Ciencia y moda y medios y sociedad... LA CIENCIA TOMA LA PALABRA.
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Como espectadores, acaso como consumidores (algunos hasta como actores) del entramado relacionado con la ciencia, y las tecnologías y los productos y procesos derivados, nos planteamos cómo es la mejor y más eficiente manera de estar informados, de "conocer". Si queremos ejercer un sentido crítico y poder tomar decisiones informadas, tenemos que llegar a ser capaces de elegir las fuentes más fiables, conocer los criterios al menos, saber qué limitaciones tendremos... Sin embargo, no es nada fácil. Qué más quisiéramos que poder tener una solución sencilla. Ahora bien: ¿podemos detectar algunas características ante las que sospechar? Sin duda, y la idea es que en este tiempo podamos analizar precisamente algunas de las historias que se han presentado recientemente en los medios, viralizadas a veces con gran éxito en las redes sociales, para intentar descubrir esas pautas. Por otro lado ¿podríamos confiar sin más en algunos medios de comunicación, o algunos sistemas más serios como las revistas científicas, incluso acudir a la respetabilidad de las universidades para facilitarnos la labor? Quizá, pero intentaremos descubrir que no siempre la apariencia de fiabilidad o de respetabilidad se corresponde con la realidad. Otro tema que abriremos para el debate: las diferencias socioeconómicas, las culturales o el nivel educativo, acaso la cuestión de género, ¿suponen variables relevantes? Sin duda son muchos temas ante los que optaremos por ir descubriendo qué información clara, qué argumentaciones más sólidas, pueden permitirnos abrir un debate racional. Pero, ya lo anticipamos, no siempre llegaremos a pisar en terrenos suficientemente sólidos o a estar convencidos fuera de dudas razonables. Quizá ese es nuestro destino, al fin y al cabo.
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Ciencia y moda y medios y sociedad... LA CIENCIA TOMA LA PALABRA.
- 1. Mitjans de comunicació, xarxes socials, ciència i modes i etc. @javierarmentia Planetario de Pamplona ARP Sociedad para el Avance del Pensamiento Crítico
- 2. Seamos optimistas: por mal que veamos las cosas, siempre podrían ir un poco peor. (Algunos malintencionados afirman que basta con dejar pasar el tiempo para comprobar que, en efecto, toda mala situación es susceptible de empeorar...) Dejando aparte el desmantelamiento de la ciencia con la excusa de la crisis, tampoco es que pudiéramos tirar antes cohetes... La presencia de la ciencia es menor de la que debiera, y para colmo su espacio solía quedar invadido por timos, pseudociencia o simple propaganda y mercadotecnia.
- 4. VACUNAD, VACUNAD, MALDITOS a la vez vendidos al capital, al estado y a la conspiración
- 9. MILAGROS VESTIDOS DE CIENCIA equilibrios, resonancias, hologramas, salud, dinero y amor
- 15. EL VALOR DE LA IMAGEN famosos y dietas y todo eso...
- 18. El primer libro de la dieta Dukan vendió 3,5 millones de ejemplares sólo en Francia (donde en 2010 hubo tres diferentes best seller) y fue traducido a 14 idiomas. En España se han vendido cerca de 1 millón de libros.
- 21. A LA VEJEZ VIRUELAS o mejor tratamientos anti-aging y bayas tibetanas...
- 24. HOMEOPATÍA CON MUCHOS AVALES colegios profesionales, universidad, público y crítica, y hasta la UE
- 29. SOMOS SERES RACIONALES... eso nos gusta pensar, pero realmente la ciencia que nos llega a casa la aceptamos sin saber bien qué ni cómo, casi como magia
- 30. ¿Qué actitud tenemos los españoles ante la ciencia?
- 31. QUIEN DA PRIMERO... da millones de veces (en forma de tuits, megusta, comentarios y chascarrillos). En la Era Internet, lo importante es que te meneen
- 34. BIENVENIDOS A OVNILANDIA ¿aún no has recibido la visita de un extraterrestre?
- 40. Que SÍ se ha ido a la Luna... 1.000.000 de personas trabajaron del 65 al 69 directamente con los proyectos estadounidense o soviético. ¿Mienten? ¿Cuánto cuesta tapar una mentira como que los viajes a la Luna fueron un montaje? ¿Habrían dejado los soviéticos que sus enemigos capitalistas hicieran semejante engaño?
