f kd f k d f f f S h d f pHprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme t}uD;tuJ ( Dy. Inspector General ) jzpfonftjyif t&Set k 0g}uD;vSonfh t*Fvef bk&ifh&Jwyfrawmf}uD;. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;tjzpfvnf; 1940 ck aESmif;ydkif;wGif wm0efxrf;cJh&oljzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ‚if;.0ef}uD; tzGJŒ0ifrsm;tm; 1947 ck/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufae‹wGif vkyf}uHowfjzwfcJhr+a-umifh OD;apmtm; tif;pdetusO;axmifwif xde;odr;xm;cseY 'k=&JcsKyf OD;xGe;vSatmif f f G f f d f f ESifh w&m;ol}uD; OD;aomif;pdefwdk‹tm; OD;apm. vHkòcHa&;twGuf yl;wGJwm0ef ay;cJhygonf? xdka-umifhvnf; ‚if;wdk‹ESpfOD;onf ae‹pOfvdkvdk &efukefrS tif;pdef axmifodk‹ um;jzifh twloGm;avh&Sd-u&m c&D;wav#mufwGifvnf; ,m,D ‘jynfol‹ ppfwyf’ yHkpHjzifh zGJŒpnf;xm;aom jynfol‹&JabmftzGJŒ0iftcsKd‹wdk‹ apmifh-uyfaeonfh ppfaq;a&;pcef;rsm;pGmwdk‹udk jzwfoef;&avh&Sdonf? xdktcsdefu jynfol‹&Jabmf tzGŒJrmvnf; OD;atmifqef;r&Sonfaemuf (tjzL/ t0g) ESpzŒJGuae_y; rnfonftzGŒJ S d h f JG D h u rnfol‹vufatmufY opPmcHxm;onfudk twdtusrod&ao;acs? odk‹ESifhyif 1947 ckESpfaemufydkif;/ wnaewGif ‚if;wdum;udk &yfwefap&ef ppfaq;a&;pcef; k‹ ‹ wckrS cyfxefxef trdeay;wm;qD;vduum a&mifpajymufusm;ppf0wfpkH 0wfqif ‹f k f kH xm;onfh &JabmftcsKŒd/ ±diz,faoewfajymif;rsm;jzifh csexm;vsuf olwxajy;vm kf d f ‹kd H -uonf? xdtcg u|eawmfzcif OD;xGe;vSatmifonf um;armif;ae&mrS &yfI qif; k f h f oufvdkuf_yD; ‚if;wdrnfolrnf0gjzpfa-umif; ajymjyvsuf ,if;aoewfudkifvlwpk k‹ . acgif;aqmifvufxJrS aoewfudk ykwfcsvdkufonf? ‚if;aemuf olwdk‹ a-umif trf;trf;-unfaeqJrmyif um;ay:jyefwufI armif;xGuvmcJonf? h S f h tqdkygtjzpftysufrsm;ta-umif; jyefajymif;ajymqdkor#udk u|efawmf-um; od&_yD;aemuf xdtcsursm;. v+aqmfra-umifh xdtcseu tuif;raoao;aom k f ‹H + k d f jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;Zmwfvrf;tzHkzHkudk u|efawmf pwif pdwf0ifpm;rdawmhonf? wEdkifiH vHk; vdkufemusifhoHk;-u&rnfh _Adwdo#bk&ifhOya'ESifh acwfay:vufeufudkif a'o cHrsm;. Oya'rJhjzpfaer+rsm; a&maxG;,Sufwif v+yf&Sm;aer+udk u|efawmf txl; owdðy avhvmrSwom;&awmhonf? xdtcgu tajctaet& jynfwi;Ediia&; f k Gf kfH orm;rsm;. ud,yippfwyfrsm;twGi; tm%mudta-umif;ðyI xGuay:vmaom k f kd f f k f tusKd;pD;yGm; yÉdyuQrsm; r-umc%ay:aygufvmavh&Sdonf? tqdkyg ta-umif; t&mrsm;xJwif *VKefwyftjzpf (0g;&if;wkwuAef;jyvsuf) v#KdŒ0uvufeufuif G f kd S f kd wyfzGJŒxm;aom emrnfqdk;jzifhausmf-um;vSonfh *VKefOD;apmudkrl u|efawmf pdwf t0ifpm;qH; jzpf&ygonf? k u|eawmfEitwl u|eawmf. om;i,fEpO;jzpfaom cifO;atmifEihf xGe;vS f S hf f SfD D S f atmifav; (*sLeD,m) wduvnf; tbd;jzpfotm; tqdygZmwfvrf;rsm; jyefajymif; ‹k k l k qufvufajymqdk&ef r-umc% wdkufwGef;-uavh&Sdonf? trsKd;om; acgif;aqmif }uD;rsm; vky}f uHc&r+Eihf ywfoufI OD;apmESihf ‚if;.taygif;ygwdtwGi; pum;0Suf H S ‹k f ESihf a&;aompmrsm;udk ae&mowfrwI v#KŒd0upm vJv,cjhJ cif;rsm;ta-umif; ajym S f S fG S f jyonftcg u|efawmfwtm;vH; rde;armawGa0oGm;rdawmhonf? xdta-umif;t h ‹kd k f k &mrsm;udk wpGef;wp azmfjy&aomf ‘ajcqGHŒaeonfh raumif;qdk;0g;}uD;’/ ‘iSufaysm oD;pdrf;jzifh {nfhcH’/ ‘oHyk&m&nfudkóudufw,f’/ ‘a&uefxJrSm ig;r&Sd’/ ‘t&yfjrifhjrihf 17 18 pma&;ol. ed'gef; 17 18
  • 10. ed'gef; vl}uD;’æponfæponfjzifæ? (t&yfjrihjf rihvonf rnfoenf;qdonfrm ya[Vd) h f l l k S odEihf OD;atmifqef;wdtm; vky}f uHr}+ uD;onf OD;apmESihf ‚if;. taygif;ygrsm; vuf ‹k S ‹k csufomru w&m;Oya'a&SŒarSmufodk‹ rnfonfhtcgur# ra&mufvdkuf&bJ vGwf ajrmufqJ/ vGwfajrmufoGm;-uaom tjcm;tr+tcif;rsm;qdkif&m tcsKdŒ yk*~dKvfrsm; vnf; &Sdaumif;&SdavOD;rnf[k u|efawmf oHo,ruif; jzpfvmrdawmhonf? xdk‹ a-umifh u|efawmfha,muQr}uD;. ajymjycsufrsm;udk aemifvmaemufom;rsm;t wGuf pmjzifhrSwfwrf;wifxm;oifhonf[k u|efawmfcHpm;rdcJhonf? odk‹ jzpfonfht avsmuf u|eawmf. pmwdpmprSwwrf;rsm;udk pkpnf;I t-urf;tm;jzifh pmwapmif f k f wzGŒJ tjzpf a&;om;vduaomtcg OD;aomif;pdeu aocsmpGmzwf-unh_f yD; oabm k f f wlconf? þTwGif u|eawmfwEpO;. jyefajymif;owd&r+rsm;udk u|eawmf. xyf hJ f ‹kd S f D f qif&mazG avhvmrSwom;r+rsm;ESihf aygif;pyfI jznf;jznf;csi; wd;csŒJa&;om;cJonf? h S f f k h u|efawmfu,wivnf; xdo‹kd tke;tke;u|ufu|uf ±ke;&if;qefcwf jzpfym;aecsdef kd f kd f k f f f G tcgu xdkvkyf}uHr+}uD; jzpfyGm;cJh&m twGif;0ef±Hk;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkif wbufjcrf; &Sd a&wyf (urf;em;XmecsKyf) ðyvkyxm;aom pdeaygvfausmif;0if;twGi;Y vli,f f ‹f f a&wyft&m&SwOD;tjzpf wm0efusaeqJjzpfonf? d xd‹k jyif u|efawmhtm; þta-umif;t&mrsm;udk a&;om;&ef v+aqmfay;cJonfh f ‹H h tjcm;ta-umif;w&yfrSmrl u|efawmf. OD;av;awmfol OD;a&$abmfjzpfonf? ‚if; rSm tdENd,òrdj› ytkyfcsKyfa&; yËdnmOfcH0efxrf; tzGJŒ0if (I.C.S) wOD;jzpfvsuf vGwf vyfa&;r&ao;rD ,m,Dtpd;&tzGŒJ . twGi;0efwOD;jzpf_yD; vky}f uHrj+ zpfym;pOfu k f G OD;atmifqef;. vuf0bufwif uyfvsufxiaecJ&mrS th-H ozG,aumif;avmuf J G kd f h f atmif usnfqefu a&Smifxuom;jcif;a-umifh ab;roD&efrcbJ vGwajrmufc& G f G f hJ olwOD;jzpfygonf? OD;a&$abmfudk,fwdkif xdka-uuGJbG,f&m tjzpftysuf/ ol‹ rsuf jrifu,awGŒZmwfa-umif;udk u|efawmftm; jyefvnfajymjycJygonf? kd f h h xda-umifh Tpmtkyonf vky}f uHr}+ uD;ESiywfoufI tajzwpHw&may;&ef ‹k f hf k xuf OD;apmaemufrm b,foawG&ygvdr[aom tawG;ESitwl odavmodavm S l dS hf l hf ‹k ‹k ar;cGef;rsm;om xyfrH ay:aygufaumif; ay:aygufvmapygvdrfhrnf? u|efawmf. &nf&G,fcsufrSmrl OD;atmifqef;vkyf}uHr+ESifhywfoufI v#KdŒ0Sufr+tcsKdŒudk óud;pm; ajz&Sif;vsuf u|efawmfwdk‹EdkifiH. uH-urRmudk 0rf;enf;zG,f&m ajymif;vJoGm;apcJh onfh þjzpf&yfqdk;}uD;udk topfwzefjyefvnfI tao;pdwfavhvm&efjzpfygonf? u|efawmfESifhtwl jrefrmjynfoltrsm;pktaejzifh ,cktcsdefom OD;atmifqef; touf&iaecJygv#if u|efawmfw‹kd ,ckcpm;ae-u&onfh uH-urRmqd;wdukd a&Smif Sf h H k ‹k &Sm;Edkifayvdrfhrnf[k cdkif_rJpGm,Hk-unf-uyg.? Tta-umif;w&yfwnf;ESifhyif t qdyg vky}f uHrZmwfa-umif;udk cGjJ crf;pdwjf zm avhvmoifayawmhonf? xdtwl vGef k + h ‹k cJaom (45) ESpwmumvu EkiiAoum}uD; usqH;oGm;_yD;aemufyi;/ xdwacwf h f d f hH d k k kd f k . tarGtESptjzpf usef&pfconfh Ekiia&; a&pD;a-umif;wav#muf }uD;pk;cJonfh f hJ dfH d h avmb/ a'gowdk‹ jzifh ¹yGef;wD;aom t-urf;zufr+rsm;. tajccH t&if;tjrpfwdk‹ udvnf; avhvmoifvayonf? k h S ,if;tarGukd tomw-unfvufc&ef jiif;y,fwe;vSecaom yk*Kd~ vfrsm;ESihf H G f f hJ r_yD;qHk;ao;aom jrefrmEkdifiH. vGwfvyfa&;/ 'Drkdua&pDta&;ESifh o[Zmwjzpf a&;wdtwGuf owW&pm wduy0ifaeolrsm;twGuf Tpmtkyukd &nf&,a&;om; ‹k d dS G k f JG f G f &jcif;jzpfygonf? 19 19 AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f 20 armif c if a tmif uif b m&mòrŒawmf / =opa=w;vs Ek d 0 if b mv/ 1992 ck E S p f ? Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô 20
