1) The document discusses smart antennas for WiMAX radio systems. Smart antennas can sense their environment and adjust their gain in different directions, increasing traffic capacity and quality of service.
2) Two main types of smart antenna configurations are discussed: switched beam arrays and adaptive arrays. Switched beam arrays form fixed beams toward different directions, while adaptive arrays use signal processing to dynamically steer beams toward desired users and place nulls toward interferers.
3) The MUSIC algorithm for direction of arrival estimation is described. MUSIC exploits the noise eigenvector subspace to provide unbiased estimates of the number and angles of incoming signals. It assumes uncorrelated noise and may be used to estimate directions of arrival to implement adaptive
1) The document discusses smart antennas for WiMAX radio systems. Smart antennas can sense their environment and adjust their gain in different directions, improving quality of service and network capacity.
2) Smart antennas use antenna arrays and signal processing to form beams toward desired users and place nulls toward interference, improving performance. They can estimate the directions of signal sources.
3) The document reviews the need for smart antennas in wireless communication systems to combat issues like limited spectrum, signal fading, and interference from frequency reuse. Smart antennas can improve capacity, coverage, and reduce errors.
Comparative Performance Analysis of Wireless Communication Protocols for Inte...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time constraints.
Implementation of Wireless Communication using Adaptive Beamforming of Smart ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : As the growing demand for mobile communications is constantly increasing, the need for better coverage, improved capacity, and higher transmission quality rises. Thus, a more efficient use of the radio spectrum is required. A smart antenna system is capable of efficiently utilizing the radio spectrum and is an effective solution to the present wireless system problems while achieving reliable and robust high-speed, high-data-rate transmission. Smart antenna technology offer significantly improved solution to reduce interference level and improve system capacity. Smart antenna technology attempts to address this problem via advanced signal processing technology called beamforming. Adaptive beamforming is used for enhancing a desired signal while suppressing noise and interference at the output of an array of sensors. , in this paper work, a robust adaptive beamforming algorithm using smart antenna base station system, is to investigated its performance in presence of multipath components and multiple users .The capability of smart antenna and adaptive antenna easily employable to cognitive radio and OFDM system. Keywords - Smart/adaptive antenna, beamforming, DSP, OFDM
Exploring the Advantages of Dual-Band Antenna | GQ ResearchGQ Research
In this article, we explore the intricacies of dual-band antennas, their applications, and the impact they have on enhancing connectivity in diverse environments.
Impact of Next Generation Cognitive Radio Network on the Wireless Green Eco s...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings, foliage and terrain. Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters. Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations, so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean. The present paper deals with the performance analysis of impact of next generation wireless cognitive radio network on wireless green eco system through signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Exploring the Dynamics of Transmission Characteristics and their Applications...GQ Research
Transmission characteristics refer to the unique attributes and behaviors exhibited by signals as they propagate through transmission mediums, such as cables, optical fibers, or wireless channels.
1) The document discusses smart antennas for WiMAX radio systems. Smart antennas can sense their environment and adjust their gain in different directions, increasing traffic capacity and quality of service.
2) Two main types of smart antenna configurations are discussed: switched beam arrays and adaptive arrays. Switched beam arrays form fixed beams toward different directions, while adaptive arrays use signal processing to dynamically steer beams toward desired users and place nulls toward interferers.
3) The MUSIC algorithm for direction of arrival estimation is described. MUSIC exploits the noise eigenvector subspace to provide unbiased estimates of the number and angles of incoming signals. It assumes uncorrelated noise and may be used to estimate directions of arrival to implement adaptive
1) The document discusses smart antennas for WiMAX radio systems. Smart antennas can sense their environment and adjust their gain in different directions, improving quality of service and network capacity.
2) Smart antennas use antenna arrays and signal processing to form beams toward desired users and place nulls toward interference, improving performance. They can estimate the directions of signal sources.
3) The document reviews the need for smart antennas in wireless communication systems to combat issues like limited spectrum, signal fading, and interference from frequency reuse. Smart antennas can improve capacity, coverage, and reduce errors.
Comparative Performance Analysis of Wireless Communication Protocols for Inte...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wireless technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time constraints.
