Indian System of Medicine; Herbal Drug Technology- B.pharama 6th sem.pptx
1. B. PHARMACY 6 TH SEM
HERBAL DRUG TECHNOLOGY
(UNIT 2ND)
India System of Medicine
Mr. Rahul Dev
Assistant Professor
Gracious College of Pharmacy, Abhanpur
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
2. Many civilisations in different parts of the world were developed and
perished; however the medicine sysytems developed by them became
popular Alternative system of medicine and are still in practice.
These alternative systems of medicines are referred to as Traditional
System of medicines, which are still in use by about 80% of the world
population.
Traditional system of medicine plays an important role in primary health
care needs.
The System of medicines which are of Indian origin or which have to
come India from outside and got incorporated into Indian culture are
known as Indian system of medicines.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
3. •Traditional Medicine is based on the theories, experiences of indigenous
people from different cultures.
•Indian civilisation has rich tradition of various culture. Indian system of
medicine consists mainly Ayurveda, one of the oldest traditional system of
medicine still in use.
•Government of india have department of AYUSH to regulate traditional
system of medicine.
•Neturopathy is also a type of indian system of medicine.
AYUSH
Ayurveda Yoga Unani Siddha Homoeopathy
Continuous……….
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
4. Ayurveda System of Medicine
Ayurveda system of medicine is the oldest medical system.
Ayurveda derived from two word respectively Ayur and Veda.
Ayur means Life & Veda means Knowledge of science
Ayurveda means Science of life.
Originated almost 5000 years before and still in practice through India and
some other parts of world.
The Ayurveda is a part of Atharveda(one of the four Vedas).
Another historical books are Charak Samhita, Sushruta Samhita.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
7. Panchmahabhuta
Vital Energy called ‘Prana’ which activates body and mind.
Panchmahabhuta :- Everything in universe is composed of five basic elements
namely Prithvi, Jala, Vayu, Agni, Akasha.
All these are mixed in an infinite variety of relative proportions such that form of
matter is directly unique. By constant change with each other, they create a situation
which keeps the world going.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
8. Continuous……….
1. Prithvi (Earth):- Means the solid structure of the body(bones, teeth, flesh and
hair)
2. Jala (Water):- Denotes all body fluids(as plasma, saliva, digestive juices).
3. Vayu (Air) :- Denotes the movement(mascular also nervous system)
4. Agni (Fire) :- Regulates the functioning of enzymes(intelligence, digestive
system and metabolism).
5. Akasha (Sky) :- Corresponds to spaces within the body(mouth, nostrils,
abdomen).
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
9. Saptdhatu
It belives whole universe is made up of 5 elements and they form 7 types
of tissue for organization of human body.
7 types tissue + 5 mahabhuta = Saptadhatu
Saptadhatus are:-
1. Rasa- Plasma (supported by Kapha dosha)
2. Rakta- Blood (supported by Pitta dosha)
3. Mamsa- Muscles (supported by Kapha dosha)
4. Meda- Fat (supported by Kapha dosha)
5. Asthi- Bone (supported by Vata dosha)
6. Majja- Bone marrow (supported by Kapha dosha)
7. Shukra- Reproductive fluid (supported by Kapha dosha)
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
10. Continuous……….
The three gunas Satva, Rajas and Tamas are the three essential components
of the mind
Ayurveda describes people on the basis of their manasa (psychological) and
Prakriti (Constitution).
These psychological characteristics depend on the amount of three gunas.
the 3 gunas when present in proper proportion maintain healthy state of the
mind. Any disturbance in this equilibrium results in mental disroders.
SATVA- means lightness, consciousness, pleasure and clarity, free disease and
cannot be disturbed in any way. It activates the senses and produce perception
of knowledge.
RAJAS- has motion and stimulation. Desires, wishes, ambitions and fickle
mindedness are due to this.
TAMAS- characterized by heaviness and resistance.
Trigunas
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
11. Tridosha
It is believed that all the processes occurring whithin a body are governed by a balance
of the 3 types of doshas.
