Determination of antibacterial activity of various broad spectrum antibiotics against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, a cause of bacterial leaf blight of rice
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is arguably the most holistic pathosystem of rice throughout the worldwide due to its growing concern as this disease is wide spread, devastating and its control measures are still not well understood. In vitro evaluation of various broad spectrum antibiotics viz., streptomycin sulphate, kanamycin sulphate, chloramphenicol, ampicilin trihydrate and benzylpenicillin, was carried out to determine the best chemistry against the destructive pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae at different concentrations. Inhibition zones appeared on petri plates for the growth of bacteria were very clear around the paper disks. Chloramphenicol proved to be the most effective antibiotic to control the bacterium as it suppressed the bacterial growth to greater extent and only the 6.25 mean bacterial colonies were appeared in the petri plates, followed by the ampicillin trihydrate which showed to be the second most effective antibiotic against the pathogen growth and retarded to 12.00 mean bacterial colonies. The maximum diameter of inhibition zone (28.31 mm) was showed by the Chloramphenicol at 100 ppm followed by ampicillin trihydrate which gave proved to be second most effective antibiotic to control the pathogen and gave maximum inhibition zone (25.02 mm) at 100 ppm concentration. All the antibiotics showed significant results at higher concentrations. The study suggests that the experiments in the field must be conducted to prove the effectiveness of these broad spectrum antibiotics in the natural environmental conditions as there is a possibility of some variation in the field results because of various factors which influence the chemical management of plant diseases in the field.
Efficacy of Microbial Biopesticide Formulations in the control of Xanthomonas...Open Access Research Paper
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) occupies an important place in the world because of its cashew nut. However, its cultivation is confronted with bacteriosis, a bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae. This disease is one of the main causes of the low yield per hectare of cashew nuts, which fluctuates between 350 and 500 kg/ha. In view of this, it is wise to find ways of controlling this disease. It is in this context the objective of this work was to produce bio-formulations based on bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew trees, in order to evaluate their effectiveness on the growth of the agent responsible for cashew bacteriosis (Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae). Thus, two liquid formulations were made from Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew. Stability, in vitro antagonism and biocontrol tests against Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae were performed. The results obtained showed an inhibition of the Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae bacterium with inhibition zones of 8.13 ± 2.1 and 25.20 ± 3.9 mm in diameter respectively for the products formulated with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In biocontrol tests, both formulated products showed their ability to protect cashew plants against bacterial blight with reduction rates of 80.95 ± 2.3 % and 73.80 ± 5.2% for the Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis formulations, respectively. These two formulations of bacterial, once tested in cashew plantations, could be used in the biological control of cashew bacterial blight in Côte d’Ivoire.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa WS-1 shows potential as a biopesticide for managing fruit rot and die back disease in chili caused by Colletotrichum capsici. In laboratory experiments, P. aeruginosa WS-1 inhibited the growth of C. capsici in dual plate cultures and produced antifungal compounds including chitinases, proteases, hydrogen cyanide, and siderophores. In greenhouse tests, treatment of chili seedlings with P. aeruginosa WS-1 prior to inoculation with C. capsici resulted in similar disease control as the fungicide carbendazim. This suggests that P. aeruginosa WS-1 could provide effective biological control of the disease under field conditions.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
Biological control of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Cole...Premier Publishers
The use of synthetic insecticide has been faced with challenges of resistance among other drawbacks. This has necessitated the search for bio-pesticide that are environmentally friendly, non-toxic to humans and have a residual effect. This study evaluated the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana for biological control of larger grain borer (LGB) Prostephanus truncatus in maize grains. Pathogenicity examination of dead adult LGB in maize grains treated with conidia of B. bassiana was done to confirm the source of LGB mortality in B. bassiana treated maize grains. Adult dead LGB were subjected to high humidity and observed for the growth of white mould (Muscadine disease), which was cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar and identified. Eighty six percent of the dead insects from treated maize grains showed fungal growth B. bassiana. Mortality of LGB generally increased with the concentration and the exposure time of the treatments. The “weight of grain dust”, “percentage of grain damaged” and “percentage of grain weight loss” were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the untreated maize kernels. Beauvaria bassiana formulation was effective in controlling LGB and is recommended for maize storage. Further studies should be conducted to test the formulation under farmer situations in order to deal with practical challenges.
Evaluation of toxicity of five medicinal plant extracts on maize weevil, Sito...MdAbdulAhad26
The experiments were conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Entomology and
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology
University (HSTU), Dinajpur during May-December 2017 to evaluate the toxicity of five
medicinal plant extracts (water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes, swamp smartweed Polygonum
coccineum, ariach Cassia tora, wild capsicum Croton bonplandianum and hill glory bower
Clerodendrum viscosum) against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.) on stored maize.
The wild capsicum extract provided the highest average mortality (93.33 ± 3.33), following
the hill glory bower (86.67 ± 3.33) and swamp smartweed (86.67 ± 3.33) at 3% concentration.
But it was zero in control. The average numbers of lowest numbers of adult emergence
among the five weed extracts were found in wild capsicum (3.00 ± 0.39) following Swamp
smartweed (5.11 ± 0.95) at 3% concentration; whereas, in control it was (54.00 ± 1.15).
The lowest percent of seed damage were found in wild capsicum (3.00 ± 0.38%) following
Swamp smartweed (4.22 ± 0.58). But in control, it was 44.00 ± 1.15. Repellency class of
different plant extracts at different concentration level varied between I to IV. But the hill
glory bower at 3.0% showed statistically best as it showed the highest repellency rate was
66.0 ± 5.31% and the group were IV. However, the toxicity order was wild capsicum >
swamp smartweed > hill glory bower > water hyacinth >, ariach.
The study was carried out with the aim of sourcing for bacteria from the natural environment having antifungal capabilities to control and inhibit postharvest fungal spoilage of fruits and vegetables caused by Botrytis cinerea. Soil and water samples were collected from Heriot Watt University environment and Dr Ruth Fowler’s garden and inoculated using the spread plate technique; identification was carried out using Microbact Identification kits; and isolates assayed for antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea. Forty eight bacteria species were isolated out of which sixteen (16) belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Escherichia, Burkholderia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Proteus showed antifungal activities. Bacteria species Pseudomonas stutzeri and Burkholderia cepacia had the highest zones of inhibition with average radii of 3.06 and 3.20 cm respectively. The bacteria had the potential to inhibit mycelial and spore growth at varying levels thus making them possible candidates for further tests and studies. Considering the aim of the study, further research into identifying these antifungal isolates inhibitory compounds and metabolites is highly recommended.
Defence development of biopesticide for the control of root pathogenic fung...Shazia Shahzaman
Thesis titled "Development of Biopesticide for the control of Root Pathogenic Fungi in Chickpea using Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ".
• Supervised by Prof. Dr. M. Inam-ul-Haq.
• Isolation and Characterization of Rhizbacterial isolates from Rawalpindi District
• Utilization of PGPR antagonistic potential in the form of biopesticide formulation against Fungal Root Infecting Pathogens.
• The Developed formulations with best shelf life and Rhizobacterial viability were evaluated for their efficacy under open field conditions for disease control and plant growth enhancement.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial evaluation of root extracts of Juglans regia against Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia in Bombay Hospital and Research Centre Jabalpur. The antibacterial activity of, ethyl acetate and methanol root extracts of Juglans regia was determined by disk diffusion method. The antibacterial activity was calculated based on the minimum inhibitory concentration using Mueller–Hinton broth in a tube-dilution method. The best antibacterial activity, calculated as minimum inhibitory concentration values, against ESBL was shown by the methanol root extract Juglans regia (25 mg/mL) for both isolated organisms and ethyl acetate (25mg/mL) against E. coli. The methanol extract showed zone of inhibition in the range of 17-26mm as compared to ethyl acetate extract which showed zone of inhibition in the range of 11-16mm against the uropathogens. The zone of inhibition ranged from 17 mm to 26 mm and MIC was 25mg/ml. This effect is comparable to antibiotics. The results obtained in the present study suggest that Juglans regia have the potential to be developed as antibacterial agents against ESBL producing UTI bacteria strain. Further investigations are needed to identify the active compounds and their mechanism of action
Efficacy of Microbial Biopesticide Formulations in the control of Xanthomonas...Open Access Research Paper
The cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.) occupies an important place in the world because of its cashew nut. However, its cultivation is confronted with bacteriosis, a bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae. This disease is one of the main causes of the low yield per hectare of cashew nuts, which fluctuates between 350 and 500 kg/ha. In view of this, it is wise to find ways of controlling this disease. It is in this context the objective of this work was to produce bio-formulations based on bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew trees, in order to evaluate their effectiveness on the growth of the agent responsible for cashew bacteriosis (Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae). Thus, two liquid formulations were made from Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis isolated from the rhizosphere of cashew. Stability, in vitro antagonism and biocontrol tests against Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae were performed. The results obtained showed an inhibition of the Xanthomonas citri pv. Mangiferaeindicae bacterium with inhibition zones of 8.13 ± 2.1 and 25.20 ± 3.9 mm in diameter respectively for the products formulated with Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens. In biocontrol tests, both formulated products showed their ability to protect cashew plants against bacterial blight with reduction rates of 80.95 ± 2.3 % and 73.80 ± 5.2% for the Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis formulations, respectively. These two formulations of bacterial, once tested in cashew plantations, could be used in the biological control of cashew bacterial blight in Côte d’Ivoire.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa WS-1 shows potential as a biopesticide for managing fruit rot and die back disease in chili caused by Colletotrichum capsici. In laboratory experiments, P. aeruginosa WS-1 inhibited the growth of C. capsici in dual plate cultures and produced antifungal compounds including chitinases, proteases, hydrogen cyanide, and siderophores. In greenhouse tests, treatment of chili seedlings with P. aeruginosa WS-1 prior to inoculation with C. capsici resulted in similar disease control as the fungicide carbendazim. This suggests that P. aeruginosa WS-1 could provide effective biological control of the disease under field conditions.
