FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENT (ALL FISH DISEASE AND TREATMENT)

1. Fish Health Management (Part-I AKJ)
1 pH of fish blood 7.0-8.0
2 Fluid Drag Resistance of water faced by fish during swimming
3 Types of muscles in fishes White Muscels: Produces energy through aerobic process and
build up lactic acid
Dark Muscles: Produces energy through anaerobic process
4 No. of gill pairs in teleosts 4 pairs
5 Choloride cells Cells located at the base of the gill filament to regulate osmosis.
6 Swim Bladder Organ for maintaining buoyancy of fishes
7 Types of swim bladder 1. Physostomous: Having connection with oesophagous
2. Physoclistous: No connection with Oesophagous
8 Types of digestive tract in
fishes
1. Tubular Sucking Type
2. Grinding gasping type
9 Sensory Organ in fishes Olfactory sac barbels
10 Cupula An organ in each chamber of lateral line that acts as a sensor of
neuromast organ
11 Ductless endocrine glands:
Pituitary, Inter-renal,
Corpuscles of stannius,
Chromaffin body and
Urophysis
Name of Gland Secretion
Pituitary Prolactin, Adrenocorticotropin,
Thyroid stimulating hormone,
Gonadotropins, Somatotrophic
Hormones, Melanocyte stimulating
Hormone, Corticotropin
Corpuscles of
stannius,
Calcitonin
Inter-renal (Adrenal) Corticosteroids: Cortisol and corticone
Urophysis Urotonsins: Arginine and Vasotocin
12 Infectious Diseases
13 Fish diseases caused by
Protozoans
Ichthyophthiriasis, Trichodiniasis, Costiasis, Myxosporean
disease
14 Ichthyophthiriasis
or white spot diseases
Causative Agent: Ichthyophthiriusmultifilis
Thereont, Trophont (Adult stage), Tomont : Different
developmental stages of causative organism
15 Trichodiniasis Causative Agent: Ureoclariid ciliate species of genus Trichodina,
Tripartiella and Trichodinella
16 Costiasis Causative Agent: Costia (Ichthyoboda)
Myxosporean disease
(White spots on gills or
scales)
Causative agents (Infecting gills):Myxobolusbengalensis, M.
catlae, M. hosadurgensis, Thelohanelluscatlae.
Causative agents (Scales and body surface):
Myxobolusmrigalae, M.sphericum and M.rohitae
Amoebula, Trophozoit : Developmental stages of causative
agent
Fish diseases caused by
Helminthes
Dactylogyrosis and gyrodactylosis, Black Spot disease, Ligulosis,
Acanthocephalan disease
Snails (Molluscs) acts as intermediary host in the life cycle of Trematodes (A group of
Helminthes)

2. Dactylogyrosis and
gyrodactylosis
Causative Agent: Dactylogyrussps. andGyrodactylussps. (Also
known as Monogeneans)
Haptor: Attachment organ of the causative agent through which
it attaches to host.
Dactylogyrussps. : Ovoviviparous
Gyrodactylussps : Viviparous
Black Spot disease Causative Agent: Diplostomumpigmentata and other
Diplostomumsps.
Mirtacidium : Ciliated larvae of causative agent
First Host: Mollusc
Second Host: fish
Final Host: Aquatic Bird
Ligulosis Causative Agent: Ligula intestinalis
Caracidia, Procercoid : Larval stages of causative agent
Host : Anhinga melanogaster (Bird)
Acanthocephalan disease Causative agent: Acanthogyrusacanthogyrus,
Acanthosentisantespinusand Pallisentis
Infects Alimentary tract
Proboscis: Attachment organ of causative agent
Acanthor, Cystacanth : Larval stages of causative agent
Intermediate Host: An arthropod
Fish diseases caused by
Crustaceans
Argulosis, Ergasilosis and Lernaeosis
Argulosis Causative Agent: Branchiuran parasites: Argulusfoliaceus, A.
bengalensisand A. Siamensis (Completes life cycle in 3-6 weeks)
Ergasilosis Causative Agent : Copepod-Ergasilussps.
Lernaeosis Causative Agent:Lernaeachackoensis, L. bengalensis
Non-Infectious Diseases
Gas bubble disease Infects mainly at spawn, fry and fingerling stages.
Fish looses balance
Due to high organic fertilizers at pond bottom under anaerobic
conditions
Algal toxicosis Clogging of the gills by the algae causing respiratory distress
Species of Algae: Microcystis and Anabaena
Scoliosis/Lordosis Irregular development of skeleton cartilage occurs resulting in
spinal deformities. The vertebral column may exhibit horizontal
or vertical deformities.
Bacterial diseases in fishes
Fin rot and tail rot Mixed infection by A. hydrophila and Pseudomonas fluorscens.
Dropsy The epidermis and body cavities get filled with and scales
protrude out from their pockets leading to severe anaemic
conditions.
Causative agent: Mixed infection of A. hydrophila and
Myxozoan parasite or malnutrition
Eye disease Epidemic form of disease, Cornea of the eyes gets vascularized
leading to opacity and complete necrosis (Necrosis: Cell injury
that causes premature death of cells in living tissues)