  • 11. AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f "Who Killed Aung San ?" (atmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ) pmtkyfa&; om;ðypkol OD;cifatmiftm; vGefcJhaom (13) ESpf/ 1986 ck/ pufwifbmvwGif rdwaqGwOD;u rdwzŒJGay;pOf uifbm&mòrdawmf/ jrefrmtdrwckY yxrOD;qH;t}udrf f f › f k awGŒqHkcGihf&cJhygonf? aqmif;tukef/ aEGtul;rdk‹ &moDomarmonfh TvwGif ‘uifbm&m’ Y yef;yGawmf usi;y_rjJ zpfojzihf t&yf&yfrS vma&mufvnfywf-uaom J f {nfonfrsm;jzihf pnfum;avh&onf? u|efawmfrwaqGu OD;cifatmiftm; jrefrm h dS h d f ppftm%m&Sif Akvae0if;tpd;&udk ESpaygif;rsm;pGm awmfveaeolwOD;tjzpfvnf; d f k f S f df D aumif;/ ‘The Canberra Times’ (uifbm&mwki;pfowif;pm}uD;) . t,f'wmxH ay;pmrsm; tcef;u¾wGif jrefrmppftpkd;&. vSnfhuGufjy±kyfrsm;udk azmfxkwf_yD; ppftm%m&Sifpepfqdk;}uD;udk uavmifjzifh rSefrSefxdk;ESufwHk‹ jyefaeolwOD;tjzpf vnf;aumif; rdwqufay;cJygonf? OD;cifatmif. t*Fvypmay Edieif;u|r;usif f h d f kf f r+/ [mo^m%fºuG,0r+/ tm0Z…e;&$irwonf ol. xufjrufaom ^m%fynmudk f f f + ‹kd a&mifjyef[yfaeonf[k u|efawmfrwcsufcsrdonf? aemufaemif olEifh &if;ES;vm S f S D aomtcg AkdvfcsKyfae0if; wdkif;jynf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mudk twif;t"rR odrf; yducaom 1962=ckEpO;umvtcsderpI ,ae‹xufwif worwfwnf; ppftm k f hJ S f D f S kd %m&Sipepfukd awmfveaeol rsKd;cspfwOD;tjzpf ydI av;pm;vmcJygonf? f S f k h xdaemuf 1988=ckESpf/ jrefrmjynfwGif; vlxktHkºuGr+}uD;ay:aygufvmaom k‹ tcg ppftpk;&. &ufpufpm ESyuyowfjzwfra-umifh jrefrmjynfol toufaygif; d G d f G f + axmifEicsDI qH;±+;cJ&onf? S fh k H h jrefrmhvwvyfa&; Adoum}uD; AdvcsKyfatmifqef;. orD; a':atmifqef; G f k k f pk-unf. wnf-unfajzmifhrwfaom acgif;aqmifr+atmufwGif jynfolwdk‹ wnD w!Gwfwnf; pkpnf;I jrefrmjynf. 'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;udk awmif;qdkcJh-uonf? ppftpkd;&onf a':atmifqef;pk-unftm; (6) ESpfwdkifwdkif tdrfwGif;tusOf;csxm; cJh_yD;/ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJŒcsKyf tzGJŒ0ifrsm;ESihf ppftpkd;&udk qefusifolrsm;tm; ‹ pepfwus acsr+ef;cJhygonf? TonfhumvwGif jynfya&muf jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;u vnf; EkdifiHt&yf&yfwGif ppftpkd;&qef‹usifa&; qENjyyGJrsm; usif;ycJh-uonf? 'Drkd ua&pDusihfoHk;aom tpdk;&toD;oD;tm; csOf;uyfvsuf jrefrmppftpkd;&udk,fwdkif OD;pD;usif;yay;cJhaom 1990=ck/ taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJwGif tEkdif&&SdcJhonfh trsKd;om;'Drua&pDtzGŒJ csKyftm; olwuwdtwki; tm%mv$ajymif;ay;&ef zdtm; dk ‹kd df J ay;a&;twGuf óud;yrf;cJ-h uonfrm ordi;rSwwiwck jzpfvmonf? -opa-w;vs S k f f kd f &Sd jynfwGif;v+yf&Sm;cJh-uonfh jrefrmrsKd;cspfrsm;twGif; OD;cifatmifrSm a&SŒwef;rS yg0ifcygonf? hJ OD;cifatmif. ‘atmifqef;udk b,foowfovJ’ t*Fvybmomjzifh pmtkyf l d f ðypkaecsdefwGif -opa-w;vsjynfwGif twlwuG EkdifiHa&;v+yf&Sm;ae-uonfjzpfI u|eawmfEifh r-umc% pmtkyyg ta-umif;t&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;wdiyifc-hJ uonf? f S f kf AkvcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh acgif;aqmifrsm; usq;onftcseu OD;cifatmif. zcifrm d f kH h d f S jrefrmjynf. 'k=&JcsKyfjzpfaeIvnf;aumif;/ OD;cifatmifZeD;. zcifrmvnf; w&m; S a&;Xme. twGif;0efwOD;taejzifh vnf;aumif;/ axmifrsm;udk }uD;-uyftkyfcsKyf &onfh OD;pD;csKyftaejzifvnf;aumif; aqmif&uae-u&aoma-umihf OD;cifatmif h G f onf xdy*Kd~ vf}uD;ESpO;xHrS OD;apmESifh taygif;tygrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom ta-umif; kk fD t&mrsm;tm; twGif;usus owif;tcsuftvufrsm; wkduf±dkufod&SdcGifh&cJhonf? xkd‹a-umihf OD;cifatmif. xdktcsdefu udk,fawGŒrsufjriftjzpftysufrsm;udk ESpf aygif;rsm;pGm pepfwus okawoeðypkxm;onfrsm;ESifh aygif;pyfvuaomtcg ckif kd f d vHkaom orkdif;taxmuftxm;wcktaejzihf ydkrdkwdusjywfom;vmygawmhonf? Tae&mwGif OD;cifatmifonf ta-umif;jcif;&m trSeuom wifjy_yD;/ ta-umif; f kd tusKd; qufEG,fr+rsm;udk pmzwfy&dowfrsm;uom qufvufI pl;prf; qifjcif awG;ac:Ekdif&ef csefvSyfxm;cJhonf? ta-umif;jcif;&m trSeftuef wifjyr+Y OD;cifatmifonf twGif;pnf;rS teD;uyfavhvmcJholjzpfI ol. tcsuftvuf rsm;onf w&m;Oya'tjrifwGif yDjyifwdusvSygonf? orkdif;okawoDrsm; quf vufavhvm&ef tajccHtwjf rpfcsay;cJonfEivnf; wlygonf? k h S fh OD;cifatmif. pmtkyft*Fvdyfrl&if;onf tqifhtwef;jrihfvSonf? odaomf k‹ jrefrmjynfotrsm;twGuf &nfp;I jrefrmbmomjyef&ef vH;yef;aomtcg tcuf l l k tcJrsm;awGŒ I aESmifaES;cJ&onf? u|eawmfonfvnf; jrefrmpmayESifh uif;a0;ae h h f onfrSm ESpftwef-umcJh_yDjzpfonfhtjyif ,cifu bmomjyefqdkonfh tawGŒtóuH vnf; r&SdcJhygacs? OD;cifatmifudk (pDtm'DbD) jrefrmjynf'Drdkua&pD jyefvnfwnf aqmufa&; OD;pD;aumfrwD (tjynfjynfqkdif&mESifh -opa-w;vs) . em,u}uD; tjzpf av;pm;vsuf/ ol. ta&;ygvSaom Tpmtkyfudk jrefjrefqefqef jrefrm 21 22 bmomjyefo. trSm l 21 22
  • 12. trSm AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f bmomjzifh xkwa0vdaoma-umihf bmomjyeftjzpf wm0ef,rygonf? uHaumif; f k l d onfrSm jr0wDOD;&Jacgif -opa-w;vsodk‹ a&muf&Sdvmojzifh pmwnf;jzwfay;&ef OD;&JacgifrS wm0ef,_l y;/ tcef;vduf txl;óud;pm;wnf;jzwfay;jcif;twGuf aus;Zl; D k wifz,&mjzpfygonf? G f txl;ojzifh rar#mvifbJ u|eawmf. vkyief;qki&mtyki;wGif wm0efyvm f h f f df df d onfhtcgrsm;Yvnf; u|efawmfhnD a'gufwmat;ausmf (atmifoef‹ausmf) tm; tultnDawmif;_yD; olESihftwl tcsKdŒtcef;rsm;udk bmomjyefygonf? tcsKdŒtcef; rsm;rSm a'gufwm at;ausmfbmomjyefqkd_yD;/ u|efawmfu wcsKdŒae&mY jyifqif jznfpuvsuf OD;&JacgifrS xyfrwnf;jzwfygonf? h G f H bmomjyefq&mYvnf; t*FvypmrS wdu±ubmomjyefqrukd ta&;xm; kd d f k f dk f kd + I trsm;qk; tok;ðyaomfvnf; tcsKdtcsuftvufrsm;wGif jrefrmpmzwfy&dowf H H ‹ ESifh ydkrdkqDavsmfap&ef jr0wDOD;&Jacgif. t}uHðycsuft& pma&;ol OD;cifatmif. oabmwlnrj+ zifh tenf;tusOf; ðyjyifa&;om;cJonfrsm; &Sconf? D h d hJ odk‹ jzpfI yl;wGJbmomjyefol a'gufwmat;ausmfESifh u|rf;usifpGm pmwnf; jzwfol jr0wDO;&Jacgifwtm; txl;aus;Zl;wif&ygonf? bmomjyefq&mY trSm; D ‹kd dS kd t,Gi;&Scygv#if u|efawmfwiom wm0ef&ygonf? f d hJ h Gf dS a'guf w mwif h a 0 qpf ' eD ò rŒ/ =opa=w;vs (9/ 9/ 99) yl ; wG J b momjyef o l a'guf w mat;ausmf qpf ' eD ò rŒ/ =opa=w;vs 23 23 24 24