— Post-harvest diseases are a major problem for banana yield. Despite treatments with chemical fungicides, a persistence of diseases is noticed. This study aims at proposing a biological control method against banana post-harvest diseases by using banana rachis leachate. The effect of leachate has been tested in vitro on mycelial growth, conidial germination and in vivo on pathogenic fungi virulence. All leachate concentrations (5, 15 and 20%) tested showed antifungal activity on the tested fungi. However, the 20% concentration was more effective with complete inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination of all fungi. No symptoms of crown rot and anthracnose were observed after treatment of bananas with leachate. However, with azoxystrobin, the prevalence of crown rot and anthracnose was 60% and 30%, respectively. Banana rachis leachate recorded highly significant reduction of banana finger rot prevalence compared to azoxystrobin. Banana rachis leachate have strong antifungal properties that may be useful to control banana post-harvest disease as a safe alternative option to chemical fungicides Keywords— banana; post-harvest diseases; banana rachis leachate, antifungal activity.
Biological control of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Cole...Premier Publishers
The use of synthetic insecticide has been faced with challenges of resistance among other drawbacks. This has necessitated the search for bio-pesticide that are environmentally friendly, non-toxic to humans and have a residual effect. This study evaluated the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana for biological control of larger grain borer (LGB) Prostephanus truncatus in maize grains. Pathogenicity examination of dead adult LGB in maize grains treated with conidia of B. bassiana was done to confirm the source of LGB mortality in B. bassiana treated maize grains. Adult dead LGB were subjected to high humidity and observed for the growth of white mould (Muscadine disease), which was cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar and identified. Eighty six percent of the dead insects from treated maize grains showed fungal growth B. bassiana. Mortality of LGB generally increased with the concentration and the exposure time of the treatments. The “weight of grain dust”, “percentage of grain damaged” and “percentage of grain weight loss” were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the untreated maize kernels. Beauvaria bassiana formulation was effective in controlling LGB and is recommended for maize storage. Further studies should be conducted to test the formulation under farmer situations in order to deal with practical challenges.
Evaluation of toxicity of five medicinal plant extracts on maize weevil, Sito...MdAbdulAhad26
The experiments were conducted in the laboratory of the Department of Entomology and
Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology
University (HSTU), Dinajpur during May-December 2017 to evaluate the toxicity of five
medicinal plant extracts (water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes, swamp smartweed Polygonum
coccineum, ariach Cassia tora, wild capsicum Croton bonplandianum and hill glory bower
Clerodendrum viscosum) against maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.) on stored maize.
The wild capsicum extract provided the highest average mortality (93.33 ± 3.33), following
the hill glory bower (86.67 ± 3.33) and swamp smartweed (86.67 ± 3.33) at 3% concentration.
But it was zero in control. The average numbers of lowest numbers of adult emergence
among the five weed extracts were found in wild capsicum (3.00 ± 0.39) following Swamp
smartweed (5.11 ± 0.95) at 3% concentration; whereas, in control it was (54.00 ± 1.15).
The lowest percent of seed damage were found in wild capsicum (3.00 ± 0.38%) following
Swamp smartweed (4.22 ± 0.58). But in control, it was 44.00 ± 1.15. Repellency class of
different plant extracts at different concentration level varied between I to IV. But the hill
glory bower at 3.0% showed statistically best as it showed the highest repellency rate was
66.0 ± 5.31% and the group were IV. However, the toxicity order was wild capsicum >
swamp smartweed > hill glory bower > water hyacinth >, ariach.
The study was carried out with the aim of sourcing for bacteria from the natural environment having antifungal capabilities to control and inhibit postharvest fungal spoilage of fruits and vegetables caused by Botrytis cinerea. Soil and water samples were collected from Heriot Watt University environment and Dr Ruth Fowler’s garden and inoculated using the spread plate technique; identification was carried out using Microbact Identification kits; and isolates assayed for antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea. Forty eight bacteria species were isolated out of which sixteen (16) belonging to genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Escherichia, Burkholderia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Proteus showed antifungal activities. Bacteria species Pseudomonas stutzeri and Burkholderia cepacia had the highest zones of inhibition with average radii of 3.06 and 3.20 cm respectively. The bacteria had the potential to inhibit mycelial and spore growth at varying levels thus making them possible candidates for further tests and studies. Considering the aim of the study, further research into identifying these antifungal isolates inhibitory compounds and metabolites is highly recommended.
Defence development of biopesticide for the control of root pathogenic fung...Shazia Shahzaman
Thesis titled "Development of Biopesticide for the control of Root Pathogenic Fungi in Chickpea using Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ".
• Supervised by Prof. Dr. M. Inam-ul-Haq.
• Isolation and Characterization of Rhizbacterial isolates from Rawalpindi District
• Utilization of PGPR antagonistic potential in the form of biopesticide formulation against Fungal Root Infecting Pathogens.
• The Developed formulations with best shelf life and Rhizobacterial viability were evaluated for their efficacy under open field conditions for disease control and plant growth enhancement.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the antibacterial evaluation of root extracts of Juglans regia against Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) producing E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia in Bombay Hospital and Research Centre Jabalpur. The antibacterial activity of, ethyl acetate and methanol root extracts of Juglans regia was determined by disk diffusion method. The antibacterial activity was calculated based on the minimum inhibitory concentration using Mueller–Hinton broth in a tube-dilution method. The best antibacterial activity, calculated as minimum inhibitory concentration values, against ESBL was shown by the methanol root extract Juglans regia (25 mg/mL) for both isolated organisms and ethyl acetate (25mg/mL) against E. coli. The methanol extract showed zone of inhibition in the range of 17-26mm as compared to ethyl acetate extract which showed zone of inhibition in the range of 11-16mm against the uropathogens. The zone of inhibition ranged from 17 mm to 26 mm and MIC was 25mg/ml. This effect is comparable to antibiotics. The results obtained in the present study suggest that Juglans regia have the potential to be developed as antibacterial agents against ESBL producing UTI bacteria strain. Further investigations are needed to identify the active compounds and their mechanism of action
This document evaluates the bioefficacy of three Trichoderma species (T. viride, T. virens, T. harzianum) against Fusarium udum, the pathogen that causes pigeonpea wilt. In vitro experiments found that all three Trichoderma species can parasitize the growth of F. udum, with T. viride showing the fastest rate at 61.12% growth inhibition over 96 hours. Volatile compounds from T. viride inhibited the mycelial growth of F. udum by 43.13%. Non-volatile compounds/culture filtrates from T. virens completely inhibited mycelial growth of F. udum at a 15
The present study aims to (I) evaluate the antiviral activity of eugenol oil nanoemulsion (EON) on eliminate Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) from naturally infected banana plants and produce virus-free banana plants, (II) identify fungal contaminants of in vitro banana cultures and (III) evaluate the potential of EON on the suppression of the identified microbial contaminants and reduce of their occurrence frequency.
Evaluation of fungicide and botanicals against major seed borne pathogen of c...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
The present study revealed that the growth of R. bataticola was effectively
inhibited (100%) by all the fungicides viz., Carbendazim (0.2%), Carboxin
(0.2%), Mancozeb (0.2%), Carbendazim (0.1%) + Carboxin (0.1%) except
inhibition (23.28%) by Neem extract 5%. Similar trend was observed in
pathogens viz., F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, Penicillium spp. and A. niger.
The completely growth (100%) was inhibited by fungicides Carbendazim
(0.2%), Carboxin (0.2%), Carbendazim (0.1%) + Carboxin (0.1%) followed
by Mancozeb (77.49, 75.60 and 74.52 %). Whereas Neem extract was
resulted in poor inhibition of the pathogens (74.56, 48.41 and 43.97%). The
seed-borne pathogens Rhizopus spp. was effectively completely (100%)
inhibited by the Carbendazim (0.1%)+Carboxin (0.1%) followed by
Carboxin (42.34%), Mancozeb (30.98%), Carbendazim (23.49%) and the
lowest inhibition of the pathogens radial growth was showed by the Neem
extract (23.43%).
Fungicides Tolerance in Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescensBhavinPansuriya1
The document discusses a seminar on fungicide tolerance in Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens. It provides an introduction to biocontrol agents and their drawbacks. Case studies are presented evaluating the effect of various fungicides on the growth of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas in vitro. The studies found that some fungicides like mancozeb, copper oxychloride and metalaxyl were compatible with the biocontrol agents even at high concentrations, whereas others like carbendazim and thiophanate methyl strongly inhibited their growth. The conclusion is that integrating compatible biocontrol agents and fungicides can provide effective disease management while reducing pesticide usage and resistance development in pathogens.