The doshas which dominates a persons behaviour and body is called his constitution
type, having perticular strengths and susceptibilities. The 3 type of doshas are :-
1. Vata(air+space): all the movements in mind and body are controlled by it, thus
should be maintained in a good balaces.
Worries, insomnia, cramps are the result of too much Vata.
It also controls blood flow, waste elimination, breathing and movement of thoughts
across the mind.
It activates the nervous system, hearing and speech and expresses them in the form
of enthusiasm and creativity.
2. Pitta(fire+water): all heat, metabolism and transformation whithin the mind and
body are controlled by pitta.
It controls food digestion, metabolism of sensory perceptions and judgement
between right and wrong.
It should be maintained in a good balance. Anger, criticism, ulcer, rashes, and
thinning hair result from too much pitta.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
12. Continuous……….
3. Kapha(earth+water):- It cements the elements in the body, providing the material
for physical structure.
It maintains resistance of the body. It causes joint lubrication, provides misture to the
skin, helps in wound healing, fills the space in body, provides biological strength,
vigour and stability, supports memory retention, provides energy to heart and lungs,
and maintain immunity.
Kapha also controls the emotions of attachment, greed, and envy.
It is also expressed in tendencies toward calmness, forgiveness and love.
Lethargy, weight gain, congestion and allergies result due to too much kapha.
Kapha
Pitta
Vata
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
13. Panchsheel (Guna-Rasa Sidhhanta)
The development of Ayurvedic medicine system is based on the following 5
pharmacological principles of drug :-
1.Rasa: It denotes the drugs taste (i.e. Dravya), action and properties.
6 types o RASA is:-
a. Sweet
b. Sour
c. Saline
d. Pungent
e. Bitter
f. Astringent
2.Guna: It denotes the drugs physical properties. In total 2 pairs of guna are
available and each has opposite activity.
10 types of guna are:-
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
14. Continuous……….
Guru (Heavy) Laghu(Light)
Sukshma(Subtle) Sathula(Gross)
Sthira(Stable) Sara(Unstable)
Snigdha(Unctous) Rooksha(Ununctuous)
Sandra(Dense) Dense(Liquid)
Sheetal(Cold) Ushna(Hot)
Manda(Dull) Tikhna(Sharp)
Mridu(Soft) Kathina(Hard)
Visuda(None-slime) Picula(Slime)
Slakshan(Smooth) Khara(Rough)
3.Virya: It denotes the drugs potency and shows two intrinsic properties, i.e. Sheeta
virya (Kapha group) and Ushna virya (Pitta group).
4.Vipaka: Also known as nishthapak, it denotes the end product of digestion.
The 3 types of vipaka which influence Kapha, Pitta and Vata are Madhur, amla
and katu respectively.
5.Prabhava: It denotes the dugs power. A drugs rasa, guna, virya and vipaka may be
the same, but its prabhava is always different because of its specificity in chemical
composition and site of action.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
15. Diagnosis
Imbalance that occurs in doshas and their progression towards a diseases is termed
Samprapti (Pathogenesis).
Ayurvedic medicine system gave a description on Kriya (Action) Kal (Time)
which is a diagnostic process of 6 Stages.
1. Sanchaya (various stages of pathogenesis accumulation)
2. Prakopa (Provocation)
3. Prasara (Spread and migration)
4. Sthana samshaya (Deposition and Augmentation)
5. Vyakti (Symptom Manifestation)
6. Bheda (Complication & Differentiation)
Person who practices Ayurveda called Vaidya takes account of Nadi (Pulse),
Prakruti, tridosha.
Basic diagnosis involves mala, mutra, tongue, thirst, eyes.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
16. Continuous……….
Formulations: Different formulations are available in Ayurvedic system of
medicine like Kwath, swaras, churna, asava, arishta, ghrita, bhasma, vati etc.
Some important plant and their uses-
Botanical Name Ayurvedic Name Family Use
Acacia catechu Khadira Mimosaceae Digestive
Aloe barbadensis Ghritakumari Liliaceae Purgative
Azadirachta indica Nimba Meliaceae Blood purifier
Curcuma longa Haridra Zingiberaceae Cough, Immunity
booster
Ocimum sanctum Tulasi Labiatae Immunomodulator
Zingiber officinale Aardraka Zingiberaceae Emitic, appetizer
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
17. Siddha System of Medicine
The Siddha is a traditional medicine system originated from Tamil
culture(Dravidian culture).