Implementation of Wireless Communication using Adaptive Beamforming of Smart ...IOSR Journals
Abstract : As the growing demand for mobile communications is constantly increasing, the need for better coverage, improved capacity, and higher transmission quality rises. Thus, a more efficient use of the radio spectrum is required. A smart antenna system is capable of efficiently utilizing the radio spectrum and is an effective solution to the present wireless system problems while achieving reliable and robust high-speed, high-data-rate transmission. Smart antenna technology offer significantly improved solution to reduce interference level and improve system capacity. Smart antenna technology attempts to address this problem via advanced signal processing technology called beamforming. Adaptive beamforming is used for enhancing a desired signal while suppressing noise and interference at the output of an array of sensors. , in this paper work, a robust adaptive beamforming algorithm using smart antenna base station system, is to investigated its performance in presence of multipath components and multiple users .The capability of smart antenna and adaptive antenna easily employable to cognitive radio and OFDM system. Keywords - Smart/adaptive antenna, beamforming, DSP, OFDM
Exploring the Advantages of Dual-Band Antenna | GQ ResearchGQ Research
In this article, we explore the intricacies of dual-band antennas, their applications, and the impact they have on enhancing connectivity in diverse environments.
Impact of Next Generation Cognitive Radio Network on the Wireless Green Eco s...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings, foliage and terrain. Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters. Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations, so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean. The present paper deals with the performance analysis of impact of next generation wireless cognitive radio network on wireless green eco system through signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
K Coverage Probability of 5G Wireless Cognitive Radio Network under Shadow Fa...ijeei-iaes
Land mobile communication is burdened with typical propagation constraints due to the channel characteristics in radio systems.Also,the propagation characteristics vary form place to place and also as the mobile unit moves,from time to time.Hence,the tramsmission path between transmitter and receiver varies from simple direct LOS to the one which is severely obstructed by buildings,foliage and terrain.Multipath propagation and shadow fading effects affect the signal strength of an arbitrary Transmitter-Receiver due to the rapid fluctuations in the phase and amplitude of signal which also determines the average power over an area of tens or hundreds of meters.Shadowing introduces additional fluctuations,so the received local mean power varies around the area –mean.The present section deals with the performance analysis of fifth generation wireless cognitive radio network on the basis of signal and interference level based k coverage probability under the shadow fading effects.
Exploring the Dynamics of Transmission Characteristics and their Applications...GQ Research
Transmission characteristics refer to the unique attributes and behaviors exhibited by signals as they propagate through transmission mediums, such as cables, optical fibers, or wireless channels.
Cognitive radio is a type of wireless communication that senses its operational environment and can change its transmission parameters accordingly. It allows unlicensed users to access portions of the radio spectrum normally reserved for licensed users, provided they do not cause harmful interference. Key functions of cognitive radio include spectrum sensing, analysis, management and sharing to efficiently utilize available spectrum. It provides benefits like optimal diversity, improved spectrum efficiency and quality of service. However, issues like spectrum management and ensuring co-existence with other systems need to be addressed for cognitive radio to be effectively implemented. Potential applications include use in emergency communications and wireless regional area networks.
This document provides information about smart antenna technology. It begins with an introduction to smart antennas and their objectives. It then discusses the functions of smart antennas, including direction of arrival estimation and beamforming. It describes different types of smart antenna configurations and systems, such as switched beam, adaptive array, SIMO, MISO, and MIMO. It provides analogies to explain how smart antennas work, such as a human hearing analogy and electrical equivalent diagram. Finally, it compares switched beam and adaptive array smart antenna systems.
The document discusses using a window-based smart antenna design to improve routing performance in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It proposes arranging antenna elements in a window configuration to achieve a desired radiation pattern with a minimum number of elements. The design aims to address issues like resource constraints in MANET nodes and different antenna arrangement options. It analyzes how smart antennas can enhance the dynamic source routing protocol by reducing redundant broadcasts, handling route requests/replies more efficiently, and improving data packet delivery and route error messaging. However, smart antennas also increase node complexity and computational overhead.
Machine learning based lightweight interference mitigation scheme for wireles...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The interference issue is most vibrant on low-powered networks like wireless sensor network (WSN). In some cases, the heavy interference on WSN from different technologies and devices result in life threatening situations. In this paper, a machine learning (ML) based lightweight interference mitigation scheme for WSN is proposed. The scheme detects and identifies heterogeneous interference like Wifi, bluetooth and microwave oven using a lightweight feature extraction method and ML lightweight decision tree. It also provides WSN an adaptive interference mitigation solution by helping to choose packet scheduling, Acknowledgement (ACK)-retransmission or channel switching as the best countermeasure. The scheme is simulated with test data to evaluate the accuracy performance and the memory consumption. Evaluation of the proposed scheme’s memory profile shows a 14% memory saving compared to a fast fourier transform (FFT) based periodicity estimation technique and 3% less memory compared to logistic regression-based ML model, hence proving the scheme is lightweight. The validation test shows the scheme has a high accuracy at 95.24%. It shows a precision of 100% in detecting WiFi and microwave oven interference while a 90% precision in detecting bluetooth interference.