The Production of Triploid Clariobranchus in Indoor HatcheryIOSR Journals
This study evaluated the interactive effects of rhizobium and virus inocula on three cowpea cultivars. The cultivars were inoculated with two rhizobium strains (R25B and IRj2180A) and two virus strains (CABMV and CYMV) at two different times. Viral inoculation significantly reduced nodulation, biomass production, and grain yields across all cultivars. Maximum reductions occurred without rhizobium inoculation. Early inoculation had a greater effect than late inoculation. The interaction of rhizobium and virus strains showed that viral severity was not reduced by rhizobium presence. Cultivar IT90K-277-2 performed best
CHARACTERIZATION OF STREPTOMYCES SCABIES ISOLATESijabjournal
Potato, (Solanum tuberosum L,) have various biotic constraints in its production due to pest attack. Among these, common scab caused by streptomyces scabies in an important disease in potato which causes economic loss with respect to plant yield and quality of tubers. The present study was conducted to determine the pathogenicity, pathogenic variation, characterization of morphological, physiological and
biochemical aspects of Streptomyces specie associated with potato tubers grown in Rawalpindi district.Severity data and pathogenic variation of disease was studied by using different isolation and characterization techniques. Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces spp. From potato tubers will
guide the researchers about the causative strains of common scab of potato present in the particular area.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
Prevalence, occurrence and biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas campes...INNS PUBNET
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria the causal organism of bacterial spot in tomato results in heavy losses both in the form of quality and. In this study a survey was carried out to report the incidence of bacterial spot disease of tomato in district Swat. We reported maximum disease incidence in tehsil Kabal (71.66%), followed by Charbagh (61.66%) and Barikot (58.33%). For resistant screening a total of 13 tomato germplasms were screened against the disease. The foliar severity ranged from 3.33% to 73.33%, while severity for fruits was ranged from 18.33% to 30.66%. In case of phenotypic data the highest numbers of fruits obtained were 34, plant height 79.5cm and fruit weight was 470 grams/ten tomatoes. While the lowest average numbers of fruits were 6.67, plant height 45.7cm and fruit weight recorded was 215.67 grams/ten tomatoes. Line 1288 showed highest level of resistance followed by Red-stone. However, line 9708 showed highest susceptibility when exposed to artificial inoculation. Our study showed that bacterial spot is a major issue in some part of Pakistan and germplasm screening are linked to increased host resistance and could offer an important contribution to future integrated bacterial spot management programs.
Pseudomonas fluorescens as plant growth promoting Rhizo- Bacteria and biologi...Innspub Net
The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to control disastrous diseases in many crops has been considered important recently. The research was conducted to evaluate several bacterial strains to control white rust in chrysanthemum. The research consisted of two chronological experiments, in vitro and in vivo testing of bacterial isolate against the disease. 16 bacteria isolates were collected, purified and applied on the rust-infected leaf. Three isolates showed more effective in suppressing white rust during in vitro testing and further identification confirmed these strains, Pf Kr 2, Pf Smd 2 and Pf Ktl were grouped into P. flourescens. In vivo testing of the Pf isolates also revealed consistent performances of these three Pf isolates in retarding the growth of fungal Puccinia horiana and even more effective than Azotobacter sp. and Azospirilium sp. The production of ethylene on the leaf was coincidence with the slower development and lower disease intensity on the treated plants. Among the three strains, Pf Kr 2 showed stronger suppression to the disease. Further investigations are needed to further elucidate the existence of specific interrelation between Pf strains and plant genotypes or cultivars. Prior to a selection of good bacterial inoculants, it is recommended to select cultivars that benefit from association with these bacteria. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/pseudomonas-fluorescens-as-plant-growth-promoting-rhizo-bacteria-and-biological-control-agents-for-white-rust-disease-in-chrysanthemum/
Applications Of Radioisotopes In AgricultureDaniel Wachtel
This document discusses the various applications of radioisotopes in agriculture. It describes how radioisotopes are used to study plant nutrition and fertilizer uptake, manage insect pests through techniques like sterile insect technique, and improve crops through induced mutation. Radioisotopes are also used to process and preserve foods, extending shelf life and reducing post-harvest losses. International organizations like IAEA and FAO support research on using nuclear techniques to boost agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner.
Aflatoxin Biocontrol Plays an Important Role in One-Health titilayofalade
This document discusses how aflatoxin biocontrol plays an important role in achieving One Health. It summarizes that aflatoxins from crops negatively impact human, animal, and environmental health, increasing risks of liver cancer and diseases. The use of Aflasafe, which employs atoxigenic Aspergillus strains, can protect crops from aflatoxin contamination pre-harvest. This improves the health of people and animals through reduced dietary exposure to aflatoxins. Aflasafe also benefits environmental health by supporting a balanced population of non-toxigenic microbes in the environment. Its use presents a nature-based solution to achieving One Health by linking improved plant, human, and animal well-
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Cochlospermum...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of
Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms.
The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited
antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts
exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31
and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13
mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The
phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and
sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This
indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The
antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.
The present study was undertaken to investigate
microbiological quality of ready-to-eat street vended aloo-tikki
sold in Allahabad, city of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 36
samples were collected from 12 major areas which represented
whole city. All samples were collected from the vendors in
sterilized polythene bags and analyzed within an hour of
procurement. Bacterial pathogens were identified by standard
bacteriological techniques. Microbiological enumeration of ready
to eat street-vended aloo-tikki, revealed a standard plate count
ranging from 103.4-247.3×10-4 cfu/gm, and yeast and mould
ranging between 89-168.2×10-4 cfu/gm. The presumptive coliform
test was found to be 86.1% positive. Prominent bacterial
pathogens isolated were Styphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Bacillus sp., and Salmonella sp. The presence of such
microorganisms indicates poor handling practices, cross
contamination and aerial contamination which becomes reason
and sometimes important source of food borne illness to humans.
Management of potato virus Y (PVY) in potato by some biocontrol agents under ...Open Access Research Paper
The study was conducted to test the activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhodotorula sp and fermented neem extract to protect potato plants against potato virusY disease development under field conditions. Infected potato tubers were soaked in P. fluorescens, Rhodotorula sp suspensions and in fermented neem extracts separately and sown in the field in completely randomized block design. The development of virus symptoms and the accumulation of virus in the plant based on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were followed. The results obtained showed that the treatment of potato tubers with the three agents have significantly accelerated plant emergence, 5-6 days early than non treated ones, and improved plant growth, the plant dry weights ranged from 120-177 g/plant compared to 42 g/plant in non treated plants. The enhancement of plant growth was found associated with reduction in disease severity based on symptoms development and restriction of virus concentration as proved by ELISA absorbance of 405 nm, 0.14-0.23 compared with 2.50 in non treated plants. The results indicated that the use of bioagent to induce systemic resistance provide an efficient tool, as insecticide alternative to manage potato virus Y in potato. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/management-of-potato-virus-y-pvy-in-potato-by-some-biocontrol-agents-under-field-conditions/
Genetic Diversity Studies in Rice for Bacterial Leaf Blight Resistanceijtsrd
Bacterial blight (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae PV. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the most destructive diseases active in the major rice growing countries of Asia. In field level screening, the genotypes PY5 and Kadaikannan showed immune against rice BLB. Under artificial condition, IR 11C 114, Adukan and Kadaikannan shows resistant to bacterial leaf blight. The trait single plant yield showed positive significant correlation with plant height (0.21), number of productive tillers (0.19) and thousand grain weight (0.37). G. Tamilarasan | M. Arumugam Pillai | R. Kannan | S. Merina Prem Kumari"Genetic Diversity Studies in Rice for Bacterial Leaf Blight Resistance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15915.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/pathology/15915/genetic-diversity-studies-in-rice-for-bacterial-leaf-blight-resistance/g--tamilarasan
1) Bacterial diseases cause serious problems for farmers in Nigeria, affecting many important crops. Biological control is a promising alternative to chemicals as it is environmentally friendly.
2) Research has identified some bacteria and fungi that can suppress plant pathogens, but biological control of bacterial diseases has not been successfully implemented in Nigeria due to lack of funding.
3) Overcoming problems like diverse environmental conditions and gaining farmer acceptance will require more research on local pathogens and extension of biological control knowledge. If developed properly, biological control offers a sustainable way to increase food production in Nigeria.
This document discusses bio-rational approaches for managing insect pests of cotton. It defines bio-rational pesticides as those derived from natural sources that pose minimal risk to the environment and non-target organisms. The document outlines various bio-rational approaches including semiochemicals, microbial agents, growth regulators, and botanical extracts. It provides case studies on using Bacillus thuringiensis, entomopathogenic fungi, insect growth regulators, and botanicals like neem for managing major cotton insect pests such as whitefly, jassids, and bollworms. The document also discusses limitations of bio-rational approaches like high development costs and need for widespread application of some methods.
Isolation and Screening of Soil Actinomycetes for Antimicrobial Activity OlakunleAjibola
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens has greatly increased of late and now pose a serious public health problem globally. New antimicrobials are continuously needed to inhibit the growth of these resistant strains.
The aim of this study was to isolate and screen soil actinomycetes and evaluate their secondary metabolites for antimicrobial activities against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the nematicidal efficacy of a biocontrol agent, Pseudomonas flourescens for the management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyneincognita on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv.‘Avarodhi’ under glasshouse conditions. All the treatments were found to significantly improve the growth and physiological parameters of chickpea and reduction in pathological parameters as compare to untreated inoculated control. The highest improvement was observed in those plants treated with P. flourescens alone. Concomitant and sequential inoculation of P. flourescens with M.incognita also showed significant improvement in growth parameters of chickpea. Least enhancement in growth parameters was observed in those plants inoculated with nematode alone. It may be due to the nematcidal behaviour of P. flourescens against root-knot nematode, M. incognita. Hence, it may be concluded that P. flourescens as biocontrol agent is better substitute against chemical nematicides for the sustainable management of M. incognita and reduce environmental hazards.