It was believed that the siddha system of medicine was first described by Lord
shiva to his wife parvati.
Lord Shiva
Lord Parvati
Lord Kartik (Muruga)
Agasthya
18 Siddhars
They spread this concept to human beings
*The siddhars were super human
beings with different types of
siddhis or suparnatural powers
(like anima, mahima, garima,
laghima, prapti, prakamya, isitva,
vasitva).
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
18. Principle of Siddha
The universe is made up of matter and energy (2 essensial entities).
The Siddhars call them Shiva(male) & Shakti(female, creation).
Bhutas
Munn
Neer
Thee
Vayu
Aakasam
Dravyas
Vatham
Pitham
Karpam
Dhatus
Rasa
Kurudhi
Tasai
Kozhuppu
Elumbu
Majjai
Sukkilam & Artavam
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
19. •There are 5 primitive elements (bhutas) i.e.,
1. Munn(solid),
2. Neer(Fluid),
3. Thee(radiance),
4. Vayu(gas),
5. Akasam(ether).
•Different proportions of them are present in every substances.
•Earth, water, fire, air and ether are the manifestations of these elements.
•The human body is made up of different combinations os these elements.
•There are 3 substances (dravyas) i.e., Vatham, Pitham Karpam which
facilitate the bodys physiological functions.
•The dravyas co-exist and function mutually in each and every cell of the body.
•Imbalances in the equilibrium of these dravyas cause diseases.
Continuous……….
Principle of Siddha
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
20. Continuous……….
Tridosha according to Siddha Medicine:-
All the body functions(Physical, mental, emotional) are controlled by the
tridoshas:
1.Vatham (Aakasam+Vayu)
• It is dry, light, cold and motile.
• It controls the nervous action (movement, activity, sensation etc)
• It predominantes in the bone.
• It dominates in first one-third phase of life when activities like Growth
and Sharpness of function of sense are greater.
2.Pitham (Thee)
•It indicates heat.
•It controls the metabolic activity of the body, digestion, assimilation,
warmth, luster, intellect etc.
•It predominates in the tissue blood.
•It dominates in the one-third phase of life.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
21. Continuous……….
7 Dhatus are: The tissues are called Dhatus.
1. Rasa - Lymph
2. Kurudhi – Blood
3. Tasai – Muscle
4. Kozhuppu – Adipose tissue
5. Elumbu – Bone
6. Majjai - Marrow
7. Sukkilam & Arthavam – Male and Female hormones
3.Karpam (Munn+Neer)
•it is smooth, firm, viscid and heavy.
•It controls the stability of the body such as strength, potency and smooth
working of jionts.
•It predominates in other tissues.
•It dominates in the last one-third phase of life.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
22. Diagnosis & Treatment
Diagnosis:
•8 types of examinations are used for diagnosis.
•Which involves observing the patients tongue, complexion, speech, eyes,
palpitation, urine, stool and lastly the pulse.
Treatment:
•The imbalance is corrected by substituting with drug of opposite nature.
•Example :
Vatham imbalance is cold and dry, so the treatment involved will be
warm and oily
For inactivity of limbs, massage and activity are prescribed; warmth is
produced due to increased Pitham dosha, thus sandalwood is administered either
internally or externally to decrease pitham.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
23. Continuous……….
Three main types of medicines are used in this system:-
1. Thaavaram(Herbal Products)
2. Thaathu(Inorganic Substances)
3. Jangamam(Animal Products)
Three types of treatments can be used :-
1. Deva Maruthuvam(Divine Method)
2. Maanida Maruthuvam(Rational Method)
3. Asura Maruthuvam(Surgical Method)
5 Types of Vayus are given below :
1. Prana: Present in mouth and nostrils; aids in ingestion.
2. Apana: Present at anal extremity(expelled); aids in elimination & explusion.
3. Samana: Equalisers; aids in digestion
4. Vyana: Aids in blood and nutrient circulation.
5. Udana: Present in the upper respiratory passages.
Formulations: Bhasma, Churna, Lehya, Ghrita, Taila etc.