Optimal Operating Performances of Wireless Protocols for Intelligent Sensors ...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wire-less technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time con-straints.
Smart Antenna Report for third year Electronics and Communication Students .
Smart Antenna is a really nice topic to discover and present for third year students of electronics and communication engineering branch. So this Report covers it all .
A novel frequency reconfigurable antenna for smart grid applications in TV w...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design and analysis of a frequency reconfigurable, aperture coupled rectangular patch antenna for use in smart grid applications in TV white space bands. The proposed antenna model has been realized on multi-substrate layers of Polylactic acid (PLA) material (εr=2.65, tanδ=0.003) with a ground plane sandwiched in between them. An aperture has been made in the ground plane for coupling energy to the patch. The overall system dimensions are 270×270 mm. The feature of frequency reconfigurability has been achieved by incorporating a switch and varying the reactance of the feed line on the bottom substrate. A rectangular slot on the long feed line improves impedance matching. The ON and OFF states of the switch provide two operating frequency bands namely 630.13 to 636.7 MHz and 619.16 to 625.3 MHz respectively. The proposed aperture coupled reconfigurable system operates with a maximum gain of 6.4 dB and average efficiency of 78.5% in both bands. The measured results are satisfactory and the proposed antenna will be suitable for operation in the smart grid environment.
This document discusses mobile computing and its applications and limitations. It provides an overview of mobile computing as enabling access to network services anywhere and anytime using mobile and wireless devices. It describes various applications of mobile computing in vehicles, emergencies, business, and replacing wired networks. The document also outlines limitations of mobile computing like resource constraints, interference, bandwidth issues, and security constraints. It includes a simplified reference model of the protocol stack in mobile systems and provides an overview of GSM services, system architecture, protocols, localization, calling, handover and security.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks. It outlines their applications such as environmental monitoring, health care, and military uses. It also examines factors that influence sensor network design like fault tolerance, scalability, production costs, and power consumption. The communication architecture of sensor networks is presented, including the application, transport, network, data link, and physical layers. Sensor networks have the potential to be widely used in many applications due to their flexibility and fault tolerance.
METHODS FOR DETECTING ENERGY AND SIGNALS IN COGNITIVE RADIOIRJET Journal
This document discusses various methods for detecting energy and signals in cognitive radio systems. It begins with an overview of cognitive radio and the importance of spectrum sensing. It then describes several signal detection techniques used in cognitive radio, including energy detection, matched filtering, cyclostationary feature detection, and others. It also discusses more advanced techniques for signal detection in noisy environments, such as cooperative spectrum sensing. The main components of cognitive radio systems are outlined. Finally, specific spectrum sensing methods like wavelet packet transform and cyclostationary spectrum sensing are explained in more detail.
The document compares licensed versus unlicensed spectrum for wireless communication in smart grids. It notes that unlicensed spectrum is free but crowded, limiting signal strength and requiring more infrastructure. Licensed spectrum is scarce but provides exclusive usage rights, allowing stronger signals over longer distances with less infrastructure. The Sensus FlexNet system uses licensed spectrum to create wireless networks for utilities that cover large areas with minimal infrastructure requirements. Going forward, spectrum needs will expand as utilities require more advanced and secure communications networks.
Cognitive Radio (CR) is an adaptive, intelligent radio and network technology that can automatically detect available channels in a wireless spectrum and change transmission parameters enabling more communications to run concurrently and also improve radio operating behavior.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1. The document discusses various topics related to telecommunications technologies, including: Telefonica testing VoLTE and demonstrating WiFi integration with cellular networks; penetration loss in LTE networks; possible future trends involving implanting 4G antennae inside the human body; and measurement methodology and acceptance procedures for LTE key performance indicators.
2. It also mentions: carrier aggregation in LTE-Advanced to achieve data rates up to 1 Gbps; successful testing of a 1 terabit per second optical link by Ericsson and Telstra; Huawei launching an eLTE broadband trunking solution; and Entel Chile selecting Ericsson as the sole supplier for its 4G/LTE network.