Water sources and management practices among the household residents of Baran...Open Access Research Paper
The purpose of this study is to determine the water sources and management practices among the household residents of Barangay Labuyo, Tangub City, Misamis Occidental. A total of 204 household respondents were randomly interviewed using a survey questionnaire. Data on water management practices were measured using a 5-point Likert scale. One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation were further used to determine the differences and relationships between demographic profiles and management practices. Results show that pipe water supply from the main source (68%) was the primary water source used among household residents. In terms of sex, females often practice water management on the water sources with a weighted mean of 3.42. While respondents with age 68 years and older exhibit a higher degree (weighted mean=3.63) of involvement in water conservation measures. And respondents with college degree have applied their in-depth comprehension and knowledge on water conservation with a weighted mean of 3.48. The study also revealed a significant difference in the management practices between two sexes, among all ages and levels of educational attainment with p values <0.05. The association between demographic profiles with management practices further presents a significant relationship. Generally, the demographic profile (sex, age, and educational attainment) has a weak positive relationship towards management practices with values, r = 0.26, p = 0.00021; r = 0.34, p = <0.05; and r = 0.26, p = 0.00014, respectively. Thus, results suggest the need for enhancing community awareness on sustainable water source management and putting it into practice consequently reducing inadequacy of water supply in the area.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
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This document evaluates the bioefficacy of three Trichoderma species (T. viride, T. virens, T. harzianum) against Fusarium udum, the pathogen that causes pigeonpea wilt. In vitro experiments found that all three Trichoderma species can parasitize the growth of F. udum, with T. viride showing the fastest rate at 61.12% growth inhibition over 96 hours. Volatile compounds from T. viride inhibited the mycelial growth of F. udum by 43.13%. Non-volatile compounds/culture filtrates from T. virens completely inhibited mycelial growth of F. udum at a 15
The present study aims to (I) evaluate the antiviral activity of eugenol oil nanoemulsion (EON) on eliminate Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) from naturally infected banana plants and produce virus-free banana plants, (II) identify fungal contaminants of in vitro banana cultures and (III) evaluate the potential of EON on the suppression of the identified microbial contaminants and reduce of their occurrence frequency.
Evaluation of fungicide and botanicals against major seed borne pathogen of c...Dr. Mahesh Ghuge
The present study revealed that the growth of R. bataticola was effectively
inhibited (100%) by all the fungicides viz., Carbendazim (0.2%), Carboxin
(0.2%), Mancozeb (0.2%), Carbendazim (0.1%) + Carboxin (0.1%) except
inhibition (23.28%) by Neem extract 5%. Similar trend was observed in
pathogens viz., F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, Penicillium spp. and A. niger.
The completely growth (100%) was inhibited by fungicides Carbendazim
(0.2%), Carboxin (0.2%), Carbendazim (0.1%) + Carboxin (0.1%) followed
by Mancozeb (77.49, 75.60 and 74.52 %). Whereas Neem extract was
resulted in poor inhibition of the pathogens (74.56, 48.41 and 43.97%). The
seed-borne pathogens Rhizopus spp. was effectively completely (100%)
inhibited by the Carbendazim (0.1%)+Carboxin (0.1%) followed by
Carboxin (42.34%), Mancozeb (30.98%), Carbendazim (23.49%) and the
lowest inhibition of the pathogens radial growth was showed by the Neem
extract (23.43%).
Fungicides Tolerance in Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescensBhavinPansuriya1
The document discusses a seminar on fungicide tolerance in Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens. It provides an introduction to biocontrol agents and their drawbacks. Case studies are presented evaluating the effect of various fungicides on the growth of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas in vitro. The studies found that some fungicides like mancozeb, copper oxychloride and metalaxyl were compatible with the biocontrol agents even at high concentrations, whereas others like carbendazim and thiophanate methyl strongly inhibited their growth. The conclusion is that integrating compatible biocontrol agents and fungicides can provide effective disease management while reducing pesticide usage and resistance development in pathogens.
The Production of Triploid Clariobranchus in Indoor HatcheryIOSR Journals
This study evaluated the interactive effects of rhizobium and virus inocula on three cowpea cultivars. The cultivars were inoculated with two rhizobium strains (R25B and IRj2180A) and two virus strains (CABMV and CYMV) at two different times. Viral inoculation significantly reduced nodulation, biomass production, and grain yields across all cultivars. Maximum reductions occurred without rhizobium inoculation. Early inoculation had a greater effect than late inoculation. The interaction of rhizobium and virus strains showed that viral severity was not reduced by rhizobium presence. Cultivar IT90K-277-2 performed best
CHARACTERIZATION OF STREPTOMYCES SCABIES ISOLATESijabjournal
Potato, (Solanum tuberosum L,) have various biotic constraints in its production due to pest attack. Among these, common scab caused by streptomyces scabies in an important disease in potato which causes economic loss with respect to plant yield and quality of tubers. The present study was conducted to determine the pathogenicity, pathogenic variation, characterization of morphological, physiological and
biochemical aspects of Streptomyces specie associated with potato tubers grown in Rawalpindi district.Severity data and pathogenic variation of disease was studied by using different isolation and characterization techniques. Isolation and characterization of Streptomyces spp. From potato tubers will
guide the researchers about the causative strains of common scab of potato present in the particular area.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) is one of the most problematic pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii, Allium sativum and Solanum incanum in controlling Brevicoryne brassicae in Brassica napus production. The trial was laid in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five treatments used in the experiment were T. vogelii, A. sativum, S. incanum, dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for 24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that T. vogelii, S. incanum and A. sativum aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal effects on aphid in rape production.
Article Citation:
Shepherd Mudzingwa, Simbarashe Muzemu and James Chitamba.
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Allium sativum L. and Solanum incanum L. in controlling aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) in rape (Brassica napus L.)
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 157-163.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0040.pdf
Pesticidal efficacy of crude aqueous extracts of Tephrosia vogelii L., Alli...researchagriculture
Cabbage aphid (
Brevicoryne brassicae
L.) is one of the most problematic
pests in smallholder vegetable production, causing significant yield losses in heavy
infestations. Current control strategy focuses on use of synthetic pesticides that
consequently lead to decimation of natural enemies, development of insect
resistance and resurgence and upset biodiversity. Botanical pesticides have been used
widely in smallholder farmers but not much documented literature exists on efficacy
of these products. A field trial was done to assess the efficacy of crude aqueous
extracts of
Tephrosia vogelii
,
Allium sativum
and
Solanum incanum
in controlling
Brevicoryne brassicae
in
Brassica napus
production. The trial was laid in a randomized
complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments replicated four times. The five
treatments used in the experiment were
T
.
vogelii
,
A
.
sativum
,
S
.
incanum
,
dimethoate and control. Wingless adult female aphids were inoculated three weeks
after transplanting of seedlings. Spraying and data collection were done weekly for
four weeks. Data was collected on aphid nymph and adult counts on the third leaf
from the aerial plant part of randomly selected plants from each treatment for
24 hours after the application of treatments and total plant fresh weight per each
treatment. There were significant differences (p<0.05)><0.05) on the yield of rape. It was concluded that
T. vogelii
,
S
.
incanum
and
A
.
sativum
aqueous crude extracts have some pesticidal
effects on aphid in rape
production.
Prevalence, occurrence and biochemical characterization of Xanthomonas campes...INNS PUBNET
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria the causal organism of bacterial spot in tomato results in heavy losses both in the form of quality and. In this study a survey was carried out to report the incidence of bacterial spot disease of tomato in district Swat. We reported maximum disease incidence in tehsil Kabal (71.66%), followed by Charbagh (61.66%) and Barikot (58.33%). For resistant screening a total of 13 tomato germplasms were screened against the disease. The foliar severity ranged from 3.33% to 73.33%, while severity for fruits was ranged from 18.33% to 30.66%. In case of phenotypic data the highest numbers of fruits obtained were 34, plant height 79.5cm and fruit weight was 470 grams/ten tomatoes. While the lowest average numbers of fruits were 6.67, plant height 45.7cm and fruit weight recorded was 215.67 grams/ten tomatoes. Line 1288 showed highest level of resistance followed by Red-stone. However, line 9708 showed highest susceptibility when exposed to artificial inoculation. Our study showed that bacterial spot is a major issue in some part of Pakistan and germplasm screening are linked to increased host resistance and could offer an important contribution to future integrated bacterial spot management programs.
Pseudomonas fluorescens as plant growth promoting Rhizo- Bacteria and biologi...Innspub Net
The use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) to control disastrous diseases in many crops has been considered important recently. The research was conducted to evaluate several bacterial strains to control white rust in chrysanthemum. The research consisted of two chronological experiments, in vitro and in vivo testing of bacterial isolate against the disease. 16 bacteria isolates were collected, purified and applied on the rust-infected leaf. Three isolates showed more effective in suppressing white rust during in vitro testing and further identification confirmed these strains, Pf Kr 2, Pf Smd 2 and Pf Ktl were grouped into P. flourescens. In vivo testing of the Pf isolates also revealed consistent performances of these three Pf isolates in retarding the growth of fungal Puccinia horiana and even more effective than Azotobacter sp. and Azospirilium sp. The production of ethylene on the leaf was coincidence with the slower development and lower disease intensity on the treated plants. Among the three strains, Pf Kr 2 showed stronger suppression to the disease. Further investigations are needed to further elucidate the existence of specific interrelation between Pf strains and plant genotypes or cultivars. Prior to a selection of good bacterial inoculants, it is recommended to select cultivars that benefit from association with these bacteria. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/pseudomonas-fluorescens-as-plant-growth-promoting-rhizo-bacteria-and-biological-control-agents-for-white-rust-disease-in-chrysanthemum/
Applications Of Radioisotopes In AgricultureDaniel Wachtel
This document discusses the various applications of radioisotopes in agriculture. It describes how radioisotopes are used to study plant nutrition and fertilizer uptake, manage insect pests through techniques like sterile insect technique, and improve crops through induced mutation. Radioisotopes are also used to process and preserve foods, extending shelf life and reducing post-harvest losses. International organizations like IAEA and FAO support research on using nuclear techniques to boost agricultural productivity in a sustainable manner.
