A CLOSE ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC WIFI

A CLOSE ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC WIFI
Abdul Rauf Khan1
, Aurang Zeb Khan2
, Imran Ahmad3
, Shahid Ullah4
, Najeeb Ullah5
, Sajid Ullah Khan6
1
University of Science & Technology, Bannu, Pakistan
2
University of Science & Technology, Bannu, Pakistan
Center of Excellence in Information Technology, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan
4
Sarhad University, KPK, Paksitan
5
CECOS University, Peshawar, Pakistan
6
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
Correspondent email: khansajidmalik.com
ABSTRACT: Wireless technologies (Wi-Fi) permit all networking devices and computers to communicating over a
wireless signal. Wi-Fi becomes so prominent because of installation simplicity and the increased number of Wi-Fi
radio equipped laptops. Companies that like to enter this market needs intelligence in this area to make appropriate
business decisions based on the properties of present and future technologies. Knowledge of the technologies in
terms of security issues, performance and installation and maintenance cost are of interest. The goal of this paper is
to investigate and compare total cost, focus on availability, number of nodes, end user-cost, range, vendor cost,
reliability, and security among different wireless network. The aim is to match LAN Wi-Fi technology (IEEE 802.11
a/g) with mobile wireless technology e.g. 3G, 4G and LTE. The objective of this research work is to match different
technologies with WiFi in terms of bandwidth, cost factor and performance factor, and technology implementation
factor.
KEYWORDS: LAN Wi-Fi technology (IEEE 802.11 a/g), 3G, 4G, LTE.
1. INTRODUCTION
Wireless technologies (Wi-Fi) permit all networking
devices and computers to communicating over a
wireless signal [1]. A usual Wi-Fi network has three
parts: a computer connected by wired and wireless
connections, an access point, and a wired connection
to a broadband provider [2]. It offers different
broadband speeds and functions in Scientific and
Medical band [3]. The communication among
computers is done through Access Points (APs). The
access point also works as a wireless ethernet
adapter. Wi-Fi becomes so prominent because of
installation simplicity and the increased number of
Wi-Fi radio equipped laptops.
Now days numerous businesses like hotel, airports,
cafés, restaurants, and shopping areas offering
wireless internet-services to customers. Wireless
technology getting more significance in business and
everyday-life, as population is getting denser by
closely spaced buildings. Wireless networks have
easy placement in markets, offices, airports, and
other locations providing advantages like flexibility,
mobility, ease of use, and low cost.
Companies that like to enter this market needs
intelligence in this area to make appropriate business
decisions based on the properties of present and
future technologies. Knowledge of the technologies
in terms of security issues, performance and
installation and maintenance cost are of interest.
The study does not analyze or contain technologies
like Near Field Communication, Bluetooth and Radio
frequency identification (RFID). The rest of the paper
consists of the following sections. Section 2
represents the background study. Section 3 shows the
research approach. Section 4 depicts results and
section 5 and section 6 represents discussion and
conclusion.
2. BACKGROUND STUDY
2.1. The IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN
Architecture Structure
IEEE 802.11 architecture/structure has nine services
are divided into two groups i.e. Station (STAs)
services and distribution services.
STAs services comprise of authentication, de-
authentication, delivery and privacy of the
information while distribution amenities consists of
distribution, integration, association, re-association
and disassociation.
2.2 802.11b High-rate WLAN Standard
The 802.11b emphases on the lowest two layers of
the open system Interconnect model. i.e. the physical
layer and data link layer. The 802.11b standard
permits for two forms of transmissions: FHSS and
DSSS. Both of spread spectrums use more bandwidth
than a usual narrowband transmission, but empower a
strong signal that is easier for the receiver to detect
than the narrowband signal [4].
International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security (IJCSIS),
Vol. 14, No. 9, September 2016
165 https://sites.google.com/site/ijcsis/
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2.3 802.11b Standard Operating Modes
802.11b expresses two kinds of apparatus’s: a
wireless station that is generally a personal computer
having Access point and WNIC (wireless network
interface card). The 802.11b standard expresses two
types: infrastructure type and adhoc type [4].
2.4 WiFi as Hotspots
A hotspot usually runs WiFi technology through
router, offering internet access. Free hotspot offer
free access to menu or purchase list also providing
payment systems like paypall, or via credit card, or
work public network in which authentication and
verification features are turned off [5].