3.
Wideband Sensing for Cognitive Radio Systems in Heterogeneous Next Generation...CSCJournals
Mobile Next Generation Network (MNGN) is characterized as heterogeneous network where variety of access technologies are meant to coexist. Decisions on choosing an air interface that meets a particular need at a particular time will be shifted from the network’s side to (a more intelligent) user’s side. On top of that network operators and regularities have come to the realization that assigned spectrum bands are not utilized as they should be. Cognitive radio stands out as a candidate technology to address many emerging issues in MNGN such as capacity, quality of service and spectral efficiency. As a transmission strategy, cognitive radio systems depend greatly on sensing the radio environment. In this paper, we present a novel approach for interference characterization in cognitive radio networks based on wideband chirp signal. The results presented show that improved sensing accuracy is maintained at tolerable system complexity.
Chapter 1 AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):.pptxfilembarketema
Certainly! Here are some examples of how AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots are used in CRM systems to provide automated customer support and assistance. Chatbots can handle a wide range of customer inquiries, answer frequently asked questions, and provide relevant information in real-time. They can engage in natural language conversations, understand customer intent, and provide personalized recommendations or solutions.
Sentiment Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze customer interactions, such as emails, social media posts, and chat transcripts, to determine customer sentiment and emotions. Sentiment analysis helps CRM systems understand customer satisfaction levels, identify potential issues or concerns, and take proactive measures to address them.
Personalization: AI enables CRM systems to deliver personalized experiences to customers. By analyzing customer data, purchase history, browsing behavior, and preferences, AI algorithms can generate personalized product recommendations, targeted marketing campaigns, and customized offers to enhance customer engagement and satisfaction.
Lead Scoring and Qualification: AI can assist in lead scoring and qualification processes. By analyzing historical data and customer behavior patterns, AI algorithms can predict the likelihood of a lead converting into a customer. This helps sales teams prioritize their efforts and allocate resources effectively to high-potential leads, improving conversion rates and sales efficiency.
Predictive Analytics: AI algorithms can analyze customer data and historical patterns to make predictions about customer behavior, such as likelihood to churn or cross-sell/up-sell opportunities. These predictions help CRM systems identify the most effective strategies for customer retention and revenue growth.
Voice and Speech Analytics: AI-powered voice and speech analytics tools can analyze customer calls and extract valuable insights. These tools can identify keywords, sentiment, and speech patterns to understand customer needs, identify common issues, and provide feedback for agent training and process improvement.
Social Media Monitoring: AI algorithms can monitor social media platforms to track brand mentions, customer feedback, and sentiment. This helps CRM systems identify customer concerns, engage in social listening, and respond promptly to customer queries or complaints, improving overall customer satisfaction and brand reputation.
Customer Segmentation: AI can assist in segmenting customers based on various criteria, such as demographics, purchase history, interests, and behavior. This enables CRM systems to tailor marketing campaigns, promotions, and communication strategies to specific customer segments, improving targeting and response rates.
Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) Prediction: This helps CRM
ANALYSIS OF ANTENNA ARRAYS FOR MILLIMETER WAVE COMMUNICATIONIRJET Journal
This document discusses analysis of antenna arrays for millimeter wave communication. It begins by introducing millimeter wave frequency bands between 30-300 GHz, which enable high-speed wireless communication but also face challenges from atmospheric absorption and limited range. The document then discusses using antenna arrays at 60 GHz and 28 GHz for applications like 5G networks and wireless backhaul. It describes a stacked patch array at 60 GHz providing over 20 dBi gain and a slot array providing 25.4 dBi gain. A lens is used to steer the beam. At 28 GHz, dipole and crossed dipole arrays in an integrated circuit package can steer beams over 35 and 50 degrees respectively. Antenna arrays overcome limitations of single antennas and enable beamforming for directed
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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The document provides an introduction to wireless sensor networks. It discusses how wireless sensor networks consist of small sensor nodes that can monitor environmental conditions like temperature, pressure, and motion. These networks are used in applications such as surveillance, vehicle tracking, habitat monitoring, and more. The key challenges for wireless sensor networks are limited power, storage, and processing capabilities. Effective routing protocols and security measures are needed to address these constraints. The document then discusses routing protocols and security issues in wireless sensor networks in more detail over several chapters.