Aflatoxin Biocontrol Plays an Important Role in One-Health titilayofalade
This document discusses how aflatoxin biocontrol plays an important role in achieving One Health. It summarizes that aflatoxins from crops negatively impact human, animal, and environmental health, increasing risks of liver cancer and diseases. The use of Aflasafe, which employs atoxigenic Aspergillus strains, can protect crops from aflatoxin contamination pre-harvest. This improves the health of people and animals through reduced dietary exposure to aflatoxins. Aflasafe also benefits environmental health by supporting a balanced population of non-toxigenic microbes in the environment. Its use presents a nature-based solution to achieving One Health by linking improved plant, human, and animal well-
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Cochlospermum...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of
Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms.
The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited
antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts
exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31
and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13
mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The
phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and
sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This
indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The
antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.
The present study was undertaken to investigate
microbiological quality of ready-to-eat street vended aloo-tikki
sold in Allahabad, city of Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 36
samples were collected from 12 major areas which represented
whole city. All samples were collected from the vendors in
sterilized polythene bags and analyzed within an hour of
procurement. Bacterial pathogens were identified by standard
bacteriological techniques. Microbiological enumeration of ready
to eat street-vended aloo-tikki, revealed a standard plate count
ranging from 103.4-247.3×10-4 cfu/gm, and yeast and mould
ranging between 89-168.2×10-4 cfu/gm. The presumptive coliform
test was found to be 86.1% positive. Prominent bacterial
pathogens isolated were Styphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Bacillus sp., and Salmonella sp. The presence of such
microorganisms indicates poor handling practices, cross
contamination and aerial contamination which becomes reason
and sometimes important source of food borne illness to humans.
Management of potato virus Y (PVY) in potato by some biocontrol agents under ...Open Access Research Paper
The study was conducted to test the activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhodotorula sp and fermented neem extract to protect potato plants against potato virusY disease development under field conditions. Infected potato tubers were soaked in P. fluorescens, Rhodotorula sp suspensions and in fermented neem extracts separately and sown in the field in completely randomized block design. The development of virus symptoms and the accumulation of virus in the plant based on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were followed. The results obtained showed that the treatment of potato tubers with the three agents have significantly accelerated plant emergence, 5-6 days early than non treated ones, and improved plant growth, the plant dry weights ranged from 120-177 g/plant compared to 42 g/plant in non treated plants. The enhancement of plant growth was found associated with reduction in disease severity based on symptoms development and restriction of virus concentration as proved by ELISA absorbance of 405 nm, 0.14-0.23 compared with 2.50 in non treated plants. The results indicated that the use of bioagent to induce systemic resistance provide an efficient tool, as insecticide alternative to manage potato virus Y in potato. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/management-of-potato-virus-y-pvy-in-potato-by-some-biocontrol-agents-under-field-conditions/
Genetic Diversity Studies in Rice for Bacterial Leaf Blight Resistanceijtsrd
Bacterial blight (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae PV. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the most destructive diseases active in the major rice growing countries of Asia. In field level screening, the genotypes PY5 and Kadaikannan showed immune against rice BLB. Under artificial condition, IR 11C 114, Adukan and Kadaikannan shows resistant to bacterial leaf blight. The trait single plant yield showed positive significant correlation with plant height (0.21), number of productive tillers (0.19) and thousand grain weight (0.37). G. Tamilarasan | M. Arumugam Pillai | R. Kannan | S. Merina Prem Kumari"Genetic Diversity Studies in Rice for Bacterial Leaf Blight Resistance" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd15915.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/pathology/15915/genetic-diversity-studies-in-rice-for-bacterial-leaf-blight-resistance/g--tamilarasan
1) Bacterial diseases cause serious problems for farmers in Nigeria, affecting many important crops. Biological control is a promising alternative to chemicals as it is environmentally friendly.
2) Research has identified some bacteria and fungi that can suppress plant pathogens, but biological control of bacterial diseases has not been successfully implemented in Nigeria due to lack of funding.
3) Overcoming problems like diverse environmental conditions and gaining farmer acceptance will require more research on local pathogens and extension of biological control knowledge. If developed properly, biological control offers a sustainable way to increase food production in Nigeria.
This document discusses bio-rational approaches for managing insect pests of cotton. It defines bio-rational pesticides as those derived from natural sources that pose minimal risk to the environment and non-target organisms. The document outlines various bio-rational approaches including semiochemicals, microbial agents, growth regulators, and botanical extracts. It provides case studies on using Bacillus thuringiensis, entomopathogenic fungi, insect growth regulators, and botanicals like neem for managing major cotton insect pests such as whitefly, jassids, and bollworms. The document also discusses limitations of bio-rational approaches like high development costs and need for widespread application of some methods.
Isolation and Screening of Soil Actinomycetes for Antimicrobial Activity OlakunleAjibola
Antimicrobial resistance in pathogens has greatly increased of late and now pose a serious public health problem globally. New antimicrobials are continuously needed to inhibit the growth of these resistant strains.
The aim of this study was to isolate and screen soil actinomycetes and evaluate their secondary metabolites for antimicrobial activities against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the nematicidal efficacy of a biocontrol agent, Pseudomonas flourescens for the management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyneincognita on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv.‘Avarodhi’ under glasshouse conditions. All the treatments were found to significantly improve the growth and physiological parameters of chickpea and reduction in pathological parameters as compare to untreated inoculated control. The highest improvement was observed in those plants treated with P. flourescens alone. Concomitant and sequential inoculation of P. flourescens with M.incognita also showed significant improvement in growth parameters of chickpea. Least enhancement in growth parameters was observed in those plants inoculated with nematode alone. It may be due to the nematcidal behaviour of P. flourescens against root-knot nematode, M. incognita. Hence, it may be concluded that P. flourescens as biocontrol agent is better substitute against chemical nematicides for the sustainable management of M. incognita and reduce environmental hazards.
Similar a Determination of antibacterial activity of various broad spectrum antibiotics against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, a cause of bacterial leaf blight of rice (20)
Water sources and management practices among the household residents of Baran...Open Access Research Paper
The purpose of this study is to determine the water sources and management practices among the household residents of Barangay Labuyo, Tangub City, Misamis Occidental. A total of 204 household respondents were randomly interviewed using a survey questionnaire. Data on water management practices were measured using a 5-point Likert scale. One-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation were further used to determine the differences and relationships between demographic profiles and management practices. Results show that pipe water supply from the main source (68%) was the primary water source used among household residents. In terms of sex, females often practice water management on the water sources with a weighted mean of 3.42. While respondents with age 68 years and older exhibit a higher degree (weighted mean=3.63) of involvement in water conservation measures. And respondents with college degree have applied their in-depth comprehension and knowledge on water conservation with a weighted mean of 3.48. The study also revealed a significant difference in the management practices between two sexes, among all ages and levels of educational attainment with p values <0.05. The association between demographic profiles with management practices further presents a significant relationship. Generally, the demographic profile (sex, age, and educational attainment) has a weak positive relationship towards management practices with values, r = 0.26, p = 0.00021; r = 0.34, p = <0.05; and r = 0.26, p = 0.00014, respectively. Thus, results suggest the need for enhancing community awareness on sustainable water source management and putting it into practice consequently reducing inadequacy of water supply in the area.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
Microbiological assessment of air quality of selected locations within Verita...Open Access Research Paper
The study investigated the microbiological quality of indoor and outdoor air of certain locations – the chapel, basement, classroom, hostel, as well as the old and new microbiology laboratories in Veritas University, Abuja. The settle plate technique using open Petri dishes containing different culture media was employed to collect samples daily for 5 weeks at 7 days intervals. Standard microbiological methods were employed for the identification of bacterial and fungal isolates. The bacterial counts ranged from 1.90×106 to 5.3×106 and 2.90 x 106 to 6.20 x 106 for indoor and outdoor air while the fungal counts ranged from 2.30 x106 to 3.70 x 106 and 2.10 x 106 to 4.40 x 106 also for indoor and outdoor air respectively. The bacterial isolates were identified to include Bacillus species and Staphylococcus aureus with percentage occurrence of 44.0% and 56.0% respectively. The results obtained also showed the occurrence of three major fungal species namely Aspergillus sp (60.0%), Rhodotolura sp (5.0%), and Rhizopus sp (35.00%). The bacterial isolate, Staphylococcus aureus (56.0%) was shown to be the most predominant airborne bacteria while Aspergillus sp (60.0%) was the most frequently isolated fungal species. The 95% confidence level statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the indoor and outdoor air microbial load of the selected locations. Data generated underline the usefulness of monitoring the air quality of the selected locations because the contamination of indoor and outdoor habitats can cause health problems and even an increase in human mortality.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Effects of Covid-19 pandemic on commodity price volatility and the welfare of...Open Access Research Paper
The evolving uncertainty of the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic has adversely impacted some commodity prices, the welfare of farming households, and the economic growth and development of the country. The study is aimed at assessing the effects of Covid -19 pandemic on commodity price volatility and the welfare of farming households in Nigeria. The study was based on secondary data from (2010- 2022, and forecasts from 2023 -2026), collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria publication, IMF World economic outlook, and the World Bank report. Time- response graph and Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) was used to analyze the trend of the inflation rate, and T-test statistics, were used to test the relationship between the real income of farming household before and during the pandemic. The result showed that prices of some commodities doubled after the pandemic. There is a significant difference between the real income of farming households before and during the pandemic. The study recommends that a price control mechanism should be put in place to manage the affordability of goods and services in the market because this has a direct effect on the growth and development of the country.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and...Open Access Research Paper
The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T3 treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T3 was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.