3. Causative organism :A. liquifaciens.
Affected eyes are also infected by Staphylococcus aureus.
Control: Chloromycetin bath @ 8-10 mg/l
Columnaris disease External lesions over the surface of body
Causative agent: Flexibactercolumnaris
Edwardsiellosis A septicaemis disease
Septicimia: it is the presence of pathogenic organisms in the bloodstream, leading to
sepsis ie.whole body inflammation
Causative agent: Edwardsiellatarda
Sysmptoms: Cutaneous lesions and gas filled abscesses in the
muscles
Bacterial gill disease Agent: Flavobacteriumbranchiophilum
EUS Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome
Bacterial Diseases in Shrimps
Vibriosis All infections causes by Vibrio sps. (An opportunistic bacteria)
Black spot disease Black lesions visible in the muscle, the abdomen, gill and other
organs. Black spot is due to deposition of melanin pigment
Causative agent: poor water quality with proliferation of Vibrio.
Septic Hepatopancreatic
necrosis
Certain portions in P. monodonhepatopancreas turns black are
degenerated.
Causative agent: poor water quality with proliferation of Vibrio.
Fungal Diseases
Saprolegniasis White to brown cotton like growth on eggs and wounds of fish.
Causative organism: Saprolegniaparasitica.
Branchiomyces Gill rot in fishes, pathogen invade the blood vessels of gills
causing necrosis of the surrounding tissue.
Causative organism: Aspergillusflavus, A. ochraceous and
Fusiformismomiliforme.
Viral diseases in shrimps
Yellow head disease Mostly affects adult P. monodon.
The affected parawn exhibit yellow to pinkish cephalothorax
Causative Agent: Yellow Head Disease Virus (RNA virus of
rhabdovirus group)
White spot disease Affects P. monodon.
White spot of variable size are visible on carapace.
Causative agents: White spot baculovirus/Systematic
ectodermal mesodermal baculovirus
Carrier of virus: Crabs
Prawn nodavirus disease Reported in M. rosenbergii.
White tail or milky white muscles in post larvae and juveniles
Causative agent: M. rosenbergiinodavirus
Fish Immunology
Lysozyme A secretion of leukocytes. Toxic against both gram negative and
gram positive bacteria.
Promotes phagocytosis and activates phagocytic cells
C-reactive protein (CRP) Acute phase protein appears in plasma in response to tissue
damage infection. Fish CRP can recognize phosphorylcholine in
cell walls/surface structures of bacteria, fungi or parasite and