2.5 IEEE 802.11
The wireless technologies nowadays are more
common that wired or fixed networks. The term “Wi-
Fi” is an abbreviation of wireless fidelity, which
means that handheld device having Wi-Fi can access
a WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) [6]. WLAN
is understood as the technology that will empower
the utmost suitable connection between current wired
networks and portable computing and communication
equipment, e.g. notebook computers and others
personnel digital assistants (PDAs), at the school,
office, or organization level. The most vital
advantage of the WLAN is that it reduces the
requirement for wiring among various structures. In
broad, the uses of the WLAN schemes can be
basically between two PCs or between a computer
and a wired network, all the way up to the whole
network with various operators and a great numbers
of data paths [7].
2.6 Third Generation Technology (3G)
3G is an abbreviation of third generation mobile
communications and is a normally used mobile phone
standard for transferring voice and data. 3G was
developed by NTT DoCoMo, Japan based on the
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS) technology [8]. NTT DoCoMo launched the
first pre-commercial 3G network in Japan in 1998
followed by commercial launch October 2001 [9].
2.7 Fourth Generation Technology (4G)
Fourth Generation Mobile communication is a
advance of the voice and data transfer
communication technology approaches.
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA) originally projected it and it delivers
mobile ultra-broadband internet access for mobile
devices like Smartphone’s, laptops etc [10]. Two
categories of 4G network are currently commercially
installed; mobile WiMax and Long Term Evolution
(LTE).
2.8 Fifth Generation Technology (5G)
The fifth generation of mobile communications
technology is proposed as a standard for the next
stage of mobile telecommunication. The data rates in
5G are increased beyond 100 Mbps to facilitate for
quick downloads and streaming of data [11].
2.9 Long Term Evolution (LTE) Technology
Long-term evolution (LTE) is a wireless technology
designed to facilitate roaming internet access via
handheld devices like mobile, tablets, and laptops.
LTE is packet-based technology having flat network
architecture. LTE offers broadband access for fixed,
portable, and mobile devices [12]. The below figure
2.10 shows the block diagram of LTE technology.
2.10Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access (Wi Max)
The team for Wi Max was shaped in 1998 to design
and develop this air interface standard for wireless
broadband. WiMax provides flexibility in terms of
deployment options and services. It is skillful of very
high data rates, scalable bandwidth functionality, and
data rate support. Wi Max also provides support for
advanced antenna techniques.
The overall network architecture of WiMax is
dividing in the following parts i.e. access service
network, mobile stations and connectivity service
network.
2.11Public Networks
Public Wi-Fi networks may be wired or wireless.
They offer Internet access at picnic spots, airports,
coffee shops, and hotels etc. There are diverse
approaches for public network, for example, in a hall
with an access point, access point with
authentication, and use of access points supporting
virtual LAN with SSID, access permission, and
security settings.
2.12Establishment of Extended WiFi
The extended/lengthy or long distance Wi-Fi
networks have five parts:
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• Network Planning: In this phase, a
longdistance Wi-Fi link needs line-of-sight
to get adequate signal strength for reception.
The network planning consists of cost and
performance, decision on tower height,
planning tower location selection, link type,
antenna type, power transmission, and the
channel of operation.
• The MAC protocol is established on
(CSMA/CA) contention resolution. This
technology has some disadvantages for
outside long distance operation like
inefficiency, timeouts, and limited quality of
service for audio/video applications [13].
• The Network management includes
performance, fault diagnosis, and repair
[13].
• The Power saving phase contain the power
conservation settings [13].
Table 2.1 illustrates how the cost increases when the
tower height increased. In the beginning, cost
increases gradually with tower height increase in first
two values, but the cost increases rapidly when the
height increases from 21 meters to 45 meters.
Table 2.1: Cost growth with height [13]
Tower
Height
(m)
10 15 21 24 27 30 45
Cost
PKR
10000 15000 80000 95000 110000
18500
0
50000
00
2.13Security
Security is one of the key factors in WiFi technology.
Wi-Fi devices only support security mechanism
recommended by IEEE 802.11 standards. The IEEE
802.11 standard
(802.11b/802.11i/WPA/WPA2)describes the
following factors.