  • 13. AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f 1 Zmwfvrf;0if yk*Kd~ vfrsm; pyfpxe;f (40) ESp/f &S r;jynfe,frS rdi;yGeapmfbm;}uD;/ e,fjcm;a'oqdi&m twdif H G f kf f G kf k yifcH0ef}uD;/ OD;acgif;wGif '%f&m (2) csuf&&Sd_yD; (20) &ufae‹ rGef;wnfhcsdefwGif &efue°f rd/› jynfoaq;±H}k uD;Y aoqH;oGm;onf? k ‹l k tmZmenf r sm; OD;tke;f armif (34) ESpf/ o,f,lyaqmifa&;ESifh vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;Xme/ 'kwd, dk‹ H Gf twGi;0ef (I.C.S)/ tpD&ifcpmwckukd vma&mufwifoi;aepOf vlowform;rsm;. f usnfqefrsm; xdreom;jcif;cH&onf? ae&mwGiyif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;onf? S f G f J k AdvcsKyfatmifqef; (c) AdvawZ (32) ESp/f jrefrmhtrsKd;om;a&;v+y&m;r+. acgif; k f k f f S aqmif}uD;/ bk&ifcHtr+aqmifaumifpD. 'k=OuU@ (odk‹ ) wu,fhvufawGŒtm;jzihf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD 0ef}uD;tzGJŒ. 0ef}uD;csKyf/ ‚if;tjyif xdktpdk;&tzGJŒ. umuG,f a&;ESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;/ usnfqef (13) csufoifhaom '%f&mjzifh ae&mwGif yif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;cJ&onf? J k h udaxG; (18) ESpf/ OD;&mZwf.oufawmfapmifh/ rEœav;teD;&Sd awmifjyif ody`H&yfrS k rlqvifvi,fwOD;jzpfonf? tpnf;ta0;cef;rwGi;rS aoewforsm;-um;&ojzifh l f H teD;&Sd±Hk;cef;rS ajy;xGufvmpOf qkwfcGmajy;oGm;aeaom vlowform;rsm;. ypfcwfjcif;udkcH&onf? '%f&m (4) csuf&&Sd_yD; aq;±HkwGif aoqHk;onf? 'D;'kwO;D bcsKd (54) ESp/f pma&;q&m/ owif;pmq&mESihf 'D;'kw*sme,f. t,f'wm/ f f D jyef-um;a&;0ef}uD;/ oltouft&G,fESifh OD;aESmufxJ0ifoGm;aom usnfqef tyg ‹ t0if usnqef (5) csu&&Sonfwif ae‹v,fyi;txd &efuejf ynfoaq;±H}k uD;wGif f f d h kd kd f k ‹l touf&ivsuf &Saeao;onf? Sf d vl o wf o rm;rsm; ocifjr (49) ESp/f vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;-um;wGif touft&G,}f uD;&ifaom EdiiH h kf acgif;aqmif/ b¾ma&;0ef}uD;/ tqkwfudk xGif;azmufoGm;aom aoewf'%f &mjzifh ae&mwGif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;onf? J k OD;tAŠ'&mZwf (49) ESpf/ rEœav;°rd› rlqvifacgif;aqmif/ ynma&;ESifh trsKd;om; l pDrHudef;0ef}uD;/ '%f&m (6) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf? OD;b0if; (46) ESpf/ OD;atmifqef;.tudk/ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESifh axmufyHha&; 0ef}uD;/ usnfqef'%f&m (8) csuf&&Sd_yD; ae&mwGifyif yGJcsif;_yD;aoqHk;onf? OD;apm/ 1900=jynfEpwif om,m0wD°rdY arG;zGm;onf? vlowform;rsm;. acgif; h S f G › aqmif[k tpGyfpGJcH&ol/ orBm&ifh vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm;jzpf_yD; OD;atmifqef;. t"du°ydifbufjzpfonf? ol&d,owif;pmudk pwifxlaxmifolESifh rsKd;cspfygwD acgif;aqmifjzpfonf? 1940=ckESpf/ pufwifbmvrS 1942=ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd eef;&if;0ef/ 1942=rS 1946=txd ,l*E<mjynfwif txde;odr;cHc&onf? 1947=ck G f f hJ ESp/f Zefe0g&DvwGicsKyfqaom atmifqef;=tufwvD pmcsKyfukd todtrSw«f y&ef f kd jiif;qefcojl zpfI OD;atmifqef;ESihf oltr+aqmifaumifpD vkyazmfuizufrsm;tm; hJ ‹ f kd f owfjzwfr+jzifh 1947=ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv (19) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&vsuf/ pGJqdkxm;onfh twdkif; tjypfay;cH&_yD;/ 1948=ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGif tif;pdefaxmifY ¯ud;ay;cH&onf? ref;bcdif (43) ESpf/ [oFmwrS u&ifvlrsKd;wOD;jzpf_yD; *syefodrf;ydkufxm;pOfu k jyefvnfccawmfve&mY yg0ifconf? pufrvufrXmeESihf tvkyorm;Xme0ef}uD;/ kH S f hJ + + f usnfqef (15) csufxreconf? ae&mwGiyif yGcsif;_yD;aoqH;onf? d S f hJ f J k 25 25 armifp;/ aoewform;/ rif;vS-rd›rS *VKefwyfzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpf_yD; OD;apm. teD;uyf dk aemufvkdufjzpfI ol‹ _cHtwGif;Y apmpD;pGmuyif aexkdifcJholjzpfonf? ao'%fay; cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGifyif tif;pdefaxmifY ao'%ftpD &ifc&onf? H 26 26
  • 14. Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f oufESif;/ aoewform;/ usKdufvwf-rd›rS *VKefwyfzGJŒ0ifa[mif;jzpf_yD; ,if;-rd› rsKd;cspfygwD. twGif;a&;rª;jzpfonf? OD;apmukd txl;-unfndK_yD; vkH;0OkH,kH -unfukd;pm;oljzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf arv (8) &ufae‹wGif yif tif;pdeaxmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&onf? f H xGuftajy;wGif vGwfajrmufEkdif&ef tultnDay;a&;twGuf ajcmufvkH;jyL;ao ewfwvufjzifh twGif;0efrsm;±kH; txGuf*dwfaygufrS apmifhaecJh&onf? ao'%f tay;cH&aomfvnf; tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&_yD; ,if;owif;ukd okcESiw-ydieufwnf; today;cHc&onf? hf f hJ armifpe/f aoewform;/ ¯udŒyifaumuf-rdrjS zpfI ppftwGi;u AkvcsKyfatmifqef;. d › f d f Armhwyfrawmfom;jzpfc_hJ y;aemuf jynfo&abmftzGŒJo‹dk 0ifa&mufconf? olrbrsm; D ‹l J hJ ‹d rSm rsKd;cspfygwDukd vkdvm;ESpfoufolrsm;jzpfI olukd OD;apm. aemufvkdufjzpf&ef ‹ odr;oGi;qGaqmifc-hJ uonf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckEp/f arv (8) &ufae‹ f f J S wGif &efuetusOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&onf? k f H r_e}f u;D / }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGŒJ Eihf vkuygoGm;cJonf? tkwz-dk rdteD;rS aus; S d f h f › &Gmom;jzpf_yD; tvkyf-urf;orm;wOD;jzpfonf? OD;apmu ol‹ukd tapcHwOD;uJhokd‹ ckdif;cJhonf? 