4. activates complement system
Transferrin An Iron binding glycoprotein. It limits the amount of
endogenous iron available to the pathogen.
lecithin Proteins of non-immune origin that binds sugar moieties. Fish
egg lecithin inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria and
fungi.
Interferons Proteins or glycoproteins that are secreted by virus infected
cells and inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungus.
Phagocytic cells A variety of leukocytes involved in non-specific cellular defense
of fish.
Macrophages and granulocytes: Mobile phagocytic cells found
in blood and secondary lymphoid tissue.
Agglutination test A type of immunodiagnostic method based on the visible
clumping (agglutination) of a particulate antigen with antibody
when the two test reagent are mixed together on a galss slide.
Precipitation Test A type of immunodiagnostic method similar to agglutination
method except that here the antigen is in soluble form and the
reaction with antibody results in precipitation.
Immunoelectrophoresis The diffusion of antibody and antigen is enhanced by applying
an electric field across the slide.
ELISA Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
Recognition of Antigen by antibody-enzyme conjugate.
CIFA has developed a Dot-ELISA kit for diagnosis of several
bacterial diseases in freshwater fishes.
Immunoprophylaxis A method of enhancing immunity for pathogens
Active Immunization
(Inoculation, Vaccination)
The pathogen or their toxins are administered in a harmless
form offering immunity to the host.
More practical method
Passive Immunization
(Passive inoculation,
antisera injection and
Immunotherapy)
Antibodies are formed in a foreign homologous or heterologous
animal and the antibodies formed, after extraction are
administered along with the serum to the host to be protected.
Passive immunization offers immediate protection.
Obtained for relatively shorter period, cost and labour oriented.
Polyvalent vaccines
e.g. Vibrichthyn (A product
from Germany)
Immunity for many types of pathogens
Lyophilisate A vaccine concentrate added to fish feed for oral vaccination.
PCR:Polymerase Chain
Reaction
It is a rapid way of preparing specific DNA segments by cyclic
amplification which can be used in characterizing the pathogen
and disease condition.
RT-PCR Reverse transcriptase PCR to amplify RNA targets. RT enzyme is
used so that RNA is converted into DNA which will be then
amplified as in normal PCR.
Nested PCR Two sets of primer are used in sequence to amplify the DNA
Multiple PCR More than one pair of specific primer is used to simultaneously
detect several pathogens.
Real time PCR Advanced and quick method of PCR

5. TaqMan: Fluorogenic 5’-Nuclease assay associated with real
time PCR.
ANAA (Advanced Nucleic
Acid Analyzer)
Silicone chip-based spectrofluorometric Thermal Cycler
CIBA has developed PCR based diagnostic kit for WSSV
SUMMARY
Name of Disease Name of Pathogen
IN FISHES
Furunculosis Aeromonassalmonicida
Carp erythrodermatitis A. salmonicida
Haemorrhagicsepticaemia, Dropsy,
Skin Lesions, Fin rot and tail rot
A. Hydrophila
Vibriosis Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio sps.
Enteric Red mouth disease Yersinia ruckeri
Bacterial kidney disease Renibacteriumsalmoninarum
Eye Disease Staphylococcus aureus
Botulism Clostridium botulinum
IN SHRIMPS
Bacterial Shell Disease Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus,
Aeromonassps., Pseudomonas sps.
SepticaemicVibriosis Vibrio alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, Vibrio
anguillarum
MonodonBaculovirus Disease (MBD) MonodonBaculovirus
White spot syndrome White spot syndrome virus
Yellow head disease Yellow head disease virus
IN PRAWNS
Black spot Disease Vibrio sps. , Aeromonassps., Pseudomonas sps.
Vibriosis Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio anguillarum

6. Fish Health Management (Part-II Kavinder)
S.no Questions Answers
Nutritional disease
1. Body deformities and reduce growth rate Deficiency of protein
2. Sikoki disease in carp Carbohydrate deficiency
3. Discolouration and hypersensitivity Omega-3 fatty acid (linoleic
acid) deficiency
4. Visceral granuloma Due to auto oxidation of
diet
5. Thyroid hyperplasia or goiter Iodine deficiency
6. Tryptophan deficiency causes Scoliocis
7. Diacalcium phosphate deficiency cause Lordosis in carp
8. Thiamine (vit. B1) deficiency causes Odema, mascular dystrophy
9. Riboflavin (vit.B2) deficiency causes Corneal vascularization,
heamorrhagic eye, dnemia
10. Pyridoxine (vit. B6) deficiency causes Nervous disorders, rapid
gasping are breathing
11. Panstathionic acid deficiency causes Necrosis, cubbed gills
12. Inositol deficiency causes Fish necrosis anemia
13. Biotin deficiency causes Blue fish patch on body
14. Folic acid deficiency causes Leothargy and fragility of
caudalfin
15. Choline deficiency causes Anemia, heameorrahic
kidney
16. Nicotinic acid deficiency causes Photophobia, swollen gills
17. Vitamin B12 (cynocabalanine) deficiency causes Erratic haemoglobin level
18. Ascorbic acid deficiency causes Lordosis and scoliosis
19. Hyper vitaminosis of vit A cause Nerotic caudal fin
20. Vit. D deficiency causes necrotic appearance in
kidney
21. Vit. K deficiency causes cause Mil;d cutaneous haemorrage
22. Vit. E deficiency causes Exopthalmia, reduced no. of
RBC
23. Fungal diseases Due to fungus
24. Bacterial diseases Due to bacteria
25. Infectious diseases : Spread from one fish to other fish
a. Pre-acute- mortality without gross lesions
b. Acute- occur suddenly and short time no symptoms
c. Sub-acute- disease remains for 2-6 weeks and symptoms are chronic seen longer. ng
Infactious bacterial diseases
27. Haemorrhagic septicemia Caused by retrovirus,
Pseudomonas fluorescens,
Aeromonas liquefaciens
28. Furunculosisaeromonas Symptoms- darkening of
body, anorexia