Cognitive Radio : Emerging Business Toward an Efficiently Smart Era of ICTNurmaya Widuri
Cognitive Radio is a hot issue in wireless technology. This is ultimately new wave of how radio technolgy communicate through spectrum effeciency. Furthermore, this new big thing bring a new wave of future ICT business lanscape toward efficiently smart era of ICT.
Ports and Terminal Operations Market Forecast 2024-2031 | GQ ResearchGQ Research
The Global Ports and Terminal Operations Market size was USD 4.5 trillion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 7.8 trillion by 2031, with a CAGR of 6.7% during the forecast period.
Air Handling Units: Components, Applications, Benefits | GQ ResearchGQ Research
In this comprehensive guide, we delve into the fundamentals, components, operation, applications, and benefits of Air handling units, shedding light on their significance in modern building design and HVAC engineering.
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Cognitive radio is a type of wireless communication that senses its operational environment and can change its transmission parameters accordingly. It allows unlicensed users to access portions of the radio spectrum normally reserved for licensed users, provided they do not cause harmful interference. Key functions of cognitive radio include spectrum sensing, analysis, management and sharing to efficiently utilize available spectrum. It provides benefits like optimal diversity, improved spectrum efficiency and quality of service. However, issues like spectrum management and ensuring co-existence with other systems need to be addressed for cognitive radio to be effectively implemented. Potential applications include use in emergency communications and wireless regional area networks.
This document provides information about smart antenna technology. It begins with an introduction to smart antennas and their objectives. It then discusses the functions of smart antennas, including direction of arrival estimation and beamforming. It describes different types of smart antenna configurations and systems, such as switched beam, adaptive array, SIMO, MISO, and MIMO. It provides analogies to explain how smart antennas work, such as a human hearing analogy and electrical equivalent diagram. Finally, it compares switched beam and adaptive array smart antenna systems.
The document discusses using a window-based smart antenna design to improve routing performance in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It proposes arranging antenna elements in a window configuration to achieve a desired radiation pattern with a minimum number of elements. The design aims to address issues like resource constraints in MANET nodes and different antenna arrangement options. It analyzes how smart antennas can enhance the dynamic source routing protocol by reducing redundant broadcasts, handling route requests/replies more efficiently, and improving data packet delivery and route error messaging. However, smart antennas also increase node complexity and computational overhead.
Machine learning based lightweight interference mitigation scheme for wireles...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The interference issue is most vibrant on low-powered networks like wireless sensor network (WSN). In some cases, the heavy interference on WSN from different technologies and devices result in life threatening situations. In this paper, a machine learning (ML) based lightweight interference mitigation scheme for WSN is proposed. The scheme detects and identifies heterogeneous interference like Wifi, bluetooth and microwave oven using a lightweight feature extraction method and ML lightweight decision tree. It also provides WSN an adaptive interference mitigation solution by helping to choose packet scheduling, Acknowledgement (ACK)-retransmission or channel switching as the best countermeasure. The scheme is simulated with test data to evaluate the accuracy performance and the memory consumption. Evaluation of the proposed scheme’s memory profile shows a 14% memory saving compared to a fast fourier transform (FFT) based periodicity estimation technique and 3% less memory compared to logistic regression-based ML model, hence proving the scheme is lightweight. The validation test shows the scheme has a high accuracy at 95.24%. It shows a precision of 100% in detecting WiFi and microwave oven interference while a 90% precision in detecting bluetooth interference.
Optimal Operating Performances of Wireless Protocols for Intelligent Sensors ...chokrio
The systems based on intelligent sensors are currently expanding, due to theirs functions and theirs performances of intelligence: transmitting and receiving data in real-time, computation and processing algorithms, metrology remote, diagnostics, automation and storage measurements…The radio frequency wireless communication with its multitude offers a better solution for data traffic in this kind of systems. The mains objectives of this paper is to present a solution of the problem related to the selection criteria of a better wireless communication technology face up to the constraints imposed by the intended application and the evaluation of its key features. The comparison between the different wire-less technologies (Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, UWB, Bluetooth, ZigBee, ZigBeeIP, GSM/GPRS) focuses on their performance which depends on the areas of utilization. Furthermore, it shows the limits of their characteristics. Study findings can be used by the developers/ engineers to deduce the optimal mode to integrate and to operate a system that guarantees quality of communication, minimizing energy consumption, reducing the implementation cost and avoiding time con-straints.
Smart Antenna Report for third year Electronics and Communication Students .
Smart Antenna is a really nice topic to discover and present for third year students of electronics and communication engineering branch. So this Report covers it all .