0ef}uD;tzGJŒpnf;a0;aea-umif; vlowform;rsm;ukd olu tcsufjycJh &onf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckESpf/ arv (8) &ufae‹wGif tif;pdefaxmifY ao'%ftpD&ifc&onf? H &ef}u;D atmif/ touf (18) ESpom&S.? toufti,fq; aoewform;jzpfonf? f d Hk OD;apm w0rf;uGn.om;jzpfonf? pwkwajrmufaoewform;? vktyfvmonfh J D ˆ d aemufqkH;tcsdefusrS ol‹ukd a&G;cs,fcJhjcif;jzpfonf? ol. waZmufuef;tusifh a-umifh aoewform;tjzpf tH0ifciusjzpfconf? ao'%fay;cH&onf? 1948 ckEp/f Gf hJ S arv (8) &ufae‹wGif &efukeftusOf;axmifY ao'%ftpD&ifcH&onf? b!Ge‹f / }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGŒJ wif yg0ifonf? OD;apm.vl,awmf t"du G Hk aemufvuacgif;aqmifjzpf_yD; olwOD;om OD;apm.tdrtwGi; aexkici&onf? dk f f f d f G hf tod^m%f&SdI tkd;onfukef;w&m;±kH;wGif pma&;jzpfcJhonf? ocifEktm;owf&ef wm0eftay;cH&onf? bk&ifhoufao (azmfaumif) tjzpf bufajymif;xGufqkd&ef oabmwlcojl zpfonf? xka-umifh tajctaet& oltm; tjypfrcivwr+ tay; hJ ‹d ‹ S G hf $ f cH&vsuf tvkyf-urf;ESifh jyif;xefaomaxmif'%f (10) ESpfESifh (6) v csrSwfcH cJ&onf? h okc/ vlowform;rsm;tm; twGif;0ef±kH;okd‹ *spfum;jzifh armif;ykday;cJholjzpfonf? ‹ &efukef-rd›&Sd tpkd;&txufwef;ausmif;rS (9) wef;atmifjrifcJhonf? ppf_yD;aemuf usKdufvwf-rd› zqyvtzGJŒ. aiGxdef;jzpf_yD; ukefonfwOD;jzpfonf? oufESif;u ol‹ukd OD;apmESifh rdwfqufay;cJhonfhtjyif rsKd;cspfygwDwGJzuftwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf pm&if;wifay;cJhonf? OD;apm. _cH0if;okd‹ vkyf}uHr+rwkdifrD aemufqkH;a&muf&Sdvm oljzpfonf? ao'%fay;cH&aomfvnf; ¯ud;ay;rnfhae‹ rwkdifrDae‹ naeykdif;wGifrS tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&onf? cifarmif&if/ }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGJŒpD;aom zkd'fqefx&yfum;ukd armif;ol ‹ jzpfonf? OD;apmZeD;onf. wlawmfonf? 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tpnf;ta0;xkiaea-umif; df v#Kd‹0SufoauFwjzifh owif;ay;_yD; vlowform;rsm; xGufcGmvm&ef tcsufjycJh onf? ao'%ftay;cH&aomfvnf; aemufykdif;wGif tvkyf-urf;ESifhaxmif'%f tESpf (20) okd‹ av#mhcsjcif;cH&onf? Oya'qd k i f & myk * ~ d K vf r sm; w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;ausmjf rif/h 1898 ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 0wfvkHawmf&rif;ESifh w&m;v$wfawmf w&m;ol}uD;rif; (1946 ckESpfrSpI)? OD;apmukd ppfaq;pD&ifcsuf csaom txl;ckH±kH;awmf.OuU@/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf. w&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfvmonf? xif&Sm;ausmf-um;aom nDtukdav;OD;jzpfonfh Adkvfr;csKyfwifxGÉf (t}uD;qkH;)/ w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;jrifhodef;/ a'gufwmxifatmif ª wkwif 'kw,ajrmufjzpfonf? 1988 ckEpf arvwGif uG,veconf? ‹d G d S f G f hJ armife/D }uH&mygwOD;jzpfI a&SŒajy;tzGJŒESifh vkdufygoGm;cJhonf? vlowform;rsm; 27 27 OD;atmifomausm/f tqifhjrifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rif;/ OD;apmudk ppfaq;aom txl;cHk±Hk;awmf. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfI/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmf 28 28
  • 15. Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f w&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfvsuf/ xdk‹aemuf w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyf w&m;ol}uD;rif; jzpf vmonf? Amwefe (pf)˜ bif*srif&maz;&,f (Vertannes,Benjamin Raphael)/ ,cifu ppfwyfrS Adkvf}uD;wOD;jzpfI/ xdkaemuf &efukef°rd&Sd w&m;v$wfawmfwGif a&SŒaejzpf vm_yD;/ ‹ › OD;apmtwGuf ckcHumuG,fay;cJhonfh ti,fwef; Oya't}uHay;jzpfcJhonf? rlvZmwdtm;jzifh jrefrmEdiirjS zpfaomfvnf; vGwvyfa&;&_yD;onftcg t_idr;pm; kfH f h f ,lI _AdweEiio‹kd a&$Œajymif;oGm;cJonf? d f kd f H h bwfpf (cf) / rduu,f tD; (Busk, Michael E.)/ 'kwd,urBmppfwGif ‘csif;'pf’ (exk f S f kd f k › Chindit) rS ppfjyefwOD;jzpfI/ 1940=ckEprsm;. aemufyi;wGif &efue°f rd&dS &JwyfzŒJG wGif vufaxmufaumfr&Sifemrif;}uD; jzpfvmum/ vufeufudkifykvdyfwyfzGJŒ (Armed Police) twGuf jrpf}uD;em;wGif ucsifwi;&if;om;rsm;jzifh wyf&if;w&if; kd f zGJŒcJhonf? uy`wdef a';ApfADAD,ef; (Capt, David Vivian) ukd olu zrf;cJhonf? (atmufwGif±+)? OD;pDb;l / tqifhjrifh puf&Sifw&m;ol}uD;rif;jzpfI/ OD;apmudk ppfaq;aom txl;cHk±Hk; awmf. tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfI/ vGwfvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol }uD;rif;wOD; jzpfvmonf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pde/f 1906=ckESpfwGif oHvsifY arG;zGm;onf? tdENd, f S yËdnmOfc0efxrf; (ICS)/ w&m;a&;0ef}uD;Xme. twGi;0efEihf tusOf;axmifrsm; H OD;pD;csKyf wm0efrsm;udk 1947=ckEpwif w°ydiwnf; xrf;aqmifc&onf? 1948=ck S f G f hJ ESpf vGwfvyfa&;&&SdcsdefrS 1962=ckESpfwGif tem;,lcsdeftxd w&m;v$wfawmf. w&m;ol}uD;rif;wOD;jzpfI/ 1975=ckEpwif -opa-w;vsEdiio‹kd ul;ajymif;aexdif S f G kfH k S f f G f G h cJonf? rJvbe;°rd› (Melbourne) wGif 1989=ckEpY uG,veom;cJonf? h f k f AdvcsKyfxe;vSatmif/ 1902=ckESpfwGif &efukef°rd›YarG;zGm;cJhonf? t*Fvdyftpdk;& k f G f vufxuf bk&ifh&JwyfzGJŒ0ifESifh r+cif;pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;Xme. 'k=&JcsKyf/ OD;apmESifh ol‹vlrsm;udk vsifjrefpGm zrf;qD;EdkifcJhonfhftwGuf EdkifiHawmf. av;pm;r+udk cHcJh& onf? w&m;ol}uD;rif; OD;aomif;pdeEihf twlwI OD;apm. vk°H cHa&;wm0efukd ,lchJ f S JG &onf? vGwvyfa&;&_yD;aemuf &JcsKyfjzpfvmcJ_h yD;/ 1948=ckEpf vGwvyfa&;&_yD; f S f aemuf -o*kwvwGif AdvcsKyf&mxl;jzifh 'k=OD;pD;csKyftqifo‹kd wd;jrijhf cif;cHc&onf? f k f h k ‡ hJ 1960=ckEpwif &efue°f rdY uG,veom;cJonf? S f G k › f G f G h umwpf/ bifepf˜ qm z&uf'&pf [ife&D ('J&uf) aupD (Curtis- Bennett, Sir Frederick Sf G h h d~ Henry (Derek) KC./ 1904 ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? bk&ifOya't}uHay;yk*KvfjzpfI &mZ0wfr+cif;rsm;wGif atmifjrifausmf-um;aom _AdwdefEkdifiHom; a&SŒaewOD;jzpf onf? txl;ckH±kH;awmfwGif w&m;-ydif&mY ol‹ukdumuG,fckcH&ef t}uD;wef;t}uH ay;tjzpf OD;apmu iSm;&rf;cef‹tyfcJhonf? 1956 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (23) &ufae‹wGif olaexkdif&m vef'efwkdufcef;xJwGif aoqkH;vsuf&Sdonfukd awGŒ&onf? &ifcGJppf aq;olq&m0efu vGefcJhonfh (4=5) &ufuyif oltaejzifh aoqkH;_yD;jzpfonf[k ‹ xifjrifcsuay;onf? ok‹djzpfv#if olaoqk;&ufonf emrnfq;jzifh ausm-f um;vsuf f H dk ao'%fuscHcJh&aom ol.tr+onf usL;vGefcJhaom Zlvkdifv (19) &uf tr+ (9) ESpjf ynfajrmufonfh ae‹&ufcefwif jzpfaeayawmhonf? h ‹ G 29 29 S f G h S f wGwc˜f aumvif; ( Tooke, Colin)/ 1913=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? 1933= ckEprS f pI jrefrmhyvywyfzŒJGwif wm0efxrf;aqmifconf? 1945–46=ckEpw‹kdY om,m k d f G hJ S f 0wDc±dkif &J0efaxmufjzpfI/ OD;apmtr+udk v#Kd‹0SufpHkprf;axmufvS rf;aecJhol[k ,H-k unf&_y;/ OD;apmESiywfoufaom olziwrsm; tcd;cHc&onf? 1948=ckEpwif D hf ‹ kd f JG k hJ S f G ±kww&uf aoqH;oGm;cJonf? f k h cef;˜ tdyf (cs) (Khan,H)/ pD;yGm;a&;orm;wjzpfvJ t_idrf;pm;-unf;wyfAkdvf}uD;? f &efuef at'Dvrf;&Sd OD;apmaetdrEihf rsufEmcsif;qkiwif aexkio/l r+cif;pkprf;ppf k f S S df G df H aq;a&;Xme 'k=&JcsKyf. arwWm&yfccsuft& OD;apm. _cH0if;tm; rsufjcnfrjywf H apmif-h unfunconf? w&m;vkjd youfaotrSwf (39)? h l D hJ Ed k i f i H a &;orm;rsm; Advatmif}u;D / aygif;wnf°rdY 1919=ckEpwiarG;zGm;onf? 1945=ckEpwif *syef k f › S f Gf S f G qef‹usifa&;v+yf&Sm;r+Y jrpf0u|ef;ay:ESifh zsmyHkc±dkiftwGif; Adkvfae0if;. vuf±Hk; t&m&SwOD;tjzpf yg0ifvyuivmcJonf? d k f kd f h xdk‹aemuf vGwfvyfa&;&tHhqJqJ wyfrawmfudk jyefvnfzGJŒpnf;vdkufaom 30 30