- 42. ¿Por qué unas sombras son largas y otras cortas?
- 43. Pero la bandera estaba en una pequeña elevación del terreno...
- 45. ¿fotos trucadas?
- 47. Hay espejos lunares. Hubo miles de radioaficionados...
- 48. Stanley Kubrick no hizo el vídeo falso del Apolo 11 No: todo es un montaje en un falso documental (mockumentary) titulado OPÉRATION LUNE, del director William Karel en 2002 para el canal Arte.
- 50. La conspiración lunar, ¡vaya timo! Eugenio Fernández Aguilar desmonta todas las preguntas en su libro, recientemente publicado. (un poco de propaganda que el mercado editorial escéptico está fatal...)
- 51. El hangar en la Luna: vaya timo de la tele pública
- 53. El Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) de la NASA obtuvo en 2009 de nuevo fotos de los lugares Apolo
- 54. Apolo 11 - Eagle
- 55. Apolo 14 - Antares
- 56. No es cosmonauta fantasma, es periodismo del malo
- 58. IVAN ISTOCHNIKOV el cosmonauta fantasma
- 62. Frente al mal periodismo, al amarillismo o la intención comercial o propagandística, no nos cabe duda de que el conocimiento científico, crítico, promueve más eficientemente valores democráticos e inclusivos, y que facilitan el progreso. "Nuestro futuro depende, colectivamente, de que la ciencia se abra al público en general." James Rutherford, AAAS
- 63. razonar con pruebas James Lett, filósofo, propuso 6 reglas para comprobar si un razonamiento que se nos presenta tiene adecuado soporte en las pruebas. Lo llamó FiLCHeRS (ladronzuelos): Falsabilidad, Lógica, Comprensibilidad, Honradez, Replicabilidad y Suficiencia.
- 64. FALSABILIDAD ¿Podemos imaginar hechos o experimentos que permitan comprobar si nuestra teoría es cierta o falsa?
- 65. LÓGICA ¿Los argumentos son sólidos, o incluyen falacias o incorrecciones lógicas? Es fundamental que un razonamiento tenga una estructura lógica, si no, no servirá para nada.
- 66. HONRADEZ ¿Se aportan las pruebas de buena fe, se ocultan deliberadamente datos, hay posibilidad de autoengaño acaso...?
- 67. REPLICABILIDAD ¿Se han reproducido los resultados? ¿Era simplemente una casualidad?
- 68. SUFICIENCIA ¿Lo que se afirma es bastante para la magnitud de lo que implica? ¿Aporta las pruebas quien hace las afirmaciones? ¿Se prueban con especial cuidado las afirmaciones extraordinarias? ¿Hay algo más que anécdotas? ¿Hay un excesivo peso del argumento de autoridad?
Notas del editor
- September 4, 1971-An official mapping aircraft of the Costa Rican government took this photograph. The aircraft was flying at 10,000 feet over Lago de Cote. An investigation could not identify the object as a "known" aircraft. Debunkers took some stabs at it, but it is still recognized as authentic by most investigators. No "earthly" explanation has ever been given to explain the object. 1972, Apollo 16, Moon mission dates: April 16-27, CDR: John W. Young, CMP: Kenneth Mattingly, LMP: Charles Duke. Importance of mission: Explored the Moon's rocky central highlands. NASA archives (photo No AS16-114-18423) Mission Apollo 16 on the Moon. Astronaut Charles Duke photographed collecting lunar sample at Station 1. The UFO is seen at just right of top center. No explanation has been given for the object. Tavernes, France, 1974. A classic French UFO picture. Photographed by an anonymous French medical doctor. Taken on March 23, 1974 in Tavernes in the section of Var, during a major UFO flap over France. Skeptics doubted the picture on the grounds that "luminous rays cannot end like this." Of course they do not, normally. But the skeptics simply forgot to consider that these are not luminous rays but light emission by ionized air, for example. The object in the photograph is still considered a UFO. Connecticut, 1987. Randy Etting was taking a walk outside his home. A commercial airline pilot with over 30 years experience, he always looked at the sky. On the night he took the photograph, he saw a number of orange and red lights approaching from the west. He got his binoculars and called his neighbors to come outside. The object, by this time was a great deal closer and seemed to be over I-84, just east of Etting's home... the lights were shimmering like distortion from engine heat, but he could hear no sound. Etting stated: "As the UFO passed over I-84, cars in both the east and west bound lanes began pulling over and stopping. The UFO displayed a semi-circular pattern of very bright multicolored lights. Five motorists reported that, as the object became visible, a number of cars lost power and had to pull off the highway." Petit Rechain, Belgium, 1990. One of the most famous UFO pictures ever taken. The photographer, to my knowledge, still remains unnamed. Taken on an April night during a well known "wave," the photo very clearly shows a triangle-shaped object with lights. One of the best proofs of UFOs we have, especially of a triangle. Original photo was too dark to show object outline, and had to be lightened. Occurred during the wave beginning in 1989. 2004-October. Taken in Valpara, Mexico. This photo is lacking details but I will tell you what I have. It was taken by newspaper reporter Manuel Aguirre. He works for the Mercury newspaper of Valpara. A band of glowing lights is seen in the distance over the city of Valpara. This photograph has not been debunked, and is considered legitimate. The unknown object appears to be circular or spherical in shape.