1. basic access control
2. authentication of station
3. confidentiality and
4. integrity of data
The relationship among WLAN standard and their
strength are listed in table 2.2 below:
Table 2.2: List of WLAN standards [4]
Standard Scope
Wired Industry Forum
2.4 GHz frequency hopping
spread spectrum
IEEE 802.11b
Define inter-operability
Between infrared, and
DSSS
Home Radio Frequency
Working Group
SWAP for wireless
networking within a home
Bluetooth Consortium
Short-range radio links
using 2.4 GHz FHSS.
2.14IEEE 802.11 Family and Its Derivative
Standards
Here this paper just mentions the name and version of
IEEE 802.11 standards are following;
IEEE 802.11e, IEEE 802.11d, IEEE 802.11f, IEEE
802.11h, IEEE 802.11i, IEEE 802.11x, IEEE
802.11k, IEEE 802.11j, IEEE 802.11p, IEEE
802.11u, IEEE 802.11v, IEEE 802.11r, IEEE
802.11s, IEEE 802.11w, IEEE 802.11t, IEEE
802.11n,
The relationships of different 802.11 derivative
standards with frequency are explained in table 2.3 in
detail.
Table 2.3: 802.11 standards [15]
802.11
Task
group
Purpose Band Status Notes
802.11 Wireless
LAN
4 GHz Approved
1997
Updated
1999
Describe the
MAC and
PHY for
Wireless
LANs
802.11a Develop a
PHY in
the 5
GHZ band
5 GHz Approved
1999
Describes a
high speed
PHY using the
5GHZ band .
Uses OFDM
data rates up
to 54 MBPS
802.11 b Develop a
faster
PHY (that
802.11) in
the 2.4
GHZ band
2.4
GHz
Approved
1999
Defines a high
speed PHY
using the 2.4
GHZ band.
Uses CCK
with DSSS.
Data rates up
to 11 MBPS
802.11c Develop a
MAC
bridging
functional
ity for
802.11
N/A Folded
into 802.1
D standard
for MAC
bridging
802.11d Determine N/A Ongoing*
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the
requireme
nts
necessary
for 802.11
to operate
in other
regulatory
domains
(countries
)
802.11e Provide
Qos and
classes
and
services
N/A Ongoing* Uses
distributed
coordination
function
(DCF) and
point
coordination
function (PCF)
802.11f Multivend
or access
point
N/A Ongoing * This involves
recommended
inter-
operabilit
y by use
of an
IAPP
practices
above the
MAC layer
802.11g Develop a
faster
PHY
(than
802.11b)
in 2.4
GHZ band
2.4
GHz
Draft
standard
2001
22 MBPS is
possible by
using PCBB-
22
Alternatively
OFDM can be
used for upto
54 MBPS
802.11h Enhance
the MAC
and
802.11a
PHY with
spectrum
and power
managem
ent in the
5GHZ
band
5 GHz Ongoing* Objective is to
obtain
Europeon
regulatory
approval
802.11i Security
enhancem
ents to
WEP
N/A Ongoing* Uses TKIP
802.11j Make
802.11a
and
HyperLA
N
interopera
ble
5GHZ Discontinu
ed
IEEE 802.11n standard has highest data rate of 300
Mbps as compared with other standards.
3. RESEARCH APPROACH
In section 2, we have done a detail but specific
review on WiFi technology and its comparison with
other technologies. Related information from all
technology and standards have collected from online
websites, electronic books, conference papers,
conference proceedings, online articles and journals,
other internet sources and library books.
We encountered some hurdles during finding of
specific information, for example, frequency,
upstream and downstream speed because we have to
construct some particular tables and comparisons of
different technologies i.e. 3G, 4G, 5G, LTE, and
WiMax with WiFi. At the end of all information
collected from above stated sources, we present it in
form of tables.
The review study did not consider and analyze
technologies rather than wireless technology.
Technologies like Bluetooth, Radio frequency
identification and Near Field Communication are not
considered as the state of the art for this paper.
4. LITERATURE SURVEY
This paper discusses a survey regarding WiFi
technologies. Figure 2.1 illustrate the block diagram
of literature survey.
Figure 2.1: Block diagram of literature survey
In above figure 3.1, we used 25 internet sources, and
4 library books to search information as if we studied
IEEE 802.11 Family and standard and OSI model
information from library books. Others valuable
information, for example, security, merits and de-
merits, total coverage and comparison between
different technologies are gathered from internet
sources.