  • 16. Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f tcg trSwf(4) Armhaoewfudkifwyf&if;wGif Adkvfae0if;vufatmufY tr+xrf; cJonf? qd&,vpfvrf;pOfygwD. pnf;±H;a&;rª;wOD;jzpfonf? 1962=ckEpY Advf h k S f k S f k csKyfae0if; tm%modr;onftcg awmfvea&;aumifp0ifwOD;jzpfvmonf? 1963 f h S f D =ckESpfwGif xkwfy,fcH&_yD; 1988=ckESpf 'Drdkua&pDta&;awmfyHkwGif EdkifiHa&;avm uod‹k jyef0ifvmcJonf? h a'guwmbarmf/ c&pf,mefrom;pkrþS 1897=ckEpwiþf arG;zGm;cJonf?þtmareD,efaoG; f d Sf G h wpdwwydi;ygonf[qonf? ude;b&pfwuUovwif ynmoif-um;cJ_h y;/ abmf f kf k kd f kd f G D kd f d f f h 'l;cfþ( Bordeaux) wuUovrS yDtycs'D (Ph.D) bGŒJ&cJonf? a&S;OD;tp ausmif;q&m b0ESifh xdk‹aemuf 0wfvHkawmf&jzpfvmonf? qif;&Jom; 0HomEkygwDudk zGJŒpnf;cJh onf? 1936=ckEprS 1939=ckEptxd eef;&if;0efjzpfonf? xdaemuf 'kw,urBmppf Sf Sf ‹k d twGi;þ*syefppfwyfuþzGŒJay;aomþtpd;&tzGŒJ.þt"dywdjzpfc_hJ y;/þ1947=ckEpþf vGwvyf f k D S f a&;r&rDtcsewiþf txde;odr;cH&onf?þ1977=ckEpþf arvwGiþf uG,veom;cJonf? df G f f S f Gf G h wOD;jzpfI/ xdaemuf *syefawmfvea&;t_y;/ vGwvyfa&;r&rD qd&,vpfygwDukd ‹k S f D f k S f pwifxlaxmifcJhol tzGJŒ0ifwOD;jzpfum/ 1950=ckESpfrsm;wGif OD;Ek. tpdk;&tzGJŒ twGif; wm0eftrsm;tjym;,lcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh 1962=ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tm%modr;onftcg tzrf;cH&vsuf/ 1966=ckEpwif jyefvwvmonf/ 1985= f h S f G G f ckEp/f pufwifbmvwGif uG,veonf? S f G f OD;ausm+f ir;f / ysO;rem;°rdY 1915=ckEpwiþf arG;zGm;onf?þ&efuewuUovwiþf ynm d f › S f G k f kd f G oif-um;cJh_yD;/þ1930=ckESpfrsm;wGifþausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfcJhI/þ1946=ck ESpfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ruG,fvGefao;rD (zqyv) tzGJŒcsKyf. taxGaxG twGif;a&;rª;csKyftjzpfrS xkwfy,fjcif;cHvdkuf&onfh uGefjrLepfygwDrS ocifoef; xGe;. ae&mudk qufcc&onf? xdaemuf OD;Ek 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfcsdewif jynfxa&; f H hJ ‹k f G J ESifh w&m;a&;Xme 0ef}uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ qdk&S,fvpfygwD. 'kwd,t}uD;qHk; acgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJh&I/ 1962=ckESpf AdkvfcsKyfae0if; tm %modr;onftcgYþtzrf;cHc&_yD;þ1966=ckEpwif jyefvwvmonf? 1986=ckEp/f f h hJ S f G G f S ZGevwGif &efue°f rdY uG,veom;cJonf? f k › f G f G h ocifApde/f 1910=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? &efukefwuUodkvfwGif ynmoif-um;cJh onf? ocifAaomif;wdEitwl uGejf rLepf0g'udk OD;pGm avhvmcJaom ausmif;om; ‹k S hf h acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf/ xdkaemuf 1930=ckESpf wdkArmtpnf;t±Hk;udk a&S;OD;xl ‹ ‹ axmifcJholrsm;xJwGif wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; 0if±dk;wef; tiftm;pkrsm;tay: vdvm;cJojl zpfonf? xda-umifh *syefacwfY oltm; refcsL;ud; k h ‹k ‹ k odk‹ jrefrmEdkifiH. oHtrwf}uD;tjzpf ceftyfjcif;udk cH&onf? 1947=ckESpfwGif vef ‹ 'efo‹kd OD;atmifqef;ESitwl vduygoGm;cJonf? vufsmEdiia&;orm;jzpfonf? hf k f h kfH OD;AaqG/ xm;0,f°rdY 1915=ckEpwiarG;zGm;onf? &efuewuUovwif ynmoif › S f Gf k f kd f G -um;cJonf? 1930=ckEprsm;wGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifjzpfconf? 1945=ckEpf h S f hJ S wGif qd&,vpfygwD. OuU@tjzpf wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&aomfvnf; ocifjrudk OD;pm; k S f ay;onftaejzifh Ekwxuconf? xda-umifh ocifjr vky}f uHc&_y;aemufrS qd&,f h f G f hJ ‹k H D k S vpfacgif;aqmif jzpfvmjyefonf? (1956–57) ckESpfwGif c%wm 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf cJao;onf? od&mwGif 1962=ckEpf Advae0if; tm%modr;vduonftcg tzrf;cH h ‹k S k f f k f h &_y;/ 1966=ckEpwif jyefvwvmonf? 1987=ckEp/f 'DZifbmvwGif uG,veonf? D Sf G G f S f Gf OD;Ek (c) ocifE/k 0g;c,fr°rd›Y 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1930=ckESpfrsm;wGif wdArmtpnf;t±H;udk pwifxaxmifcorsm;xJwif wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? 1947= ‹k k l hJ l G ckESpf/ ZlvdkifvwGif 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf trsm;oabmwl wifajr‡mufjcif;cH&vsuf jref rmEdii. 'Drua&pDumvrsm;twGi; qlyaomif;use;r+rsm; jzpfym;aeonf-h um;rS kfH kd f l f G zGŒJpnf;cJaom tpd;&tzGŒJrsm;wGif olomv#if 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf t-umqk;aqmif&uchJ h k H G f &oljzpfonf? odaomf 1962=ckEpwif AdvcsKyfae0if;u oltm; &mxl;rSz,f&m;cJ_h y; ‹k Sf G k f ‹ S D zrf;qD;axmifcsconf? 1966=ckEpwif jyefvnfvwvm_yD; AdvcsKyfae0if; ppft hJ S f G G f k f pd;&udk qefusiawmfvea&;twGuf pnf;±H;&ef jynfyodxucmcJonf? 1980=ckEpf k ‹ f Sf k ‹k G f G h S vGw_f ir;csr;omcGiay;&mwGif jrefrmEdiio‹kd jyefa&mufvm_y; ol 0ef}uD;csKyfb0u d f f hf kfH D vkyvufp ydËuwf bmomjyefvyief;udk jyefvyaeqJwif 1988=ckEpf 'Drua&pD f k f k f G S kd ta&;awmfywif yg0ifum pufwifbmv (9) &ufae‹wif olu,wif 0ef}uD;csKyf kH G G kd f kd tjzpfESifh -um;jzwftpdk;&tzGJŒudk a-unmcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh tpdk;&u ol‹tm; 1989=ckEpf 'DZifbmvrS 1992=ckEpf {_yDvtxd tdrwi; tus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif; S S f Gf cHc&onf? xdaemuf 1995=ckEpf azazmf0g&DvwGif &efue°f rdY uG,veom;onf? hJ ‹k S k › f G f G Advcifarmifuav;/ awmifil°rdY 1912=ckESpfwGifþarG;zGm;onf/þ&efukefwuUodkvfY k f › ynmoif-um;cJhonf? a&S;OD;tp ausmif;q&mvkyfcJh_yD;/ wyfrawmfwGif t&m&Sd 31 31 ocif±_armif/ (c) Adkvfae0if;/ jynf°rd›teD;&Sd aygif;wvnf°rd›Y 1910=ckESpfwGif 32 32