Yield response of aman rice to transplanting geometry and seedlings per hill ...Open Access Research Paper
In a condition of limited scope of horizontal yield expansion, rice yield can be increased by efficient utilization of land through proper transplanting arrangement with maximum number of plant population unit-1 area. Thus, the present experiment was conducted in the farmer’s field at Batiaghata upazila of Khulna district, Bangladesh during T. aman season (Jul-Nov) to evaluate the effect of transplanting geometry and number of seedlings hill-1 on growth and yield of aman rice (Binadhan-7, a short duration variety of its’ early harvest can create opportunity to cultivate winter crops in this region). The experiment had four types of transplanting geometry (single row rectangular system, single row triangular system, double row rectangular system and double row triangular system) and three levels of seedling hill-1 (3, 4 and 5 seedlings) with three replications. The results showed that individually transplanting geometry or number of seedlings hill-1 had substantial influence on yield attributes and yield but their interaction effect had non-significant influence on almost all measured parameters except number of tillers and effective tillers hill-1. The maximum grain yield (5.6 t ha-1) was achieved from double row triangular system yet the highest plant height, effective tillers hill-1, grain panicle-1, 1000 grain weight and straw yield were obtained from single row triangular system. In case of seeding hill-1, 3 seedlings hill-1 produced the highest grain yield (5.33 t ha-1) plant height, effective tillers hill-1, grain panicle-1, 1000 grain weight and straw yield. It can be concluded that double row transplanting geometry with 3 seedlings hill-1 can utilize the land efficiently for grain yield and be recommended for cultivation of Binadhan-7 in the coastal region of south-western Bangladesh.
Evaluation of lead and arsenic content of Azardirachta indica seed oil and Ci...Open Access Research Paper
There is an increase preference for plant-based repellents due to their effectiveness, environmentally friendliness and biodegradable nature. It is therefore necessary to ascertain the safety of these repellents by analysing their heavy metal content. This study has shown that lead and arsenic content of Azadirachta indica seed oil cream and Citrus sinensis peel oil cream as mosquito repellent is insignificant and therefore very safe for use according to the Ghana Standard Authority specification. These results provide new insight into the safety of these natural mosquito repellents.
Determination of hydroxy methyl furfural concentration in honey using ultra v...Open Access Research Paper
This paper aimed to determine the concentration of hydroxyl methyl furfural (HMF) using UV-visible spectroscopy to assess the quality of honey. The honey samples were collected from three honeys productive temperature zones: temperate, sub-tropical and tropical. Following the procedure of white method, the concentration of HMF of temperate, sub-tropical and tropical zone honey are found to be 11.18 ± 0.052mg/kg, 24.95± 0.119mg/kg, and 56.94±0.366mg/kg respectively. There is statistically significance differences between the groups in HMF concentration at 95% confidence level (p<0.05). All the samples are found to have HMF value less than the maximum concentration of HMF in honey set by standard controlling international organizations, which shows good quality of the honey in the study areas.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
High histological grade breast cancer morphological evaluation on mammogram u...Open Access Research Paper
To evaluate the high-grade breast cancer morphological complexity on mammogram. We conducted a retrospective study using an open source data got from figshare repository. These anonymized data were collected and used for a study approved by the institutional review board. Cranio-Caudal and Medio-lateral mammograms and their tumor segmented images from 66 patients subdivided in two groups high histological grade (n=23) low-grade (low and intermediate, n=41). From breast cancer image segmentation, we extracted fractal dimension using Fraclac, plugin of ImageJ software based on box-counting method. For our analysis we used comparatively the fractal dimension from cranio-caudal (CC) and medio-lateral (MLO) images. We summarized the fractal dimension of our cohort using boxplot and performed the Wilcoxon non-parametric statistic for fractal dimension comparison of two groups (High-grade and low-grade). There was not difference between CC (mean ± std= 1.1583±0.067) andmLO (mean ± std =1.1551±0.055) breast cancer fractal dimension. For the high-grade differentiation, CC andmLO images fractal dimension were contributed respectively at a little difference but without statistically difference (P value=0.438 and 0.435). High-grade fractal dimensions mean were respectively 1.142±0.044 and 1.144±0.075 for CC andmLO images against 1.166±0.050 and 1.160±0.057 for low-grade. It had been recorded a lower mean value of fractal dimension for high-grade breast cancer without statistically significant. This finding shows that the high-grade breast cancer tends to have a regular shape.
Characterization of inflammatory syndrome in smokers, from C-Reactive protein...Open Access Research Paper
A local inflammatory syndrome is characterized by a classic semiological tetrad: pain, swelling, redness and heat. These signs are easily observed when the inflammation concerns the skin or an adjacent tissue. Throughout this study, the aim was to characterize chronic inflammation in smokers using two parameters, rate of erythrocytes sedimentation (RES) and C – reactive protein (CRP). Our study was done on a sample of 35 smoking subjects, composed of men and women. The CRP measurement o was carried out using a CRP-Latex agglutination test which detects only serum CRP levels around 6mg/L. The technique used for the RES measurement is that of Westergreen. From the results, we observed that 31% of our sample presented a positive CRP and a high RES against 40% having regular CRP and RES. The gender of the subject did not play a role in the results obtained. On the other hand, a significant difference (p = 0.031) in CRP was observed between subjects with normal RES and those with high RES. Therefore, these results make it difficult to confirm that RES and CRP can be used as reliable markers for the characterization of inflammation linked to smoking.
Prevalence of diarrhea among severely malnourished children admitted in Gover...Open Access Research Paper
Mortality rate of children under the age of five has reduced worldwide, but still the probability of a child dying before the age of five is greatest in underdeveloped countries. Pakistan reports child mortality rates in same bracket as other South Asian countries due to malnutrition and diarrhea. To determine the prevalence and factors associated in children less than five years of age a cross sectional study was conducted with mothers whose children were admitted in pediatric government Hospital, Lahore. A convenient sample of 101 children (6-59 months, 53 males and 48 females) suffering from malnutrition and diarrhea were selected from hospital. Data about socio demographic, anthropometric, clinical and dietary variables were collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 16. The results showed that mean age of patients was 19.36 ± 10.5 months. The illiteracy rate among mother and father of patients was 94.1% and 69.3% respectively. 94.1% of the patients were breastfed while 47.5% of the patients were on bottle feed with breast milk. 66.3% patients families has very low-income rate while 33.7% were satisfactory. 40.6% patients were not vaccinated against immunization. Out of 101 patients, 39.6% of the patients had diarrhea while 6.9% of the patients had chronic diarrhea. The prevalence rate of diarrhea (39%) was less among children who were younger than 18 months as compared to those who were above 18 months (40.5%). The most significant factors that caused the incidence of diarrhea in children was form of water storage system, complementary feeding practices, and hand wash cleaning materials. This study concluded that government, nongovernmental organizations and families living with children and mothers could cooperate on strategies to minimize the risks of the diarrhea among children less than five years of age.
Accuracy of cervico vaginal fetal fibronectin test in predicting risk of spon...Open Access Research Paper
Preterm delivery is the leading cause of neonatal mortality. One of the best predictors to assess the risk of preterm labour (PTB) is by measuring fetal fibronectin (fFN) in cervico vaginal secretion after 26 weeks of pregnancy. The aim is to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of qualitative cervico vaginal fFN in symptomatic women and asymptomatic high risk women during antenatal care. Prospective study which was conducted in Basrah Maternity and Child Hospital. It included 106 pregnant women at gestational age more than 26 weeks who had uterine contraction with or without pervious risk factors for PTB. Cervico vaginal fluid sampling was undertaken from all women included in the study after the age of 26 weeks of gestation and qualitative fFN assessment was done with 50ng/ml is the cut off point for positivity. As regard qualitative fFN assessment for predicting of PTB sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, were 71%, 87%, 40.50%, 94% respectively in symptomatic women. While in asymptomatic women with previous high risk had 26% sensitivity, 84% specificity, 32% PPV, and 87% NPV. Qualitative assessment of fFN in cervico vaginal fluid is good predictive marker in detecting of PTB.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
According to WHO, Drug utilization research is defined as ‘the marketing, distribution, recommendation and utilize of drugs in a society, with particular focus on the resulting medical, social and economic results. In many developed countries, a number of studies about utilization of drug have been conducted, which indicates a wide proof of irrational drug use. The drug use indicators are considered as objective measures that can be extended to identify practices of medicines utilization in any health facility, country or an entire region. To check the drug utilize pattern in Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities of Bhakkar district Punjab Pakistan. Using WHO core drug use indicators, a prospective cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in health facilities of Bhakkar district. A total of 40 prescriptions were analyzed. The average age of patients visiting HC centers was 33.11 years (female 35.79; male 30.40). 3.65 was the average number of prescribed drugs. 27% was the percentage of encounters with at least one prescribed antibiotic whereas 35% was the percentage of encounters with at least one prescribed injection prescribed, which was low. 25% is the total percentage of drugs given using generic names was noticed. The average consultation and dispensing time of 40 prescriptions was 2.02 minutes and 42.52 seconds. The study demonstrates that trend toward irrational practice mainly on use of antibiotics and non-generic prescribing in most of health facilities studied. Patient care given by health facilities studied was inadequate and thus for encouragement of rational drug use practice, an effective intervention program is recommended.
Diabetes is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in different continents of the world. Many diabetes victims are found in developing countries like Sub-Saharan Africa. However, some developed nations like United States and Europe record significant records on diabetes prevalence. Studies project a dramatic increase of the infection spread in the world. Also, it provides visible results on the effects of the infection among the victims and the society at large. Studies of type 2 diabetes prevalence indicate minimal rates in rural population and moderate results in the developed regions of the same country. Such results create an alarm to the unaffected regions. The frequent observation of modestly high prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance in areas with low prevalence of diabetes indicate risk of early stage of diabetes epidemics.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic animals in District Ban...Open Access Research Paper
Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular zoonotic protozoan parasite, infect both humans and animals population worldwide. It can also cause abortion and inborn disease in humans and livestock population. In the present study total of 313 domestic animals were screened for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Of which 45 cows, 55 buffalos, 68 goats, 60 sheep and 85 shaver chicken were tested. Among these 40 (88.88%) cows were negative and 05 (11.12%) were positive. Similarly 55 (92.72%) buffalos were negative and 04 (07.28%) were positive. In goats 68 (98.52%) were negative and 01 (01.48%) was recorded positive. In sheep and shaver chicken the infection were not recorded.
Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus, and their nasa...Open Access Research Paper
The frequency of Staphylococcus aureus carriage among healthy food handlers at the students’ cafeteria at the Federal University of Technology, Owerri Nigeria was investigated. Nasal and throat swab samples were obtained from 54 food handlers, and analysed using standard microbiological methods. A total of 28 (51.9%) food handlers were positive for S. aureus. Twenty one of the food handlers (38.9%) harbor S. aureus in their nostrils, 11 (20.4%) in their throat, while 6(11.1%) harbor it in both their nostrils and throats. The exclusive colonization of the throat (20.4%) of the studied food handlers, demonstrated the importance of the throat as a site of colonization for S. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates shows that all the isolated S. aureus were susceptible to nitrofurantoin and cefuroxime, but resistant to penicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimazole. The isolates were also 25%, 28.6% and 35.7% susceptible to ampicillin, amoxycillin and erythromycin, respectively. This study has further shown the need for routine regular screening of food handlers for both nasal and throat carriage of S. aureus so as to detect early and treat carriers in order to protect the general public from staphylococcal food poisoning. The high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus isolated from the healthy food handlers is of great public health concern, as it shows a growing problem of antimicrobial resistance in the community. This study thus, recommends an urgent formulation of a national policy on antibiotics by the Nigerian government for regulation and management of antibiotics use.
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as t...vijaykumar292010
RoHS stands for Restriction of Hazardous Substances, which is also known as the Directive 2002/95/EC. It includes the restrictions for the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. RoHS is a WEEE (Waste of Electrical and Electronic Equipment).
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Determination of antibacterial activity of various broad spectrum antibiotics against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, a cause of bacterial leaf blight of rice
1. 12 Naqvi et al.
International Journal of Microbiology and Mycology | IJMM
pISSN: 2309-4796
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 12-19, 2014
Determination of antibacterial activity of various broad spectrum
antibiotics against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, a cause of bacterial
leaf blight of rice
Syed Atif Hasan Naqvi, Rashida Perveen, Ummad ud Din Umer, Owais Malik, Ateeq
ur Rehman, Sajid Wazeer, Taha Majid
Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and technology, Bahauddin Zakariya
University, Multan, Pakistan
Keywords Antibiotics, Bacterial leaf blight, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, Control
Publication date: July 07, 2014
Abstract
Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, is
arguably the most holistic pathosystem of rice throughout the worldwide due to its growing concern as
this disease is wide spread, devastating and its control measures are still not well understood. In vitro
evaluation of various broad spectrum antibiotics viz., streptomycin sulphate, kanamycin sulphate,
chloramphenicol, ampicilin trihydrate and benzylpenicillin, was carried out to determine the best
chemistry against the destructive pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae at different
concentrations. Inhibition zones appeared on petri plates for the growth of bacteria were very clear
around the paper disks. Chloramphenicol proved to be the most effective antibiotic to control the
bacterium as it suppressed the bacterial growth to greater extent and only the 6.25 mean bacterial
colonies were appeared in the petri plates, followed by the ampicillin trihydrate which showed to be the
second most effective antibiotic against the pathogen growth and retarded to 12.00 mean bacterial
colonies. The maximum diameter of inhibition zone (28.31 mm) was showed by the Chloramphenicol at
100 ppm followed by ampicillin trihydrate which gave proved to be second most effective antibiotic to
control the pathogen and gave maximum inhibition zone (25.02 mm) at 100 ppm concentration. All the
antibiotics showed significant results at higher concentrations. The study suggests that the
experiments in the field must be conducted to prove the effectiveness of these broad spectrum
antibiotics in the natural environmental conditions as there is a possibility of some variation in the field
results because of various factors which influence the chemical management of plant diseases in the
field.
* Corresponding Author: Syed Atif Hasan Naqvi atifhasanshah@hotmail.com
Open Access RESEARCH PAPER
RESEARCH ARTICLE
2. 13 Naqvi et al.
Introduction
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important
fruit crop and life for thousands of millions people
of the world and nearly half of the population of
world directly depends upon this staple food crop
for their daily requirements. Cultivation of rice is
one of principal practice for earnings of millions of
people throughout the world while Asia and Africa
are totally depend on rice crop as a big source for
earning foreign exchange and government
revenue. Pakistan is not among the top rice
producing or consuming countries of the world
yet it is fifth largest rice exporter in the world
(Anonymous, 2009a). Rice is the second largest
cereal food crop of Pakistan after the wheat
which is the staple food for the people of country.
In the export of agricultural food commodities,
rice comes second after cotton in Pakistan
(Anonymous, 2009b). Pakistan’s average yield
potential per unit area of rice is too below from
the world average production and very low from
many neighboring countries (Anonymous,
2009a).
The absence of potential resistance/ tolerance in
well known basmati cultivars against biotic
diseases which are cultivated mostly in Pakistan
is one of the important reasons for the low
production of crop (Khan et al., 2008). Rice crop
in Pakistan is vulnerable to many diseases, out of
those holistic diseases bacterial leaf blight of rice
generally called (BLB) caused by the gram
negative rod bacterium Xanthomonas
oryzae pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Swings et al.,
(1990) is one of the most important and
destructive disease of rice crop which is
widespread in Asia and throughout the world,
particularly this disease is reportedly present in
South East Asia, especially in Philippines, Japan,
India and Indonesia (Srivastava, 1972; Ahmed &
Singh, 1975; Reddy, 1989, Singh et al., 1987;
Ou, 1985;). Bacterial leaf blight of rice was first
time recorded in Pakistan in rice research
institute Kala Shah Kaku and the neighboring
farmer’s fields (Mew and Majid, 1977), and now it
is increasing day by day in Pakistan in the recent
years particularly in Kaller belt which is very
famous for the producing of high quality rice.
Surveys for disease severity in rice growing areas
of Punjab during 1997and 1998 showed the
presence of bacterial leaf blight of rice in the
northern areas of the country (Khan et al.,
2000a). Akhtar et al. (2007) reported that
bacterial leaf blight of rice is consistently present
in all the provinces of Pakistan and the maximum
incidence of disease was noticed in Punjab.
Khan et al., (2000b) described epidemics of
bacterial leaf blight of rice in some areas of
northern and central Punjab during 2006 and
2007. The only economical way out for the
control of disease is the use of highly resistant
varieties and the avoidance of monocropping
practices. Although the fungicides, pesticides,
nematicides and bactericides are no doubt among
the quickest solution for the sudden outbreaks of
diseases and insects pests and their use in the
field persuade the farmers for the quick and
noticeable actions (Sehgal et al., 2001).
Use of antibiotics and even the use of organic
compounds such as cow dung were successfully
evaluated for the control of bacterial leaf blight of
rice (Singh et al., 1980; Grainge et al., 1985;
Mariappan et al., 1990; Mary et al., 1986;
Sreekumar and Nasir, 1990). Although the use of
antibiotics is common for the control of bacterial
disease yet there is no truly effective bactericide
is available for the proper management tactics of
the disease and to avoid the epidemics of the
disease (Noda et al., 1996; Lee et al., 2003).
Keeping in view the above mentioned status of
bacterial leaf blight of rice control tactics, taking
into account the magnitude of disease and its
unbearable losses, the current study was
performed with the firm attitude to evaluate the
most efficient antibiotic commercially available
against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.
3. 14 Naqvi et al.
Materials and Methods
Study site
The study was carried out in Mycology and
Bacteriology laboratory of Department of Plant
Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and
Technology, Bahuddin Zakariya University,
Multan (30° 11′ 52″ N, 71° 28′ 11″ E, 410 ft
elevation above sea level) in January 2014.
Sample collection
Disease samples showing the characteristic
symptoms of the bacterial leaf blight disease of
rice were collected at the Agriculture
Experimental Fram, Bahauddin Zakariya
University, Multan in from the rice crop, kept in
plastic bags and were brought to the Laboratory
for further processing.
Pathogen isolation
Excised diseased tissues (0.5-1.0 cm) were
disinfected in 1.00 % sodium hypochlorite
solution, dried on blotting paper and positioned
into autoclaved petri plates lined with Nutrient
Agar (NA) (Bio Basic Inc.) at ± 30°C temperature
for 72 hr. The isolated bacterial culture was
purified again in nutrient broth for shorter period
of time.
In vitro evaluation of antibiotics
Bacterial suspension
Standard bacterial suspension was prepared by
using the serial dilution technique, taking a
loopful of inoculum in the into a flask containing
the distilled water which served as stock solution
and further dilutions were made by the serial
dilution and 105
cfu/ml dilution was used for this
experiment so that the bacterial colonies might
be counted easily and the inhibition zone could be
measured with greater accuracy.
Antibiotics and standard concentrations
In the current study five commonly available
antibiotics viz., Streptomycin sulphate,
Kanamycin sulphate, Chloramphenicol, Ampicillin
and Benzylpencillin were evaluated against the
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. A stock solution
in parts per million (ppm concentration) of each
antibiotic was made using (w/v, 1µg/ml) and
further four different concentrations viz., 25, 50,
75 and 100 ppm were made by using the stock
solution to examine the effectiveness of
antibiotics against the colonial growth and
inhibition zone of the pathogen.
