3. INDEX
Introduction
1. Factors of industrial
production
1.1. Raw Materials
1.2. Energy Sources
2. Industry
2.1.Types of industry
2.2. Processes and organisation of
labour
2.3. The world´s main industrial
regions
3
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5. The extraction and transformation of raw
materials into products is carried out by
industry, which is part of the secondary
sector.
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https://steemd.com/recent/mining https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uXthAiVf9hE
6. Mining, energy production and construction all
form part of this sector.
It also includes crafts.
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IHS.com
https://es.pinterest.com/pin/270427152597875485/
http://www.rfa.org/
7. New techniques, plentiful energy supplies,
improved communication and more accessible
markets have changed industrial activity.
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http://www.blue-marble.de/nightlights/2012
8. In the past, the industrial sector employed a lot of
people.
Today, it employs fewer people due to an increase in
mechanisation.
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http://industrialrevolution.org.uk/ http://es.123rf.com/
9. Many companies have moved their factories to
countries where labour is cheaper.
Some now have branches all around the world.
These multinationals are part of a global market.
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http://sevilla.abc.es/sevilla/sevi-franquicias-y-cadenas-toman-centro-sevilla-201511291056_noticia.html
12. a) Types of Raw Materials
Raw materials are natural materials that can
be transformed by industry into products.
They are classified according to their origin:
Raw materials from animals, such as livestock (wool or
leather) or fish (fish oils).
Raw materials from plants, in agriculture (cotton) or forestry
(wood).
Raw materials from minerals, such as metal minerals (iron or
bauxite), or non-metallic minerals (salt or sulphur).
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13. Minerals come from underground and opencast
mines.
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http://www.fundacionminasdelmarquesado.es/
14. b) Main Mineral Producer Countries
Industrialised countries use vast quantities of
minerals.
Many of the minerals for their industry are imported
from countries with less developed economies
(LEDCs).
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http://geologycafe.com/class/chapter3.html
15. Main producers of minerals
Continent Country
America Argentina, United States or Brazil
Africa Egypt, Morocco or South Africa
Europe Spain, France or Austria
Asia Thailand, North Korea or India
Oceania New Zealand, Australia, Solomon Islands
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16. Vast mineral resources
could be a good source
of income for many
developing countries.
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18. However, since these resources are essential for
certanin industrial activities, their exploitation and
comercialisation are often controlled by major
national and international companies
These companies impose economic and even
political criteria on the producing countries to
protect their own interests.
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19. Production Consumption
Production is concentrated
in just a few countries,
known as the CARBS
(Canada, Australia,
Russia, Brazil and South
Africa).
These resources are also
found in the United States
and China, Middle Eastern
countries and some poor
countries (Ivory Coast).
Consumption is located
primarly in Western
Europe, Japan, the United
States and emerging
countries (BRICS).
Areas of Production and Consumption of
Minerals
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26. Energy comes from natural resources which are
classified as:
Renewable energy sources: they are inexhaustible, such
as the sunlight, water or wind.
Non-renewable energy sources: their supply is limited,
such as oil and gas.
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http://www.elmundo.es/
27. Energy sources can also
be classified according to
their economic
importance:
Traditional energy
sources: the most
common energy sources,
such as oil or gas.
Alternative energy
sources: they are still
being developed, such as
solar energy or wind power.
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http://menorcaaldia.com/
http://www.torresolenergy.com/
28. Alternative energy sources
Demand for energy is constantly rising.
Traditional, non-renewable energy sources
pollute our environment and are running
out.
Finding alternative energy sources is very
important.
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30. a) Solar Energy
This comes from sunlight. It is limitless and does not
pollute.
We can distinguish two types of solar energy:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LXP_X2Oa98
Solar thermal:
It converts light into heat (domestic hot water)
Photovoltaic solar power:
It is used to generate electricity.