7. 30. Saddle back disease (Columanaris)
Causative agent : Flexibacter columnaris
Symptoms: grey brown patch on body
31. Enteritis –
Causative agent : Aeromonas sps.
Symptoms: Anus red, swollen
32. Gill hyperplasia syndrome (Myxobacterial complex) cubbing of gills
33. Edward sillosis
Causative agent : Edwardesilla tarda
Symptoms: Emaciation, anaemia
34. Gill rot
Causative agent : Myxococcus
Symptoms: Fish is black in appearance
35. Dropsy
Causative agent: Pseudomonas punctada, A. lequifeciens, A. hydrophilla
36. Tropical ulcerative disease
Causative agent: A. hydrophilla
37. Vibrosis
Causative agent : (vibrio spp)
Symptoms: Anorexia, ulceration
Fungal disease
38. Water mould disease or Saprolegniasis
Causative agent : Aphanomyces saprolegnia
39. Gill mould disease
Causative agent: Tcthyosporidium, bramchiomyces
60. Defense system (immune system) Specific, non specific
61. Nonspecific defense Skin, mucus, scales,
epidermis
62. Specific defense system Due to antigen and antibody
formation
63. Specific immune system comprises two parts Haemoral ,
cellular immunity
64. Humoral immunity is carried out by B-lympocytes
65. Cellular immunity is carried out by T- lympocytyes
66. A protein molecules that bind the foreign substance (antibody)
in the blood serum
Antibody
67. ---------- do not produce antibody but recognize antigen and
sound a type of molecules to on the surface of foreign cell by
receptor
T cells
68. Memory cells T-cells
70. Diagnosis of disease is termed as: Epidemiology
71. Abnormal cell division is termed as : Hyperplasia
72. Monoclonal antibody Produced by the fusion of
antibody
73. Acriflavin (chemoprophylatic) 3-10 ppm for protozoan
75. Malachite green – dip treatment 66 ppm Fungus prevention

8. 77. KMnO4 5 ppm Ulcerative disease
78. Tri-chlorophon Mild dose to control
ectoparasite: Argulus
80. CIFAX ( 0.1 ppm) Control of EUS
81. EUS reported first in 1988 in Assam
82. EUS reported first in world in Australia
83. WSSV reported first in Andhra Pradesh in 1949
84. WSSV reported first in world in Japan
85. WSSV is a double stranded DNA virus
86. Biotoxin produced by gonyaulox (dianoflagellates) cause Shellfish poisioning
87. ------- contain a genome surrounded by protein coat Virion
88. Protein cell of virin called Capsid
89. Obligate parasite Cause disease because of
mere presence of culture
system
90. Opportunitics parasite Not cause disease and not
harm to organism
91. General adaption syndrome (GAS) change in fish body which
occur in response to
environment stress
92. Involved in glucose metabolism Cortisole
93. Involved with retention of Na+
and Cl-
and excreation if K+
Adeno Cortico Trophic
Hormone (ACTH)
94. Necrosis Death of cell
95. Neoplasia Uncontrolled production of
WBC
96. Velvet/ rust disease Oodinium sp. (protozoa)