  • 17. Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f arG;zGm;onf? &efue°f rd/› *syqifaumvdyY ynmoif-um;cJaomfvnf; 1931=ckEpf k f f h S wGif bGJŒr&bJ ausmif;rSxGufcGmcJh&onf? pmwdkufpma&;rS &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if jzpfvm_yD;aemuf 1943=ckESpfrS 1945=ckESpftxd jrefrmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf. ppfOD;pD;rª;jzpfonf? wzef 1949=ckESpfrS 1972=ckESpftxd wyfrawmf. umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpf aqmif&Gufum/ 1962=ckESpfwGif ppfwyfjzifh EdkifiH awmftm%mudk odrf;,lcJhonf? xdk‹a-umifh 1962=ckESpfrS 1974=ckESpftxd awmfvea&;aumifp. OuU@tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1974=ckEprS 1981=ckEptxd S f D S f S f qdk&S,fvpfEdkifiHþorRwtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1962=ckESpfrS 1988=ckESpftxd jrefrmhq&,vpfvrf;pOfygwD. OuU@tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ °ydi0or&Sd aqmif&ucI/ kd S f f hH l G f hJ ,cktcsdefwGif (rqv) ygwDudk zsufodrf;vdkufaomfjim;vnf;/ ,ae‹txd ol. -oZmESifhtm%mrSm ppfwyfxJwGif euf±+dif;pGm pl;0ifaeqJ[k ,lqaecJhaomfvnf; ol.wefckd;tm%m !SdK;rSdefvmonf? 2002 ckESpf/ rwfvwGif ajr; (3) a,mufESifh orufwkd‹ EkdifiHawmfopPmazmufr+jzifh zrf;qD;jcif;cH-u&_yD;aemuf olukd,fwkdifyif tus,fcsKyfcHae&pOf 'DZifbmv (5) &ufae‹wGif &efukef-rd› aetdrfY uG,fvGef oGm;onf? wGif EdiijH cm;a&;0ef}uD;wm0efþxrf;aqmifconf? 1948=ckEpf -o*kwvwGif Advf kf hJ S f k rª;csKyf&mxl;jzifh t&efwyfzŒJGrsm; OD;pD;&ef 0ef}uD;tzGŒJrEwxu_f yD; ol tkycsKyfwnf; S k f G f k f G jzwfvsu&aom (The New Burma Times) owif;pmwdua&SŒwif pufwifbmv f dS twGi; vky}f uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&onf? ol.tpfurm w&m;v$wawmfcsKyf/ w&m; f kd S f 0ef}uD;csKyf OD;ausmfjrifjh zpfonf? ocifxe;tky/f 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ &efukefESifh udkvHbdk°rd›wdk‹wGif ynm G f oif-um;cJhI wdkArmtpnf;t±Hk;. tjcm;ppftkyfpk. acgif;aqmif (ocif ApdefESifh ‹ twl/ Adkvfae0if;vnf; xdktkyfpkwGifyg0ifonf) olonf [pfwvm (Hitler’s) . ‘rdkifuef‹’ (Mein Kampf) vrf;a-umif;twdkif; a&;om;xm;aom u|Ekfyfwdk‹ pGef‹ pm;cef;’ (Our Exploits) udk a&;om;oljzpf_yD;/ 1940=ckESpfwGif *syefodk‹ vdkufyg oGm;cJonf? h 1940=ckESpfrsm;ESifh 1950=ckESpfrsm;wGif twdkuftcH vufsmEdkifiHa&;orm; b0Y &yfwnf&if; 1970=ckEpf Zefe0g&DvwGif uG,veom;cJonf? S f G f G h ocifoef;xGe;/ ysOf;rem;°rd›Y 1915=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;cJhonf? ausmif;q&mtjzpf f vkyfudkifcJhI *syefacwf a'gufwmbarmf tpdk;&tzGJŒ Y 0ef}uD;&mxl;vufcHcJh_yD;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. ZeD;a':cif-unf. tpfrjzpfol a':cifcif}uD;udk vufxyf ,lcJhonf? 1949=ckESpftxd (zqyv)tzGJŒcsKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf vnf;aumif;/ uGefjrLepfygwD ESpfjcrf; uGJoGm;_yD;aemuf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD (BCP) . acgif;aqmif jzpfvmygonf? ,if;ygwDonf 1948=ckESpf rwfv wGif ajratmufygwDtjzpfjzifh A[dktpdk;&udk v+yf&Sm;wufºuGpGm ykefuefcJhonf? aemufq; 1968 ckEpwif yJc;±d;rawmxJY olv,awmf &JabmfjroD;. vky}f uHjcif; kH Sf G l k ‹ l kH cHc&onf? hJ udkvdkeDtm%mydkifrsm; tufwvD/ tm;vfuvDrif/h tm/ (Atlee, Earl Clement R.) 1883 ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? 1945=55 ckEpwif avbmygwD. 0ef}uD;csKyf/ Sf G h Sf G AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ukd,fpm;vS,ftzGJŒukd vef'efokd‹zdwfac:I 1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (13) &ufae‹rpI awGŒqaqG;aEG;cJonf? Zefe0g&Dv (27) &ufae‹wif S Hk h G atmifqef;=tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfqkdtqkH;owfEkdifcJhonf? OD;apmtay: _Adwdo# 0ef}uD;csKyf. tptOD;tjrifrsm;rSm *k%,z,r&Syg? jrefrmhvwvyfa&;ESihf ,if;ESihf f lG f d G f qufE,aeaom udp&yfrsm;ESiywfoufI aemufyi;wGif Ek=tufwvDpmcsKyfudk G f P hf dk f vef'efwGif 1947 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif vufrSwfa&;xkd;csKyfqkdEkdifcJhonf? tufwvDonf 1967 ckEpwif uG,veconf? S f G f G f hJ OD;wifxÉ/f 1895=ckEpwif arG;zGm;onf? 'g;vf0pfcsf aumvdyf (Dulwich College) G S f G ESifh udef;b&pfwuUodkvf ( Cambridge University) wdwGif ynmoif-um;cJhonf? k‹ D k f kd f tdE,yËdnmOfc0efxrf; (ICS) wOD;jzpf_y;/ &efuewuUov. 'k=t"dywd (VicedN H hJ kf S Chancellor) jzpfconf? 'ditmcDacwfEihf (91) Xmeacwfrsm;Y 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tawmf rsm;rsm;wGif twGi;0efcsKyftjzpf aqmif&uc&_yD;/ 1948=ckEpf vGwvyfa&;&csdef f G f hJ S f 33 33 a':refprpf/ qm–&D*sie,f [sL; ( Dorman-Smith, Sir Reginald Hugh) f 1899=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJ_h y; (1935–41) ckEprsm;wGif uGeqmaA;wpf (ConSf G D Sf f hJ d servative MP) trwfjzpfcI/ _Adwo#0ef}uD;tzGŒJ tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif 0ef}uD;tzGŒJ 0if 34 34
  • 18. Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (1941–46) ckEprsm;twGi; jrefrmEdii. bk&ifcwOD;jzpfum S f f kfH H OD;apmESivnf; rsm;pGm tu|r;0ifowOD;jzpfonf? xdaemuf _Awo# trsK;om;a&; hf f l k d d d jynfo0efxrf;od‹k jyefr0ifaomfvnf; [ef±i;,m;e,f wm0ef,&aom tqifjh rif&r; ‹l ‹ d+ f l h Jª (High Sheriff of Hampshire) ESifh ajy_idrf;a&; wm0efcH (JP) tvkyfrsm; vkyfudkif ygonf? 1977=ckEpwif uG,veom;cJonf? S f G f G f G h vdw0w/f qm*|e*;D vfbwf/ ( Laithwaite, Sir John Gilbert) fd f 1894=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf? 1919=ckESpfwGif tdENd,EdkifiHqdkif&m EdkifiHjcm; a&;Xmeodk‹ 0ifa&muftr+xrf;cJhI (1939–43) wGif bk&ifcH. udk,fa&;twGif; 0eftjzpf tr+xrf;aqmifcJhonf? (1945–48) ckESpfrsm;wGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeY jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m vufaxmuftwGif;0ef ( Deputy Under Secretary of State) tjzpf wm0ef,conf? l hJ &ef‹/ AdvcsKyf qm/ [sL;bwf (Rance, Major-General Sir Hubert) k f 1898=ckEpwif arG;zGm;onf? (1943=45) ESprsm;wGif ,lau taemufyi; S f G f kd f ppfOD;pD;XmeY wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh_yD; (1945=46) ESpfrsm;wGif jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m òrdj› ya&;&mþ!¸e-f um;a&;rª;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ wzef 1946=ck/þ-o*kwvrSþ1948=ck/ f Zefe0g&Dvtxd jrefrmEdii. aemufq; bk&ifctjzpfvnf;aumif;/ jrefrmEdii. kfH Hk H kfH txl;xl;taxGaxG vlrsKd;a&;a&m 0g'a&;yg uJGjym;ae-uonfh EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkrsm; t-um;wGif bufrvdkufbJ ajzmifhrwfpGm wm0efxrf;aqmifcJholwOD;jzpfonf? (1950=54) wGif x&ifheif'ufESifh wdkbmudk;EdkifiH. bk&ifcHESifh ppfaoemywdcsKyf wm0efxrf;aqmifconf? 