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31. Difference Between Solar Photovoltaic Energy
And Solar Thermal Energy
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https://www.tileenergy.uk/
33. b) Wind Power
This comes from the wind. It is transformed into
electrical energy using wind turbines. Wind energy is
non-polluting but it is not constant and wind
turbines create noise.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsZITSeQFR0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQpbTTGe_gk
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https://energy.gov/http://davidprofesoc.wixsite.com/
34. c) Geothermal Energy
This uses the heat from inside the Earth to produce
electricity.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCRDf7QxjDk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rs6n0baLQ6w
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https://www.desmog.ca/
35. d) Marine Energy
This is generated by the sea’s movement of tides,
waves and currents.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcStpg3i5V8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OjzR2NMwl7s
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36. e) Bioenergy
This is obtained from burning organic material
called biomass. Other form of biomass used as fuels
are biogas (fermentation) and biofuels (oils and fats).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZoPNJGi6ig
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https://es.pinterest.com/switchmybiz/energy-generation/
37. Production of Energy (2015)
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https://yearbook.enerdata.net/#energy-primary-production.html
38. Consumption of Energy (2015)
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https://yearbook.enerdata.net/#energy-consumption-data.html
46. DavidProfeSoc
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Industry transforms raw materials into:
Intermediate goods are products (an engine or a bush) used to
make finished products.
Finished products can be used or consumed immediately (a
chair or bread).
http://blogs.elpais.com/eco-lab/ http://www.logismarket.es/
47. Before industrialisation, craftspeople manufactured
products manually. During the Industrial
Revolution, craftsmen were replaced by machines.
Machines were more efficient, required less labour
and produced more goods in less time.
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http://www.viajejet.com/ http://www.lasmariasceramica.com/
48. Today, industry is highly automated. This has
resulted in:
A reduced need for manual labour.
The production of a wider range of goods.
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http://archive.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/03/robots.html
50. Industries can be classified depending on the end
user of the product.
The product can be used by other industries
Or to produce goods ready for consumption.
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http://www.heavyequipment.com/
http://www.polyvore.com/http://www.npr.org/2013/11/09/243988349/
53. a) Intermediate Goods Industries
Intermediate goods industries make goods
used by other industries.
There are two types of intermediate goods
industries:
Base industries
Equipment industries
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54. a.1. Base Industries
Industry that produces
large quantities of
intermediate goods is
known as heavy
industry.
Iron, for example, is
processed before it is
sold to industries that
make finished
products.
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55. a.2. Equipment Goods Industries
An equipment good is a durable good
that is used in the production of goods
or services.
We can say that capital goods are the
goods which make other goods, such as
machinery.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_good
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http://lamaneta.com/
https://quadrantvehicles.com/
56. b) Consumer goods industries
Consumer goods industries, such as the footwear
or food sectors, produce goods ready for
consumption.
These industries are examples of light industries.
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http://www.orientvisual.com/videos.htm
57. c) Cutting-edge industries
Cutting-edge industries use advanced technology.
Examples are the microelectronics,
telecommunications and robotics industries.
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https://mundo.sputniknews.com/
http://geek.com.mx/
58. As we know, companies can be classified by size, by
the way they are organised or by who finances them.
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http://www.nirmancare.com/blog/index.php?controller=post&action=view&id_post=44
60. The industrial process needs different
elements:
Raw materials and sources of energy.
A workforce.
Capital investment.
Technology.
Management.
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http://www.haaretz.com/
61. a) Raw Materials and Sources of Energy
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http://www.salvatierra-agurain.es/fabrica_curtidos_de__salvatierra_i.html
62. b) A Workforce
Labour is required to produce goods. Industry needs
workers to help produce, advertise, distribute and sell the
final product.
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http://www.ahorabaires.com/
63. c) Capital Investment
Nothing can be produced without financing or
investment.
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64. d) Technology
The equipment, materials and skills required to
manufacture a product.
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http://www.abc.es/
65. e) Management
The management has to guarantee that these
elements function efficiently.
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https://www.thebalance.com/
67. When the product reaches the market place, it
competes for sales against other goods.
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http://www.3djuegos.com/comunidad-foros/tema/39250134/0/nocilla-vs-nutella/
69. Industrial Location Factors
Businesses have to be competitive in the
market place if they want to make a profit.
To be competitive, companies have to
improve the quality of their goods and keep
production costs low.
Where companies locate their factories or
industries can help guarantee this:
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70. a) Some industries choose to stay where they are
because the existing infrastructure is good.
b) Some industries need unskilled workers and so
outsource to countries with cheap labour.
c) Some industries locate near universities because
they need highly-skilled workers and advanced
technology.
d) Many businesses have relocated to countries with
attractive fiscal conditions, cheap labour and/or
where environmental standards are lower.
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