- September 4, 1971-An official mapping aircraft of the Costa Rican government took this photograph. The aircraft was flying at 10,000 feet over Lago de Cote. An investigation could not identify the object as a "known" aircraft. Debunkers took some stabs at it, but it is still recognized as authentic by most investigators. No "earthly" explanation has ever been given to explain the object. 1972, Apollo 16, Moon mission dates: April 16-27, CDR: John W. Young, CMP: Kenneth Mattingly, LMP: Charles Duke. Importance of mission: Explored the Moon's rocky central highlands. NASA archives (photo No AS16-114-18423) Mission Apollo 16 on the Moon. Astronaut Charles Duke photographed collecting lunar sample at Station 1. The UFO is seen at just right of top center. No explanation has been given for the object. Tavernes, France, 1974. A classic French UFO picture. Photographed by an anonymous French medical doctor. Taken on March 23, 1974 in Tavernes in the section of Var, during a major UFO flap over France. Skeptics doubted the picture on the grounds that "luminous rays cannot end like this." Of course they do not, normally. But the skeptics simply forgot to consider that these are not luminous rays but light emission by ionized air, for example. The object in the photograph is still considered a UFO. Connecticut, 1987. Randy Etting was taking a walk outside his home. A commercial airline pilot with over 30 years experience, he always looked at the sky. On the night he took the photograph, he saw a number of orange and red lights approaching from the west. He got his binoculars and called his neighbors to come outside. The object, by this time was a great deal closer and seemed to be over I-84, just east of Etting's home... the lights were shimmering like distortion from engine heat, but he could hear no sound. Etting stated: "As the UFO passed over I-84, cars in both the east and west bound lanes began pulling over and stopping. The UFO displayed a semi-circular pattern of very bright multicolored lights. Five motorists reported that, as the object became visible, a number of cars lost power and had to pull off the highway." Petit Rechain, Belgium, 1990. One of the most famous UFO pictures ever taken. The photographer, to my knowledge, still remains unnamed. Taken on an April night during a well known "wave," the photo very clearly shows a triangle-shaped object with lights. One of the best proofs of UFOs we have, especially of a triangle. Original photo was too dark to show object outline, and had to be lightened. Occurred during the wave beginning in 1989. 2004-October. Taken in Valpara, Mexico. This photo is lacking details but I will tell you what I have. It was taken by newspaper reporter Manuel Aguirre. He works for the Mercury newspaper of Valpara. A band of glowing lights is seen in the distance over the city of Valpara. This photograph has not been debunked, and is considered legitimate. The unknown object appears to be circular or spherical in shape.