Parpam, Chenduram, Guru, Kuligai prepared from Mercury,
Sulphur, Arsenic and Gold.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
24. Classification of Siddha Medicine
1. Uppu(Lavanam): These drugs dissolve in water and when put into fire gets
decrepitated giving off vapors (water-soluble inorganic compound)
2. Pashanam: These drugs do not dissolve in water and when put into fire give
off vapors (water insoluble inorganic compound).
3. Uparasam: These drugs do not dissolve in water. They are chemically
similer to pashanam but their action differ. Example: Zinc Sulphate,
Megnetic iron etc.
4. Loham: these drugs are insoluble in water, melt in fire, and solidify on
cooling. Example: metals and mineral alloys such as gold, silver etc
5. Rasam: These drugs are soluble in water, when put in fire undergoes
sublimation, and changes into small crystals, example: Mercury amalgams.
6. Gandhakam: These drugs are insoluble in water and burn off when put into
fire.
7. Ratans & Uparatnas : These have 13 varieties such as coral, lapis-lazuli,
pearls, diamonds, jade, emerald, ruby, sapphire, opal, vaikrantham,
rajavantham & spatikam harin mani.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
25. Unani System of Medicine
(Arab medicine, Greco-Arab medicine, Islamic medicine, Loniah medicine)
•Unani System was originated in Greece further spread to Persia(Iran), where it
has been developed by Arabian physicians.
•Its foundation was laid down by Greek philosopher Hippocrates.
•Aristotle Gelen Greek philopher “Father of nature history” made valuable
contribution to it.
•System furthur developed by Arbian & Persian physicians such as Rhazes (al-
Razi), Avicenna (Ibn Sena) etc.
•Time of origin is believed around 1025 AD. In 12th century this system has
entered in India with Mughal Empire.
•Unani medicine practitioners are known as Hakims, who work on the basic
principles of harmoney & balancing along with physical, mental & spriritual
knowledge.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
26. Principle of Unani System of Medicine
I.Hippocratic 4 Humours theory:
1. Dam (Blood)
2. Balgam (Phlegm)
3. Sauda (Black bile)
4. Safra (Yellow bile)
Depending on the mass of these 4 humours in human body, their name is
expressed by the terms :
1. Sanguine (for blood) – Hot & Moist
2. Phlegmatic (for phlegm) – Cold & Moist
3. Melancholic (for black bile) – Cold & Dry
4. Choleric (for yellow bile) – Hot & Dry
A person’s health condition can be predicted by his/her humoral
composition.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
27. Human body composed of 7 natural components:
1.Al-arkan or Al-anasir (Elements)
2.Al-mizaj (Temperament)
3.Al-akhalt (Humours or body fluids)
4.Al-aza (organs)
5.Al-arwah (Vital spirit)
6.Al-quwa (Faculties & Powers)
7.Al-atal (Functions)
Loss of any of these can cause a disease or even death.
II.Pythagorian theory:
The entire universe (and body) to be made of four elements :-
1.Earth(Khak)
2.Water(Aab)
3.Air(Bad)
4.Fire(Aatish)
which have four different temperaments :- Hot, Cold, Dry, Moist.
Continuous……….
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
28. Diagnosis & Treatment
Diagnosis: Detailed history of the patient is recorded in addition to his
Nabz(pulse), Baul(urine) and Baraz(stool) examinations.
In the diagnosis, clinical features i.e. signs, sypmtoms, laboratory
features & Mizaj(temperament) are important.
Treatment:
1.Ilaj-bil-tadbeer (Regimental Therapy): This therapy involves
Turkish bath, Massage, emesis, exercise, leeching etc.
2.Ilaj-bil-ghiza (Dietotherapy): Therapy involves having proper diet or
regulating the food quantity and quality for treating some particular diseases.
3.Ilaj-bil-dawa (Pharmacotherapy): This therapy involves the use of
drugs of plant origine. However, drugs obtained from animal or mineral sources
can also be used.