A novel frequency reconfigurable antenna for smart grid applications in TV w...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design and analysis of a frequency reconfigurable, aperture coupled rectangular patch antenna for use in smart grid applications in TV white space bands. The proposed antenna model has been realized on multi-substrate layers of Polylactic acid (PLA) material (εr=2.65, tanδ=0.003) with a ground plane sandwiched in between them. An aperture has been made in the ground plane for coupling energy to the patch. The overall system dimensions are 270×270 mm. The feature of frequency reconfigurability has been achieved by incorporating a switch and varying the reactance of the feed line on the bottom substrate. A rectangular slot on the long feed line improves impedance matching. The ON and OFF states of the switch provide two operating frequency bands namely 630.13 to 636.7 MHz and 619.16 to 625.3 MHz respectively. The proposed aperture coupled reconfigurable system operates with a maximum gain of 6.4 dB and average efficiency of 78.5% in both bands. The measured results are satisfactory and the proposed antenna will be suitable for operation in the smart grid environment.
This document discusses mobile computing and its applications and limitations. It provides an overview of mobile computing as enabling access to network services anywhere and anytime using mobile and wireless devices. It describes various applications of mobile computing in vehicles, emergencies, business, and replacing wired networks. The document also outlines limitations of mobile computing like resource constraints, interference, bandwidth issues, and security constraints. It includes a simplified reference model of the protocol stack in mobile systems and provides an overview of GSM services, system architecture, protocols, localization, calling, handover and security.
This document discusses wireless sensor networks. It outlines their applications such as environmental monitoring, health care, and military uses. It also examines factors that influence sensor network design like fault tolerance, scalability, production costs, and power consumption. The communication architecture of sensor networks is presented, including the application, transport, network, data link, and physical layers. Sensor networks have the potential to be widely used in many applications due to their flexibility and fault tolerance.
METHODS FOR DETECTING ENERGY AND SIGNALS IN COGNITIVE RADIOIRJET Journal
This document discusses various methods for detecting energy and signals in cognitive radio systems. It begins with an overview of cognitive radio and the importance of spectrum sensing. It then describes several signal detection techniques used in cognitive radio, including energy detection, matched filtering, cyclostationary feature detection, and others. It also discusses more advanced techniques for signal detection in noisy environments, such as cooperative spectrum sensing. The main components of cognitive radio systems are outlined. Finally, specific spectrum sensing methods like wavelet packet transform and cyclostationary spectrum sensing are explained in more detail.
The document compares licensed versus unlicensed spectrum for wireless communication in smart grids. It notes that unlicensed spectrum is free but crowded, limiting signal strength and requiring more infrastructure. Licensed spectrum is scarce but provides exclusive usage rights, allowing stronger signals over longer distances with less infrastructure. The Sensus FlexNet system uses licensed spectrum to create wireless networks for utilities that cover large areas with minimal infrastructure requirements. Going forward, spectrum needs will expand as utilities require more advanced and secure communications networks.
Cognitive Radio (CR) is an adaptive, intelligent radio and network technology that can automatically detect available channels in a wireless spectrum and change transmission parameters enabling more communications to run concurrently and also improve radio operating behavior.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1. The document discusses various topics related to telecommunications technologies, including: Telefonica testing VoLTE and demonstrating WiFi integration with cellular networks; penetration loss in LTE networks; possible future trends involving implanting 4G antennae inside the human body; and measurement methodology and acceptance procedures for LTE key performance indicators.
2. It also mentions: carrier aggregation in LTE-Advanced to achieve data rates up to 1 Gbps; successful testing of a 1 terabit per second optical link by Ericsson and Telstra; Huawei launching an eLTE broadband trunking solution; and Entel Chile selecting Ericsson as the sole supplier for its 4G/LTE network.
3.
Wideband Sensing for Cognitive Radio Systems in Heterogeneous Next Generation...CSCJournals
Mobile Next Generation Network (MNGN) is characterized as heterogeneous network where variety of access technologies are meant to coexist. Decisions on choosing an air interface that meets a particular need at a particular time will be shifted from the network’s side to (a more intelligent) user’s side. On top of that network operators and regularities have come to the realization that assigned spectrum bands are not utilized as they should be. Cognitive radio stands out as a candidate technology to address many emerging issues in MNGN such as capacity, quality of service and spectral efficiency. As a transmission strategy, cognitive radio systems depend greatly on sensing the radio environment. In this paper, we present a novel approach for interference characterization in cognitive radio networks based on wideband chirp signal. The results presented show that improved sensing accuracy is maintained at tolerable system complexity.