- September 4, 1971-An official mapping aircraft of the Costa Rican government took this photograph. The aircraft was flying at 10,000 feet over Lago de Cote. An investigation could not identify the object as a "known" aircraft. Debunkers took some stabs at it, but it is still recognized as authentic by most investigators. No "earthly" explanation has ever been given to explain the object. 1972, Apollo 16, Moon mission dates: April 16-27, CDR: John W. Young, CMP: Kenneth Mattingly, LMP: Charles Duke. Importance of mission: Explored the Moon's rocky central highlands. NASA archives (photo No AS16-114-18423) Mission Apollo 16 on the Moon. Astronaut Charles Duke photographed collecting lunar sample at Station 1. The UFO is seen at just right of top center. No explanation has been given for the object. Tavernes, France, 1974. A classic French UFO picture. Photographed by an anonymous French medical doctor. Taken on March 23, 1974 in Tavernes in the section of Var, during a major UFO flap over France. Skeptics doubted the picture on the grounds that "luminous rays cannot end like this." Of course they do not, normally. But the skeptics simply forgot to consider that these are not luminous rays but light emission by ionized air, for example. The object in the photograph is still considered a UFO. Connecticut, 1987. Randy Etting was taking a walk outside his home. A commercial airline pilot with over 30 years experience, he always looked at the sky. On the night he took the photograph, he saw a number of orange and red lights approaching from the west. He got his binoculars and called his neighbors to come outside. The object, by this time was a great deal closer and seemed to be over I-84, just east of Etting's home... the lights were shimmering like distortion from engine heat, but he could hear no sound. Etting stated: "As the UFO passed over I-84, cars in both the east and west bound lanes began pulling over and stopping. The UFO displayed a semi-circular pattern of very bright multicolored lights. Five motorists reported that, as the object became visible, a number of cars lost power and had to pull off the highway." Petit Rechain, Belgium, 1990. One of the most famous UFO pictures ever taken. The photographer, to my knowledge, still remains unnamed. Taken on an April night during a well known "wave," the photo very clearly shows a triangle-shaped object with lights. One of the best proofs of UFOs we have, especially of a triangle. Original photo was too dark to show object outline, and had to be lightened. Occurred during the wave beginning in 1989. 2004-October. Taken in Valpara, Mexico. This photo is lacking details but I will tell you what I have. It was taken by newspaper reporter Manuel Aguirre. He works for the Mercury newspaper of Valpara. A band of glowing lights is seen in the distance over the city of Valpara. This photograph has not been debunked, and is considered legitimate. The unknown object appears to be circular or spherical in shape.
- September 4, 1971-An official mapping aircraft of the Costa Rican government took this photograph. The aircraft was flying at 10,000 feet over Lago de Cote. An investigation could not identify the object as a "known" aircraft. Debunkers took some stabs at it, but it is still recognized as authentic by most investigators. No "earthly" explanation has ever been given to explain the object. 1972, Apollo 16, Moon mission dates: April 16-27, CDR: John W. Young, CMP: Kenneth Mattingly, LMP: Charles Duke. Importance of mission: Explored the Moon's rocky central highlands. NASA archives (photo No AS16-114-18423) Mission Apollo 16 on the Moon. Astronaut Charles Duke photographed collecting lunar sample at Station 1. The UFO is seen at just right of top center. No explanation has been given for the object. Tavernes, France, 1974. A classic French UFO picture. Photographed by an anonymous French medical doctor. Taken on March 23, 1974 in Tavernes in the section of Var, during a major UFO flap over France. Skeptics doubted the picture on the grounds that "luminous rays cannot end like this." Of course they do not, normally. But the skeptics simply forgot to consider that these are not luminous rays but light emission by ionized air, for example. The object in the photograph is still considered a UFO. Connecticut, 1987. Randy Etting was taking a walk outside his home. A commercial airline pilot with over 30 years experience, he always looked at the sky. On the night he took the photograph, he saw a number of orange and red lights approaching from the west. He got his binoculars and called his neighbors to come outside. The object, by this time was a great deal closer and seemed to be over I-84, just east of Etting's home... the lights were shimmering like distortion from engine heat, but he could hear no sound. Etting stated: "As the UFO passed over I-84, cars in both the east and west bound lanes began pulling over and stopping. The UFO displayed a semi-circular pattern of very bright multicolored lights. Five motorists reported that, as the object became visible, a number of cars lost power and had to pull off the highway." Petit Rechain, Belgium, 1990. One of the most famous UFO pictures ever taken. The photographer, to my knowledge, still remains unnamed. Taken on an April night during a well known "wave," the photo very clearly shows a triangle-shaped object with lights. One of the best proofs of UFOs we have, especially of a triangle. Original photo was too dark to show object outline, and had to be lightened. Occurred during the wave beginning in 1989. 2004-October. Taken in Valpara, Mexico. This photo is lacking details but I will tell you what I have. It was taken by newspaper reporter Manuel Aguirre. He works for the Mercury newspaper of Valpara. A band of glowing lights is seen in the distance over the city of Valpara. This photograph has not been debunked, and is considered legitimate. The unknown object appears to be circular or spherical in shape.