Disk diffusion technique
Disk diffusion technique can be described as
when a filter paper disc impregnated with a
chemical is placed on agar and the chemical will
diffuse from the disc into the agar. This diffusion
will place the chemical in the agar only around
the disc. The solubility of the chemical and its
molecular size will determine the size of the area
of chemical infiltration around the disc. If an
organism is placed on the agar it will not grow in
the area around the disc if it is susceptible to the
chemical. This area of no growth around the disc
is known as a “zone of inhibition”.
Disk diffusion method by Beuer and Kirby (1985)
was used to determine the effectiveness of the
antibiotics against the Xanthomonas oryzae pv.
oryzae. Petri dishes containing only nutrient agar
with disks without any antibiotic served as
control. Sterilize disks were prepared by the use
of hand punch and impregnated on the nutrient
agar with the help of sterilized scalpel. 50 µl of
each antibiotic was immersed on the disk and
bacterial suspension was incorporated on the
nutrient agar with the sterilized cotton swab and
the petri plates were completely randomized at ±
28 ºC for 72 hrs. Data was collected for the zone
of inhibition measured and the number of
colonies of bacteria developed on the nutrient
agar.
Experimental Design
The laboratory experiment was performed in
controlled conditions with completely randomized
design (CRD) using the four replicates of each
treatment. The standard error was also calculated
4. 15 Naqvi et al.
to know the variation among the treated petri
plates.
Statistical analysis
Data regarding number of colonies of the bacteria
grown on the nutrient agar and diameter of the
inhibition zone was analyzed statistically by the
analysis of variance (ANOVA) and treatment
means were subjected to least significant
difference (LSD) test at (P ≤ 0.05) using SAS
(Statistical Analysis System, version 9.1).
Results
Bacterial colonies
Various broad spectrum bactericides with
different concentrations were evaluated under in
vitro conditions and the sensitivity of
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was observed,
no of colonies of bacteria and diameter of zone of
inhibition was recorded. Inhibition zones for the
growth of bacteria were appeared to be very
clear around the paper disks. Chloramphenicol
was found to be the most effective antibiotic
against the bacterium as it potentially reduced
the bacterial growth and only the 6.25 mean
bacterial colonies were appered followed by the
ampicillin trihydrate which showed to be the
second most effective antibiotic against the
pathogen growth and retarded to 12.00 mean
bacterial colonies. Streptomycin sulphate and
benzylpenicilin were statistically at par and
showed mean bacterial colonies to 15.25 and
15.75 respectively. Kanamycin sulphate was the
least effective antibiotic against the bacterial
growth and showed maximum number of colonies
of bacteria to be recovered (Table 1).
Table 1. Mean bacterial colonies grown in petri plates under the effect of disk diffusion technique
impregnated with different ppm concentration of antibiotics.
Colonies of bacteria (Number ± S.E*)
Concentartion
ppm*
Streptomycin
Sulphate
Kanamycin
Sulphate
Chloramphenicol
Ampicilin
trihydrate
Benzylpenicillin
25 15.25 ± 0.85 b 19.00 ± 0.91 b 6.25 ± 0.25 b 12.00 ± 0.41 b 15.75 ± 0.48 b
50 12.25 ± 0.25 c 17.00 ± 1.08 c 5.25 ± 0.25 c 8.50 ± 0.50 c 14.25 ± 0.48 c
75 6.50 ± 0.29 d 12.75 ± 0.63 d 0.00 ± 0.00 d 5.75 ± 0.63 d 10.00 ± 0.41d
100 2.00 ± 0.41 e 11.25 ± 0.25 d 0.00 ± 0.00 d 0.50 ± 0.29 e 8.50 ± 0.29 d
Control 48.25 ± 2.14 a 58.25 ± 2.75 a 48.50 ± 2.22 a 52.50 ± 1.26 a 54.50 ± 1.32 a
LSD* 2.51 2.21 2.01 1.97 1.11
Means followed by the same letter in each column are not statistically different (*P < 0.05)
LSD*= Least significant difference
S.E*= Standard error
ppm*= Parts per million
Effect of antibiotics on the diameter of inhibition
zone
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was efficiently
controlled by all the antibiotics with a varying
degree at different concentrations. The maximum
diameter of inhibition zone (28.31 mm) was
showed by the Chloramphenicol at 100 ppm
concentration while all other concentrations viz.,
75, 50 and 25 also gave best results with the
inhibition zone (19.84, 13.96, 8.82 mm)
respectively, with higher efficacy. The second
best sensitive antibiotic to bacteria was ampicillin
trihydrate which gave maximum inhibition zone
(25.02 mm) at 100 ppm concentration, followed
by the streptomycin sulphate with the average
inhibition zone of (24.99 mm) at 100 ppm
concentration. It was noticed that all the
antibiotics performed well at their maximum
doses and gave better inhibition of the pathogen.
Benzylpenicillin and Kanamycin sulphate did not
perform well at all the concentration and proved
to be the least effective antibiotics against the
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae with the least
(17.80, 13.50 mm) inhibition zones (Table 2).
5. 16 Naqvi et al.
Table 2. Effect of various antibiotics against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae with the average inhibition
zone on nutrient agar plates.
Diameter of zone of inhibition (mm ± S.E*)
Concentartion
ppm*
Streptomycin
Sulphate
Kanamycin
sulphate
Chloramphenicol
Ampicilin
trihydrate
Benzylpenicillin
25 7.93 ± 0.64 c 5.53 ± 0.48 c 11.82 ± 0.52 c 10.59 ± 0.56 c 5.84 ± 0.62 b
50 15.89 ± 0.69 b 9.64 ± 0.29 b 13.96 ± 1.14 c 12.78 ± 1.14 c 8.31 ± 0.30 b
75 18.60 ± 0.63 b 11.63 ± 0.35 a 19.84 ± 0.33 b 18.56 ± 0.81 b 10.27 ± 0.55 b
100 24.99 ± 0.90 a 13.50 ± 0.46 a 28.31 ± 0.72 a 25.02 ± 0.70 a 17.80 ± 0.29 a
Control 2.04 ± 0.26 e 2.01 ± 0.26 d 2.00 ± 0.00 d 2.00 ± 0.00 d 2.01 ± 0.26 c
LSD* 4.71 2.21 4.11 4.79 5.11
Means followed by the same letter in each column are not statistically different (*P < 0.05)
LSD*= Least significant difference
S.E*= Standard error
ppm*= Parts per million
Discussion
Control measures through fungicidal, bactericidal
or nematicidal chemistries are always effective
for the killing or suppressing of the pathogen by
blocking the potential metabolic pathway of the
pathogen and bacteria are among those which
are the crucial agents to cause huge deaths in
the kingdom animalia, so the applications of
broad spectrum antibiotics could be useful for the
control of microbial diseases and may augment
the expansion of resistant strains for both
harmful and useful bacterial entities which were
putting back the antibiotic susceptible bacteria
(Son et al. 1997; Li et al. 1999). The most
important disease of rice i.e., bacterial leaf blight
could be managed by the applications of various
chemistries like copper–soap mixture, copper–
mercury fungicides and bordeaux mixture. The
fact had been established that the prevailing soil
conditions must have a greatest effect for the
bacterial leaf blight development yet the
economical and effective management strategies
through chemistries had still to be developed for
this holistic disease.
The reason might be that because of the
pathogen diverse population is prevailing which is
exclusively unpredictable regarding its sensitivity
to broad spectrum antibiotics commonly utilized
for the control of this disease (Aktar and Sarwar
1986). Gnanamanickam et al., (1999) reported
significant differences among the broad spectrum
antibiotics used used to check the growth
of pathogen hence, the existence and
development of drug resistant pathotypes
seriously posed big problems in formulating
specific control agents. Some broad spectrum
antibiotics could control the growth of bacteria
when they were applied to the culture media on
daily basis and according to the visual
observation chloramphenicol and penicillin/
dihydrostreptomycin were found to be very
effective (Fitt et al., 1992). The present study
showed that 100 ppm concentration was found to
be the best among all tested concentrations for
the control of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
growth on nutrient agar and the 25 ppm
concentration was observed to be the least
supportive among all treatments.
Our results coincides with the findings of
Casandra and Bernal (2007) which found the
higher levels of chloramphenicol, ampicillin and
streptomycin sulphate significantly suppressed
the number of bacterial colonies. Our results also
supported the observations of Erasmus et
al. (1997) which proved chloramphenicol and
streptomycin to inhibit the growth of pathogen
significantly at higher concentrations of 75 and
100 ppm respectively. Similarly our findings are
in accordance with khan et al., (2009) which
proved chloramphenicol as the best antibiotic at
higher concentration for the control of bacterial
leaf blight of rice. Pereyra et al., (2009); Nayak
6. 17 Naqvi et al.
et al., (2008); Nithya et al., (2007) proved that
elevated concentrations of the antibiotics
responded significantly for the control of
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae after 48 hrs.
Likewise, Haq et al., (2006) reported
chloramphenicol and streptomycin proved to be
effective at 100 ppm concentration with the
increase in the concentration of the toxicant and
an increase in the inhibition zone was notices at
higher concentration of the antibiotics. These
findings might be helpful for the control of
bacterial leaf blight of rice which had already
become a big threat to the rice production in
Pakistan. It is suggested that field experiments
must be performed to prove the effectiveness of
these broad spectrum antibiotics as there is a
possibility of some variation in the field results
because there are many factors which influence
the chemical management of plant diseases in
the field.
Conclusion
The use of antibiotics might play an important
role for the management of holistic bacterial leaf
blight disease of rice which is increasing day by
day in Pakistan to avoid the severe epidemics of
the disease which cannot be ruled out in future.
Acknowledgements
Grateful acknowledgements are due to Mr. Jaleel
Ahmed and Mr. Azhar Hussain Shah, Laboratory
assistant for their cooperation during the
experiment to complete it successfully.
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