4.Ilaj-bil-yad or Jarahat (Surgery): This therapy was used by the
ancient physicians who developed this technique and also various surgical
instruments and techniques.
Formulation: Madar, Fufal, Gilo, Kababchini, Karanj, Zeera, Siyah,Tagar.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
29. Homeopathy System of Medicine
Homeopahty is relatively new system of medicine found by a German Physician
and Chemist Dr. Samuel Hehnemann (Father of Homoeopathy) approx 200
years ago.
Homeopathy = Homois(Similar) + Pathos(Suffering)
“system of similer suffering”
Its based on the principle that substances that cause symptoms in healthy people
can be used extreme dilution to treat ilnesses that cause the same symptoms (likes
cure like)
Example: Caffeine can treat Insomnia.
Historical books: The Organon of Medicine by Samuel Hehnemann.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
30. Principle of Homeopathy
Basic 7 principle of Homeopath:-
1.Law of Similia: Homeopathy medicine system relies on the therapeutic law
“Similia similibus Curentur” which means “Let likes be cured by likes”.
In this system, the patient is given such a medicine which will produce the same
symptoms(as found in the patient) if given to a healthy person also.
2.Law of Simplex: As per this law, simple and single drugs should be prescribed
at a particular time. Thus, medicine act on healthy human beings individually and
in sample form without the addition of any other substance.
3.Law of Minimum: As per this law, drugs are administered in minimum
quantity because of hypersensitivity to disease. If given in large doses,
physiological actions will occur within the body which leads to undesirable side
effects and organic damage.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
31. 4.Drug Proving: Drugs can be used therapeutically only if their healing power is
known.
A drug’s healing power is it’s ability to produce disease
symptoms when given to a healthy individual.
5.Drug Dynamisation or Potentisation: A disturbance or deviation in the normal
harmonious flow of dynamic life forces is termed a disease. Thus the drug used for
encountering a disease should also have a dynamic action to act on the dynamic
disturbance of life forces.
For this purpose, the drugs are dynamised or potentised by the
process of trituration(for insoluble substances), succussion(for soluble
substances) or multiple/serial dilution.
By diluting them in water-alcohol solution and then vigorously
shaking or succussing the mixture
High degree of dilution:
1.minimizes the side effect
2.enhance medical efficacy.
Continuous……….
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
32. Preparation of potencies: 3 different scales:
1.Decimal Scale: (1X, 2X……………… so on)
1X Potency- 1/10th part of the original drug.
2X Potency- 1/10th part of the 1st potency and so on.
*(X=No. indicating the Potency)
2.Centesimal Scale: (1C,2C……………so on)
1C Potency(2X)- 1/100th part of the original drug
2C Potency(4X)- 1/100th part of the 1st potency and so on.
*(C=No. indicating the Potency)
3.Millesimal Scale:
I Potency- 1/50000th part of the original drug.
II Potency- 1/50000th part of the 1st potency and so on.
6.Vital Force: It is a dynamic power which preserve life force and it’s normal
state which indicate good health
vital forces is spiritual, autocratic, automatic, dynamic,
unintelligent and instinctive.
7.Individualisation: No two individuals in the world are same, hence disease
affecting the individual cannot be similar, though they may share common
symptoms.
Continuous……….
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
33. Diagnosis & Formulation
Diagnosis is done by asking different questions and taking patient detail history,
physical, mental and emotional symptoms and comparing them with symptoms
produced by drug in healthy individual.
Formulation includes dilution or trituration of various vegetable drugs, animal
drugs, minerals and metals.
Plants used mainly include Belladonna, Marigold, Opium, Ergot etc.
It also contain Salts like Carbonates, Arsenic oxide, Barium carbonate,
Aluminium, Copper etc
Books
1. Herbal drug technology (by Dr. G. Arunachalam, Dr. V.E. Ida Christi, Dr. Prashant
Kumar) Thakur Publication Pvt. Ltd. Lucknow.
2. Herbal drug technology (by Dr. V.M. Shinde, Mrs. K. S. Bodas-Yadav) Nirali
Prakashan.
Mr. Rahul dev (Asst. Prof.)