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In this research work, first and for most, we did a
literature survey regarding WiFi and a detail
guidance of its usage. After that, we compared it with
other WiFi technologies. The detail studies regarding
different WiFi technologies already done by different
authors in a fruitful way.
The results of some of the frequent analysis (study)
were summarized. The study contains four divergent
regions as below:
• security,
• comparisons,
• cost,
• implementation,
All are discuss in detail.
At the end, just for remembrance, the different
comparisons between Wireless and others
technologies have presented in numerous aspects.
5. RESULTS
Before going to result directly, first, this section
discusses Wi-Fi, 3G and LTE technologies in detail
with respect to their technical stuffs. Section 4.1
explains the comparisons among WiFi and 3G, 4G
and LTE technologies.
5.1. Assessments among WiFi, 3G, 4G, and LTE
Technology
We will compare WiFi technology with each wireless
technology systematically.
5.1.1 A Close Assessments of Wi-Fi with 3G
Table 5.1 illustrates a close assessment or
comparison between Wi-Fi and 3G technologies with
respect to coverage, up-stream and down-stream
speeds, range, scalability, and spectral efficiency.
If we examine table 5.1, it clearly depicts that Wi-Fi
technology outperforms 3G technology in case of
down-stream speed. Furthermore, with respect to
speed, Wi-Fi also offers good results. It also examine
that WiFi is good enough with low cost indoor
coverage.
From the facts, it is concluded that Wi-Fi and 3G
technologies can be reflected as a corresponding
technologies. However, in many cases, we have to
choose one over the other for either budget aspects or
technological limitations. Below table, 5.1 is a close
assessment of those comparisons.
Table 4.1.1: A close assessment of Wi-Fi and 3G
technology
Technology/Factors WiFi 3G
Range Approx. 100m Approx. 80Km
Covered Area Just Indoor In different
cities
Down-stream speed 350 & 50 MHz
bandwidth
Or
700 & 50 MHz
bandwidth
1 Mbit/s
Up-stream speed 400kbit/s
Scalability Constant: 20 MHz Traffic growth
Signal traffic is
possible.
5.1.2 A Close Assessments of Wi-Fi with 4G
Wi-Fi and 4G technologies normally used in
handholds items as smart phones or tablets etc and
are somewhat different in terms what they offer
technically. In Wi-Fi technology, the signal emanates
to the cell from a wireless router or modem. This
signal has limited range usually up to 150 feet.
Contrary, in case of 4G, you can access the internet
from a cell phone tower somewhere in the locality
having a usual speed between 6 to 15 Megabytes per
second.
In below table 5.2, an illustration of a close
assessment/comparison between Wi-Fi and 4G
technologies in terms of coverage, range, up-stream
and down-stream speeds, and scalability are
presented. Information according to the table shows
that Wi-Fi technology outclasses 4G technology in
term of down-stream and up-stream speed. However,
it offers less speed in indoor deployment. WiFi
technology also delivers a higher tethering speed as
compared to 4G technology.
Table 5.2: A close assessment of Wi-Fi and 4G
technology
Technology/Factors WiFi 4G
Range Approx. 100m Approx. 100Km
Covered Area Just Indoor
In different
states around 50
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Down-stream speed
350 & 20 MHz
bandwidth
Or
600 & 40 MHz
bandwidth
Approx. 28
Mbit/s
Up-stream speed
Approx. 22
Mbit/s
Scalability
Constant 20
MHz channel
Climbable with
Internet,
constant voice
and other
services
5.1.3 A Close Assessment of Wi-Fi with LTE
Wi-Fi and LTE access points are worthy choices
accessible for users and customers when they are
considering data capacity expansion. LTE technology
needs fewer cells to attain meaningfully best output
than Wi-Fi access points regarding support, quality of
service, security, and self-organization [14]. In below
table 5.3, an illustration of a Wi-Fi technology down-
stream speed is approximately the same as compared
to LTE technology, however, the Wi-Fi technology is
limited to indoor use only. Furthermore, the result
shows that LTE has good up-stream speed and
spectral as compared with WiFi.