1974=ckEpwif uG,veom;cJonf? hJ S f G f G f G h vpfw0v/f (5) qufajrmuf tm;vfatmhzf (0Dv,H z&ef‹ppf[,m;) kd J D J th ( Listowel, the 5 . Earl of (William Francis Hare) 1907=ckESpfwGif arG;zGm;onf/ 1947=ckESpf {_yDvrSpI EdkifiHjcm;a&;XmeY tdENd,EdkifiHESifh jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ (1947=ck/ -o*kwf vrS 1948=ck/ Zefe0g&Dvtxd) jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m twGif;0eftjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&uconf? 1997=ckEpwif uG,veom;cJonf? G f hJ S f G f G f G h armifbufwef/ Apfaumifh armifbufwef atmhzf bm;rm; h h (a&wyfAvcsKyf avmh-vl0pf-z&efppf-tJvbwf-Apfwm-eDuvufp) kd f J kd f (Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma (Rear-Admiral Lord Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas) 1900=jynfEpwif arG;zGm;onf? (1943=46) ESprsm;wGif tm&S. r[mrdwf h S f G f wyfaygif;pk ppfaoemywdcsKyftjzpf wm0ef,lcJh&oljzpfonf? xdk‹aemuf (1947/ rwfvrS -o*kwfvtxd) tdENd,EdkifiH. bk&ifhtkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mykdif (Viceroy) tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ bk&ifcHcsKyf (Governor-General) tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0ef xrf;aqmifcJhjyefonf? txl;ojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; av;pm;vsuf vGwf vyfaom jrefrmjynf.acgif;aqmiftjzpf rsm;pGm ta&;ay;cJojl zpfonf? 1979=ck/ h -o*kwvwGif owfjzwfjcif;cH&onf? f 35 35 olwdk‹b,folawGvJ bif*av/ *|epwsL;0yf ( Bingley, John Stewart ) f 1899=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? (1946=47) ckEprsm;twGi; jrefrmEkiiwif S f G h S f f dfH G _Adwdo#aumifpD ( British Council) . udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf &efukef-rd›Y aexkdifcJh onf? OD;apmu tif;pdefaxmifxJrS pmtcsKd‹ olxHa&;om;_yD; aiGawmif;cHcJhonf? ‹ axmufvSr;a&;vkyief;rsm;wGif ol yg0ifywfoufaeonf[k ocifE/k OD;ausm_f ir;ESihf f f df tcsKdyk*~dKvfrsm;u t}uD;tus,foHo,jzpf-uonf? 1947=ckESpf/ pufwifbmv ‹ (4) &ufae‹wif jrefrmEdiirS tavmok;q,f xGucmoGm;cJonf? 1979=ckEpwif G kfH H f G h S f G _AdwdefEdkifiH/ qa&; (Surrey) e,fwGif uG,fvGefoGm;onf? 'de;/ Advr; yDwmtm;euf vef‹pfavmh ( Daine, Major Peter Ernest Lancelot) f k f ª 1923=ckEpwif arG;zGm;cJonf? tdE, tcsujf yqufo,a&;wyfY 1944=rS S f G h dN G f pwifI t&m&Sdtqifhudk &&SdcJhonf? 1947=ckESpfwGif ArmhppfOD;pD;XmecsKyf axmuf vS rf;a&;wyfY wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf/ r*Fvm'kH ajrmufbuf&Sd yifr cJ,rf;rD; ausmufwdkuf. wyfr;vnf;jzpfonf? OD;apmwynfhrsm; xkwf,loGm;aom vuf ª eufrsm;ESifh ywfoufI oltm; zrf;qD;jcif;r&Sd? ‹ rd;/ Advr; a*s/ at (Moore, Major J.A) k k f ª 1908=ckEpwif arG;zGm;onf? tdE,wyfrawmf. vufeuf}uD;wyfrS t&m S f G dN &SwOD;jzpf_y;/ Advwaxmif&dS yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwu. wyfr;jzpfygvsuf OD;apm d D k f kd f ª 36 36
  • 19. Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f wynfrsm; xkw,om;onfh vufeufrsm;ESiywfoufI olukd zrf;qD;cJaomfvnf; h f l G hf ‹ h jypf'%fusc&jcif;r&S? H d (Twentieth Century Impressions of Burma) ‚if;. “orki;/ jynfo/ ukeo,r/ df l f G f + OD;aratmif u|efawmhfbcifbufrS tzkd; OD;aratmif a&;om;cJhonhf “enf;[efESifh "avhxkH;pH” (Manners & Customs) aqmif;yg;rS aumufEkwfcsufrsm;ukd atmuf ygtwki; azmfjyygrnf? Taqmif;yg;onf v+u*&dwwm _Awepmtkyf xkwa0a&; df d f f d df f ukr%vrwufrS 1910 ckEpwif xkwa0cJonfh “jrefrmEkii. 20 &mpktjrifrsm;” ` D d d S f G f h dfH pufrvufrvyief;rsm;ESihf o,HZmwt&if;tjrpfrsm;” *sme,fwif xnfoi;xm; + + k f G h Gf jcif;jzpfonf? (pmrsufEm=77 ESihf 88)? S “arG;zGm;jcif;ESifhuav;b0? tjcm;wkdif;jynfrsm;rS uav;i,frsm;uJhokdyif ‹ jrefrmuav;i,frsm;rSm vlavmutwGif;okd‹ aysmf&$ifjrL;wl;jcif;rsm;pGmjzifh aºuG; ‹ a-umf0ifa&mufvmcJonf?æ h uav;arG;zGm;_yD; (7) &ufajrmufonfhwkdif vma&mufowif;ar;jref;ol {nfhonfrsm;tm; wae‹ywfvnfvkH; {nfhcHavh&Sdonf?ææt"duajymqkdonfh ta-umif;t&mrSm uav;i,fta-umif;jzpfonf? olarG;zGm;vmonfh &ufESifh vwkd‹ESifh ywfoufI aqG;aEG;-uonf? ol‹tem*wfESifhywfoufI aysmf&$ifzG,f aumif;aom edrdwfzwfr+rsm;ukd «yvkyf-uonf? 0gqkdv (ZGef/ Zlvkdif) wGifarG;aom a,musfm;av;ESifh jymokdv (Zefe0g&D/ azazmf0g&D) wGifarG;aom rdef;uav;wkrSm d‹ vlavmu. aumif;cs;axmyemt00ukd cHpm;&rSmuse;aoonf? Ak'[;om;onf ‹ D d f < l csrf;omrnf/ aom-umom; pum;rsm;rnf ponfponfwtjyif tjcm;ta-umif; kd‹ t&mrsKd;pkHukd uav;i,fwa,muf arG;zGm;csdefwGif rvGJraoGajym-uqkd-uonf? ykÀm;uJoaom q&mwyg;yg; (ausmif;q&m okr[kwf ynm&SwOD;OD;)þukþd yifzw_f y; h ‹ dk ‹d d hd D uav;arG;zGm;vmonfh euQwtcsdeudk rSwom;apum uav;i,f. trnfemr f f f a&G;cs,&mY uln!ejf yaponf? jrefrmvlrsK;wkwif (&ckivrsK;wkrvI)þrdbrsK;±k; f D ¸ d ‹d G d f l d ‹ d S JG d d emrnftpOfudk ,l±;r&Sacs? rnfonft&yfwumwGirqkþd emrnfwrmþwykpwnf; dk d h f ‹dk S H H jzpf_yD;þrdbrsKd;±k;pOfqufudk jyo±k;r&Sacs? trsm;pkrm emrnf (2) rsKd;&S_d yD; wrsKd;rSm d d d S euQwtvkt& ZmwmwGif xnfoi;aomtrnfemrjzpfI tjcm;wrsK;rSm oifovkd f d h Gf d h a&G;vkujf cif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ rdbrsm; pdwu;rdovkvnf;aumif;/ ajymifavSmif d f l d ac:&if;rS rGr;rHjyifqifIaomfvnf;aumif; rSnac:vkuonfh trnfemrjzpfonf? f hf d f yxremrnfrsK;rSm a&S;±k;pOfvmtok;«yvmonfh emrnfrsm;jzpfI ,if;uk-d unfjh cif; d d H jzifh uav;i,farG;zGm;vmonfh &ufowWywftwGif;rS ae‹&ufukd rSefuefpGmajym qkEionf? jrefrmtuQ&mrsm;rS pum;vk;rsm;ukd &ufowWywf (7) &ufrS (1) &uf d dk f H pDtm; tcsKd;csay;xm;onf? u/ c/ */ C/ i wkonf wevFmae‹twGu? p/ q/ Z/ ‹d f ps/ n wkd‹onf t*Fgae‹twGuf/ y/ z/ A/ b/ r wkd‹onf -umoyaw;ae‹twGuf pojzif? ok‹djzpfI t*Fgae‹om;onf armifpef (okr[kw) armifaZmf/ -umoyaw;ae‹ h d ‹d f orD;onf rjzL (okd‹r[kwf) rjr pojzifh jzpfvmonf? armifESifhr pum;vkH;wkd‹rSm (Master or Mister and Miss) wkd‹ESifh wlnD_yD; a,musfm;/ rdef;rvdifukd !