Chapter 1 AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):.pptxfilembarketema
Certainly! Here are some examples of how AI is used in Customer Relationship Management (CRM):
Chatbots: AI-powered chatbots are used in CRM systems to provide automated customer support and assistance. Chatbots can handle a wide range of customer inquiries, answer frequently asked questions, and provide relevant information in real-time. They can engage in natural language conversations, understand customer intent, and provide personalized recommendations or solutions.
Sentiment Analysis: AI algorithms can analyze customer interactions, such as emails, social media posts, and chat transcripts, to determine customer sentiment and emotions. Sentiment analysis helps CRM systems understand customer satisfaction levels, identify potential issues or concerns, and take proactive measures to address them.
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Lead Scoring and Qualification: AI can assist in lead scoring and qualification processes. By analyzing historical data and customer behavior patterns, AI algorithms can predict the likelihood of a lead converting into a customer. This helps sales teams prioritize their efforts and allocate resources effectively to high-potential leads, improving conversion rates and sales efficiency.
Predictive Analytics: AI algorithms can analyze customer data and historical patterns to make predictions about customer behavior, such as likelihood to churn or cross-sell/up-sell opportunities. These predictions help CRM systems identify the most effective strategies for customer retention and revenue growth.
Voice and Speech Analytics: AI-powered voice and speech analytics tools can analyze customer calls and extract valuable insights. These tools can identify keywords, sentiment, and speech patterns to understand customer needs, identify common issues, and provide feedback for agent training and process improvement.
Social Media Monitoring: AI algorithms can monitor social media platforms to track brand mentions, customer feedback, and sentiment. This helps CRM systems identify customer concerns, engage in social listening, and respond promptly to customer queries or complaints, improving overall customer satisfaction and brand reputation.
Customer Segmentation: AI can assist in segmenting customers based on various criteria, such as demographics, purchase history, interests, and behavior. This enables CRM systems to tailor marketing campaigns, promotions, and communication strategies to specific customer segments, improving targeting and response rates.
Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) Prediction: This helps CRM
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Anti-Jamming Antenna: Principles, Applications, Advancements, Future Trends and Challenges | GQ Research
1. Anti-Jamming Antenna: Securing
Communication In An Interference-Prone World
(Source – Hexagon US Federal)
In our increasingly connected world, reliable and secure communication is paramount.
However, the proliferation of electronic devices and wireless networks has also led to a rise
in signal interference and jamming attempts. Anti-jamming antennas have emerged as a
critical technology to counteract these threats, ensuring the integrity and availability of
communication systems in diverse environments. In this comprehensive guide, we delve into
the principles, applications, and advancements in anti-jamming antenna technology.
They are designed to mitigate the effects of intentional or unintentional interference on
wireless communication systems. Signal jamming, often employed by adversaries to disrupt
communication, can target a wide range of frequencies and transmission protocols, posing
significant challenges to military, civilian, and commercial networks. Anti-jamming antennas
employ various techniques, such as spatial filtering, frequency hopping, and polarization
diversity, to enhance signal resilience and combat interference.
Principles of Anti-Jamming Antennas:
a. Spatial Filtering:
Spatial filtering techniques involve the use of multiple antenna elements to selectively
receive desired signals while rejecting interference from unwanted directions.
Directional antennas, such as phased array antennas and adaptive nulling antennas, can
dynamically adjust their beam patterns to nullify jamming signals while maintaining the
reception of legitimate signals.
2. b. Frequency Hopping:
Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) techniques involve rapidly changing the
transmission frequency over a wide spectrum to evade jamming attempts.
Antennas equipped with FHSS capabilities can synchronize frequency hopping patterns
between transmitters and receivers, making it difficult for adversaries to disrupt
communication.
c. Polarization Diversity:
Polarization diversity exploits the orthogonal polarization properties of electromagnetic
waves to improve signal robustness against interference.
By transmitting and receiving signals in multiple polarization states simultaneously,
antennas can mitigate the effects of polarization-dependent jamming techniques.
Applications of Anti-Jamming Antennas:
(Source – GPS World)
a. Military Communication:
Anti-jamming antennas play a critical role in military communication systems, where
secure and reliable communication is essential for mission success.