Table 5.3: A close assessment of Wi-Fi and LTE
technology
Technology/Factors WiFi LTE
Range 100m Cell range
100Km
Coverage Indoor Indoor, Outdoor
bandwidth
Or
600 & 40 MHz
bandwidth
Approx. 300
Mbps
Up-stream speed Approx. 75
Mbps
Scalability Constant 20
MHz channel
Facilitates career
bandwidth from
1.4 MHz to
20MHz
5.1.4. A Close Assessment of Wi-Fi with WiMax
The WiMax technology can assist the customer from
a distance of 50 Km from base station while Wi-Fi
technology has an Access Point range of around 100
meters. Secondly, WiMax technology is best for the
outdoor area while Wi-Fi technology best for indoor
position. Thirdly, WiMax technology is usually
design to deliver a metro area broadband wireless
access, however, Wi- Fi technology is a local
network technology structured to add mobility to
private LANs [15].
Figure 5.1: Close assessment of Wi-Fi and WiMax
technology
In the figure 5.1, we can clearly understand the
coverage of Wi-Fi technology with WiMax
technology. Here in the stated figure, it is noticeable
that the WiMax technology offers maximum
coverage as compared to Bluetooth.
Below table 5.4 is an illustration of a comparison
between Wi-Fi technology and WiMax technology
regarding coverage, range, up-stream and down-
stream speeds, and scalability. From table
information, we see that Wi-Fi technology is not
scalable as compared to WiMax technology and
provides less speed in indoor location.
Table 5.4: A close assessment of Wi-Fi andWiMax
technology
Technology/Factors WiFi WiMax
Range Approx. 100m Approx. 50KM
Coverage Just Indoor Just Indoor
bandwidth
or
600 & 40 MHz
bandwidth
Approx. 365
Mbps
Up-stream speed Approx. 376
Mbps
Scalability Constant 20
MHz channel
Network
expansion, cell
splitting,
polarization
modification, and
frequency reuse is
possible.
5.2. Costs analysis
The below points are the summary on prices, power,
and sensitivity;
• If the price of Access Point is lower, then
the receive sensitivity will usually be lower.
• Similarly, if the price of Access Point is
high, then the receive sensitivity will be high
and can reach up to 100 dBm level.
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• If the Access Point is expensive then it
means that it has higher transmission and
better receiving sensitivity.
• If WiFi adopter is external, it means that it
has less capacity than their counterparts with
respect to power and sensitivity.
Consumer equipment in a commercial work will
result in greater cost as:
• It cannot cover large area that is why the
Access Point needs the installation of extra
units.
• It is not required to obey with different
specifications.
It is clearly noted that if we use commercial Wi-Fi
network using consumer equipment, it is high costly
as compared to commercial grade equipment [16].
The WiFi technology is adoptable and inexpensive as
compared to Ethernet wired networking as it is
simple and effective. Ethernet wired networking is
quite hard, expensive, time consuming and difficult
to drill in concrete walls for cable.
The approximate cost of consumer WiFi is about 1,
45,000 Pakistani Rupees only for one Access Point
excluding radio and installation units. Below table
5.5 shows the detail.
Table 5.5: Illustrates cost and installation details of
consumer and commercial units [16]
No. of
Access
Points
Cost
per
Access
Point
Total
Access
Point
cost
Installa
tion
cost
TOTAL
COST
Consumer
grade
equipment
3 Approx
. PRK-
9500
Approx
. PKR-
50000
Approx
. PKR-
500000
Approx.
PKR-
555000
Commerci
al grade
equipment
7 Approx
. PKR-
50000
Approx
. PKR-
150000
Approx
. PKR-
250000
Approx.
PRK-
500000
6. DISCUSSION
The state of the art Wi-Fi technology is commonly
used in Wi-Fi enabled handhold devices, for
example, smart phones, Notebooks, Desktop PCs,
Routers, Printers, and Cameras etc. The craze of
mobility i.e. access to internet makes electronics
manufacturers to equip their product with WiFi
technology. In the coming five to 10 years, we can
predict the increase in number of WiFi allowed
devices from over 500 million in 2009, to 1.9 billion
in 2020.
Now days smart phones, gaming players, smart
digital TVs and e-readers are implementing WiFi
technology. The WiFi standard 802.11n supported
devices have amplified WiFi capabilities,
undertaking many technical matters. We are
expecting the WiFi technology in video devices in
near future and in living rooms, which makes them
into digital rooms with all facilities of gaming
consoles and blueray player etc.