¸efjyonfh 37 38 ADA,ef;/ uy`wef a';Apf (Vivian, Captain David) D d 1932 ckESpfwGif pwif t&m&Sdjzpfvmonf? tdENd,wyfrawmfrS jrefrmvuf eufuiyvywyfzŒJGo‹kd vufeuft}uHay;yk*Kd~ vftjzpf aqmif&u&ef v$ajymif;jcif; kd f k d f G f J cH&vsuf/ Zlvdkifv (20) &ufwGif tzrf;cH&_yD; vufeufrsm; a&mif;csr+jzifh pJGcsuf wifc&onf? axmif'%f (5) ESpEihf ±ly;ig;axmif aiG'%f (2) ck yl;wGJ tjypfay;cH& H f S D onf? odaomf 1949=ckEpf tif;pdeukd u&ifvufeufuioyewyfrsm; odr;ydu&m ‹k S f kd f l k f f k f wGif vGwajrmufcojzifh u&ifawmfvea&;orm;rsm;ESihf yl;aygif;cJonf? xdaemuf f hJ h S f h ‹k tv,f±;rrSwqifh ta&S±;rawmwGi; vufeufuif u&ifpcef;rsm;od‹k a&mufom; dk › dk f kd G &mrS 1950=ckESpf/ -o*kwfvwGif xdkif;e,fpyfteD;&Sd aumhu&dwfe,fajrtwGif; v,fwJwckY u&ifhawmfvSefa&;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;ESifhtwl acwWpcef;cs aecduf ArmhwyfrawmfEihf wduyjGJ zpfum towfc&onf[k jrefrmtm%mydirsm;u k S k f H kf ,lqcJaomfjim;vnf; trSepifppf xdae‹u xkae&mwGif olr&Scyg? 1950=ESpv,f h f k d d hJ f cef‹Y xdi;Ediirwqifh _AweEiio‹kd jyefom;onftcsetxd olonf ESpaygif;rsm;pGm kf kfHS d d f kd f H G h df f u&ifawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;ESifh vGwfajrmufe,fajrrsm;twGif; aexdkifcJhonf? xdaemuf (1980) ckESpftwGif; a0ve,f/ qGrfpD;òrdwGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf? k‹ › &ef;/ Advr; pD[ife&D ( Young, Major C. Henry) k f ª tdE,wyfrawmf v#yppfEihf pufrtif*sie,m tvky±wyfc. wyfr;wOD; dN f S + f D f Hk GJ ª jzpfI OD;apmudk vufeufay;urf;cJhr+jzifh 1947=ck/ -o*kwfv (24) &ufae‹wGif tzrf;cH&_yD; axmif'%f (2) ESpf tjypfay;cH&aomfvnf; toem;cHpmwifojzifh v$way;cJonf? jrefrmEdiirS csufcsif; xGucmoGm;cJygonf? f h kfH f G h jrefrmtrnfrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom rSwfcsuf 37 38
  • 20. Zmwfvrf;0ify*Kd~ vfrsm; k ,Ofaus;odrarGŒpm tok;«yaom emrnfa&Spnf;rsm;jzpf-uonf? emrnfa&Spnf;ukd f G H › › xnfrwGuv#if ESpv;kH wGtrnfrsm;jzpfonfh armifomcif/ armifz;kd wuf/ armifb&Si/f h f f J rpef;ar/ raiGbi/hf rzGm;jrpfwrm tok;rsm;_yD; ok;vk;wG/J av;vk;wGJ emrnfrsm;rSm G ‹dk S H H H H &ckivrsKd;wkrvI tok;enf;onf? jrefrmpmrSm Asnf;wvk;pDtoHxu_f yD; emrnf df l ‹d S JG H H G . pum;vkH;wkdif;wGif t"dy`m,f&Sdonf? okaomfvnf; emrnfqkdonfrSm t"dy`m,f d‹ oufa&mufapcsifovkd a,bk,s okr[kwf vktyfovkd &nf!e;rSnac:xm;jcif; ‹d d ¸ f hf jzpfonf[k tcsKdpma&;olrsm; a&;ouJo‹dk ,lqrnfqv#ifvnf; rSm;,Gi;ygonf? ‹ h dk f okaomfvnf; tcsKdae&mrsm;wGif xkuo‹dk rSnac:avh&-dS ujyefonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh ‹d ‹ d hJ hf armifbcspf (zcif.tcspf) okd‹r[kwf rzGm;ouf (tzGm;.touf) pojzifh/ ,ckacwfwGifrl uav;i,fwOD;.emrnfukd oihfovkd ¯uHovkdvnf;aumif; okd‹r[kwf vlwOD;wa,muf pdwful;rdovkdvnf;aumif; okd‹r[kwf xif&Sm;ausmf -um;aom yk*Kd~ vfwOD;OD;. trnfemrukd ,ljcif;jzifaomfvnf;aumif; rSnac: -u h hf onf? vlwOD;wa,muf. b0aemufykdif;wGif armif (okd‹r[kwf) r [lonfh emrnfa&SŒpnf;onf ajymif;oGm;onfudk Tae&mwGif azmfjy&efvayonf? t-urf; dk zsif;tm;jzifh touf (20) ESifh (35) ESpft-um; a,musfm;wOD;ukd emrnfa&SŒpnf; “ukd” (tukd) [k okH;E+ef;_yD; touf (30) ESpftxuf vlwOD;ukd “OD;” (OD;av;/ OD;}uD;) Oyrmtm;jzifh ukdbckdif/ OD;omvl pojzifh ac:a0:ayvdrfhrnf? tvm;wlyif vlvwfykdif;trsKd; orD;wOD;ukd “a':” (ta': ) wyfac:ayvdrfhrnf? Oyrmtm;jzifh a':apm? ,if;wkrm ,Ofaus;odrarGŒ pGmok;aom emrnfa&SŒpnf;rsm;jzpf_yD; touf ‹d S f H t&G,f}uD;rm;olESifh vlaer+tqifhjrifhrm;olrsm;. trnfemrukd &nf!¸ef;&mY ok;pG&ef vk;0Okvtyfygonf? tvm;wl a&SŒpnf;rsm;jzpfonfh zk; (tzk;) ESihf zGm; H J H H dk d d (tzGm;) wkurl ,cktcg jrif&cJygonf? jrefrmtrsKd;orD;wOD;onf vufxyfxr; ‹d dk d f jrm;_yD;aemuf olremrnfukd ajymif;vJjcif;r&SdbJ b0wav#mufvkH; ukd,fykdifem rnftjzpf xdef;odrf;xm;jcif;ESifh t*FvdyftokH;jzpfonfh rpPpf (Mrs) ESifh tvm;wl jrefrmpum;vk;r&Sjd cif;onf xl;jcm;csufw&yfjzpfonf?” H jrefrmemrnfa&SŒpnf;rsm;tok;ukd ykrjkd ynfpap&ef atmufygwkudk xyfrjH znfh H d h Hk ‹d pGuygonf? f _Adwdo#ukdvkdeDe,fcsJŒtkyfcsKyfolrsm; okH;pGJonfhtac:ykHpH (Master, Mistress) (ppftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiHukd 0ifa&mufodrf;ykdufxm;pOfu *syefrsm;yifv#if rmpwm Master [k olwudk ac:a0:apcJonf) ukd tefwonftaejzifh wkArmtpnf;t±k;0if ‹dk h k h ‹d H trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;rsm;taejzifh ocifESifh ocifr (Master and Mistress) [lI 1930 ckESpfrsm;twGif; ukd,fhukd,fukd ac:a0:okH;pGJvm-uonf? tpnf;t±kH;. em,u}uD;jzpfol ocifukd,fawmfr+dif;u ociftjyif ukd,fawmf[lonfhtokH;ukd rª;rwf (a lord) jzpfonfhtaejzifh xyfwkd;um txl;«yokH;pGJcJhonf? Akdvf[lonfhtokH;ukd ppfwyft&m&Sdrsm;rSmuJhokd‹yif ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf pwifzŒJGpnf;pOfupI t&m&Sceftyfc&olrsm; okr[kwf ceftyfc&onf[k d ‹ H ‹d ‹ H ,lqolrsm;u ‚if;wk. emrnfa&SŒpnf;tjzpf xifxifay:ay: okH;pGJvmcJh-uonf? d‹ 'k=Akdvf/ Adkvf}uD;/ Adkvfr;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf &mxl;tpOftwkdif;wkdrSm t_rJwrf; vufeuf ª ‹ ukdifwyfzGJŒ OD;pD;Xme (2nd Lieutenant rS General) txd tpOfvkduf tac:ta0: jzpfonf? b&Da*h',m (Brigadier) rSm tu,fpifppftm;jzifh wyfrif;}uD; (wyfrrª;) D ukd owfrSwfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? okd‹aomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf}uD;rsm; (Generals) tjzpf tac:cHvkdaom ppfwyft&m&Sd tqifhqifhf taejzifh _Adwdo#pepfrS tar&duefpepf h H l ok‹d ajymif;vJ_yD; Advr;csKyf (Brigadier General) &mxl;tqifuþdk ajymif;vJc,c-hJ u k f ª jcif;jzpfonf? vlxk. -unfndKav;pm;cH&aom OD;atmifqef;twGufom AdkvfcsKyf}uD; (Great Supremo) qkonfh trnfacgif;pOfonf wcseaomtcgu oD;jcm;jzpfconf? d df hJ okaomfvnf; ol.orD;jzpfol 'Drua&pDcsey,tm; qefusi&mY rnfor# xdcuf ‹d dk f D H ‹ f ‹dk dk I r&onfh OD;atmifqef;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;[lonfh trnfemrwkd‹tm; AdkvfcsKyf}uD; rsm; trsm;tjym;ukd ckefysHausmfv$m;zefwD;vkduf_yD; omreftrnfemrw&yftjzpf e0w u txiftjrifa&mufapcJhonf? ukd,fhvlrsKd;ukdomowfjzwf_yD; rnfonfh ppfyGJrS rqifE$Jzl;onfh qkwHqdyf zJ¯ud;rsm; &iftjynfhxkd;vsuf ppfAdkvftm%m&Sif rsm;taejzifh xl;jcm;_yD; tjrifhqkH;jzpfonfh AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD; (Senior General) &mxl;}uD;ukd zefwD;vkduf-ujyefonf? &S rf;rif;om; tEG,ft0ifrsm;url olwkd‹ trnfa&SŒwGif ‘pyf’ (Oyrmtm;jzifh pyfa&$ou) [k ok;pG-J uvsuf yk;u&ifrsm;u ref; (Oyrm=ref;0if;armif) [ko;pGum dk f H d Hk J paumu&ifrsm;u apm (Oyrm=apm[efwmomar$;) [k okH;E+ef;-uygonf? (*VKefOD;apmuJhoaom jrefrmemrnf apmESifh rvGJrSm;&ef vkdygonf?) ucsift}uD; kd‹ tuJrsm;url 'l;0g;[laom acgif;pnf;ukd ok; -uonf? (Oyrmtm;jzifh qrm;a'o&Sd H ucsift}uD;tuJ qrm;'l;0g; qif0g;aemif)? 39 39 AdvcsKyfatmifqef;udk b,folowfovJ ´ k f 40 Ô Ô Ô Ô Ô 40
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