Military-grade antennas are designed to withstand electronic warfare threats, including
jamming, spoofing, and interception, while maintaining continuous connectivity in hostile
environments.
b. Civilian Navigation:
Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), such as GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo, rely
on precise timing and positioning information for a wide range of civilian applications.
Anti-jamming antennas are deployed in GNSS receivers to mitigate the effects of
deliberate or unintentional interference, ensuring accurate navigation and timing
synchronization in urban, rural, and maritime environments.
c. Commercial Communication:
3. Commercial wireless networks, including cellular, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth systems, are
susceptible to interference from neighboring devices, environmental factors, and malicious
attacks.
Antennas integrated into consumer electronics and infrastructure components help
maintain signal quality, coverage, and throughput in congested and high-interference
environments.
Advancements in Anti-Jamming Antenna Technology:
(Source – GQ Research)
a. Adaptive Beamforming:
Adaptive beamforming algorithms enable antennas to dynamically adjust their radiation
patterns in response to changing interference conditions.
Machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques are increasingly being applied to
optimize beamforming parameters and enhance signal discrimination and resilience.
b. Cognitive Radio:
Cognitive radio systems leverage spectrum sensing and dynamic spectrum access
techniques to opportunistically utilize available frequency bands and avoid congested or
jammed channels.
Antennas equipped with cognitive radio capabilities can autonomously detect and adapt to
interference sources, ensuring uninterrupted communication in dynamic RF environments.
c. Software-Defined Radio (SDR):
Software-defined radio platforms enable flexible and reconfigurable signal processing and
modulation schemes, facilitating rapid deployment of anti-jamming techniques.
SDR-based antennas offer scalability, interoperability, and compatibility with emerging
wireless standards and protocols, making them ideal for next-generation communication
systems.
Future Trends and Challenges:
4. As wireless communication technologies continue to evolve, antennas will play a pivotal
role in safeguarding communication networks against emerging threats and vulnerabilities.
Future research and development efforts will focus on improving the efficiency, agility,
and resilience of antenna systems through advances in materials, components, and signal-
processing algorithms.
Addressing regulatory, ethical, and privacy concerns associated with anti-jamming
technologies will be essential to ensure responsible deployment and usage in civilian and
commercial applications.
Integration with Satellite Communication:
Antennas are increasingly being integrated into satellite communication systems to
enhance signal resilience and mitigate interference from ground-based and space-based
jamming sources.
Satellite terminals equipped with anti-jamming capabilities can maintain connectivity and
data transmission integrity in contested electromagnetic environments, supporting critical
applications such as military communications, remote sensing, and satellite navigation.
Cybersecurity Considerations:
(Source – IARE)
As communication networks become more interconnected and reliant on digital
infrastructure, cybersecurity emerges as a critical consideration for antenna systems.
Secure authentication, encryption, and intrusion detection mechanisms are essential to
prevent unauthorized access, manipulation, or disruption of antenna functionality by
malicious actors.
Cross-Domain Integration:
Anti-jamming antenna technology is increasingly being integrated across multiple
domains, including air, land, sea, and space, to provide comprehensive protection against
jamming threats.
5. Cross-domain anti-jamming solutions enable seamless communication interoperability and
coordination between disparate platforms and systems, enhancing situational awareness
and mission effectiveness in complex operational environments.
Miniaturization and Low-Power Design:
Advances in miniaturization and low-power design enable the development of compact,
lightweight, and energy-efficient antenna solutions suitable for portable and mobile
applications.
Miniaturized antennas find applications in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), wearable
devices, and IoT sensors, where space, weight, and power constraints are critical
considerations.
Standardization and Interoperability:
Standardization efforts led by industry consortia, regulatory bodies, and standards
organizations are essential to ensure interoperability and compatibility between antenna
systems from different manufacturers.
Common interfaces, protocols, and performance metrics facilitate seamless integration,
deployment, and operation of antennas in heterogeneous communication environments,
promoting ecosystem growth and innovation.
Conclusion:
Anti-jamming antennas represent a critical line of defense against signal interference and
jamming threats in modern communication systems. By leveraging advanced signal
processing techniques, adaptive beamforming algorithms, and cognitive radio capabilities,
these antennas enable secure, reliable, and resilient communication in diverse environments.
As the demand for secure wireless connectivity continues to grow, ongoing research and
innovation in anti-jamming antenna technology will be essential to address emerging threats,
safeguard critical infrastructure, and ensure the integrity of communication networks
worldwide.