In 2016, the WiFi enabled devices will increase up to
300 million. WiFi supported smart phones are also
widely used and the WiFi enabled mobile phones
consignments are projected to exceed ½ of a billion
units while the WiFi involved e-readers will increase
from 3% in 2009 to 89% by 2014[18]. There are
many merits and demerits of the IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi
technology. Below are the following merits of WiFi
technology.
• Compact costs of network connection and
expansion
• Support roaming and encryption that is
essential to protect traffic from third party
access.
•
Demerits of WiFi technology are:
• Inconsistent
• Un-licensed use of radio spectrum
• Power consumption
• Quality decreased if other devices like
Bluetooth radio or microwave etc present.
• Result in a lower transmission rate.
• WiFi networks are insecure even WEP
configured correctly.
• Create problem in crowed area when many
residents have WiFi Access Points.
In next coming years, the speed of Wi-Fi Access
Point will be up to 1Gbps. The multi-stream devices
will start with three-stream radios. The three streams
in Apple's base stations need 3X3, three-stream
adapters to reach higher speeds.
Moreover, all 3.5G, and 4G cellular wireless
standards are added with MIMO to covered wide area
and for best performance [17].
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Table 6.1: A close assessment of 5G WiFi and 802.11n
Technology/Factors 802.11n 5G
Data Rate 300 Mbps 3.6 Gbps
Coverage Normally in
Rooms
Full Home
Band 2.4 GHz
5.15-5.90 GHz
5.15-5.9
GHz
Works with current
infrastructure
Yes Yes
Use Case Data and
Compressed
Video
Video
6.1 Power management and Power Saving Modes
It is an IEEE 802.11 standard usually depends on the
infrastructure mode or ad-hoc mode. The role of this
mechanism is to switch off the transmitter and
receiver to reduce its power consumption. It has
mainly two modes for power saving as below:
• Standard power save mode
• Automatic power save delivery mode
The details explanations of these modes are as below:
6.1.1 Standard Power Saving Mode
The IEEE 802.11 standard power saving mode has
two types of operations:
• Access Point operation
• Station operation
In Access Point operation, first point is that the
power management is central and secondly the data
frames are buffered at that Access Point which is to
be transmitted to the associated stations and these
stations are already in the power save mode [18].
In station operation mode, a station in the power
save mode wakes up only when ‘n’ is an integer and
that is greater than 1.
6.1.2 Automatic Power Saving Supply
Automatic Power Saving Supply (APSS) or
Automatic Power Save Delivery (APSD) is
incorporated in the 802.11e as an optional extension
for the previously defined 802.11 Power Save Mode.
The difference between Automatic Power Save
Delivery and Standard Power Save Mode is that in
APSD, the station is awake during a Service Period.
7. CONCLUSION
This paper contains a closed assessment and
compared the performance of Wi-Fi standards (IEEE
802.11) for industrial environments and compared it
with mobile phone radio systems standards (3G, 4G
and LTE/5G). Furthermore, the basic principles of
IEEE 802.11 family and derivatives have been
discussed in detail in this report.
Wi-Fi technology is an inexpensive technology with
respect to others wired or wireless technology and it
covers the consumer requirement according to market
interest. For example, in commercial use like in
hotels, hotspots, and cyber cafes, 802.11n seems to
be a good option for the future because it specifies 5
GHz frequency at a theoretical maximum speed of
300 Mbps, gives Multiple input Multiple output
(MIMO), channel bonding, and payload optimization
technology.
WiFi technology also offers uniform bandwidth over
distances and covers roughly 1.5 times more distance
than the earlier standards. Our finding in this
dissertation also shows that IEEE 802.11 is an
inexpensive technology with respect to other
technologies in market [19]. However, the energy
consumption of in Wi-Fi technology is one of its
demerits and has a meaningful effect on the battery of
smart phones. The reason behind that is that both Wi-
Fi access points and Wi-Fi smartphones are
implemented with a variety of Wi-Fi power saving
approaches for saving power.
After all, we concluded that based on our analysis
and assumptions, all gathered information, analysis,
calculation, observations and results there is a
possibility to offer seamless Wi-Fi internet services
to the consumers in the hotels, buildings, public
places, cafes, hotspots and other public areas with
affordable, reasonable performance, reliability and
costs.
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