Este documento trata sobre las normas para realizar instalaciones eléctricas de forma segura, incluyendo el uso de planos eléctricos, símbolos, tubos, cajas y mecanismos eléctricos. También cubre temas como los circuitos eléctricos, el balance de cargas y las consideraciones especiales para baños.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Instalación electrica basica
1. CUADRO DE CARGAS Y PROTECCIONES
Veremos las normas que se deben cumplir para la realizar los montajes de los
diferentes tipos de elementos que se usan en las instalaciones eléctricas;
también veremos los elementos de protección que se usan para prevenir
accidentes a las personas y daños a los equipos eléctricos.
2. PLANOS ELECTRICOS
Para desarrollar el Plano de instalaciones Eléctricas debe partir del mismo plano
de distribución arquitectónica, en los Planos de Instalación Eléctrica deben
eliminarse los detalles de los pisos, acotaciones, etc. Ver modelo de ejemplo.
3. Definición
Un esquema eléctrico es la representación gráfica de un circuito o instalación
eléctrica, en la que van indicadas las relaciones mutuas que existen entre sus
diferentes elementos así como los sistemas que los interconectan.
Para su representación se emplean básicamente una serie de símbolos gráficos,
trazos, macas e índices, cuya finalidad es poder representar en forma simple y
clara, los elementos que se emplean en el montaje de los circuitos eléctricos.
También es un conjunto de símbolos mediante los cuales se señalan e interpretan
las necesidades del usuario.
En él deben figurar la cantidad, el tipo el tipo y la distribución de los elementos
eléctricos, mostrando en último análisis la forma en que quedara la instalación
eléctrica.
Los esquemas o planos eléctricos deben ser elaborados en forma nítida y clara,
de tal manera que pueda ser interpretado por cualquier técnico electricista que
tenga que realizar la obra.
4.
5. Instalación Eléctrica Básica - Normatividad
Para realizar la instalación de cualquier mecanismo eléctrico en condiciones de
seguridad total, es necesario tomar las siguientes precauciones:
Cortar el suministro eléctrico desconectando el interruptor general.
Respetar la normativa vigente recogida en el RBT. En caso de duda,
consultar con un instalador autorizado.
Utilizar siempre herramientas y productos homologados.
Cables
El color del aislamiento del cable permite su fácil identificación. Se emplean
cables rígidos, aunque es aconsejable utilizar cables flexibles porque se manejan
mejor.
Secciones
Todas las tomas de corriente se conectan al conductor de fase, al neutro y al de
tierra.
La actual normativa obliga a conectar el cable de tierra a todos los circuitos,
incluido el de alumbrado.
6. Tubos
Los tubos flexibles son los más recomendables para viviendas. Su diámetro
depende del número y secciones de los conductores que deben alojar.
Para facilitar el paso de los cables por los tubos, se puede utilizar una guía,
anudando los cables en uno de sus extremos.
7. Conviene situar los tubos empotrados en las paredes en recorridos horizontales a
50 cm, como máximo, del suelo y del techo. En cuanto a los tubos verticales, no
se deben separar más de 20 cm de los ángulos de las esquinas.
Estas distancias máximas de seguridad tienen como finalidad que los tubos no
interfieran con otras canalizaciones. También se evitan así posibles
inconvenientes a la hora de realizar taladros en las paredes.
Cajas
Las cajas sirven para alojar los mecanismos (interruptores, tomas de teléfono y
televisión, enchufes, pulsadores, etc.). Los mecanismos se colocan en el interior
de las cajas y se fijan con tornillos o con unas grapas que los sujetan por presión.
Para permitir el paso de los tubos, las cajas de los mecanismos se perforan por
los laterales o por la parte de atrás.
8. Cajas de derivación
Las cajas de derivación también se perforan para permitir el paso de los tubos y
se colocan siempre de 30 a 50 cm del techo. El tamaño de la caja se decide en
función del número de tubos que lleguen hasta ella.
Los empalmes en el interior de las cajas se realizan utilizando regleteros de
conexión o clemas.
Mecanismos
La altura de colocación de los mecanismos difiere según la habitación de la que
se trate y del tipo de mecanismo. En la siguiente tabla se muestran las distancias
aconsejables respecto al suelo:
9. Instalación
Trazar en la pared la posición exacta de la caja y el recorrido del tubo, teniendo
en cuenta las distancias recomendadas.
Con el martillo y el cincel, se pica la pared para preparar el cajeado de la caja y
la roza para el tubo.
10. Presentar la caja en el cajeado y el tubo en la roza. Con la ayuda de bridas o
mediante clavos, sostener el tubo para que no se mueva de su posición.
Introducir los cables con la guía, procurando dejar suficiente longitud de cable
para su posterior conexión al mecanismo.
Recibir la roza y la caja del mecanismo con una paleta y un poco de yeso de
construcción. Una vez terminada la instalación, habrá que dar una capa de yeso
blanco y las manos necesarias de pintura para igualar la pared.
11. Una vez pelados los cables, conectarlos a los terminales del mecanismo. Para
finalizar la instalación, colocar el mecanismo en el interior de la caja fijándolo
mediante los tornillos o las grapas del propio mecanismo.
Cuartos de baño
En los cuartos de baño hay que tener especial cuidado a la hora de realizar una
instalación eléctrica, distinguiendo entre los volúmenes de prohibición y de
protección.
Volumen de prohibición: se denomina así al espacio del cuarto de baño en el
que no puede existir instalación eléctrica alguna.
Volumen de protección: en el interior de este espacio sólo se pueden instalar
aparatos de iluminación con protección especial (clase II), sin interruptores ni
tomas de corriente. En cuanto a los radiadores eléctricos, deben estar equipados
con una protección diferencial de 30 mA.
12. El calentador de agua o termo se debe instalar siempre fuera del volumen de
prohibición. La conexión de este aparato se tiene que realizar mediante un
interruptor bipolar.
Circuitos
El circuito sencillo permite encender un punto de luz mediante un interruptor.
Para las conexiones en el
interior de la caja de
derivación, se deben utilizar
regleteros normalizados o
clemas.
El interruptor siempre se
conecta al conductor de
fase. Con un circuito
conmutado se puede
encender un mismo punto de
luz desde dos interruptores,
de forma independiente.
13. Con un circuito conmutado se puede encender un mismo punto de luz desde dos
interruptores, de forma independiente.
El conductor de fase se conecta al conector común de uno de los interruptores
(P1), mientras que el conector común del otro interruptor (P2) se conecta
directamente al punto de luz.
El color naranja en este cable indica que se puede poner de cualquier color y
aprovechar así los sobrantes de cable.
Conexión de Tomas
14. ¿Cómo realizar un balance de cargas?
Cuadro de cargas
El cuadro de carga es donde se especifican la cantidad de circuitos de la
instalación eléctrica y las cargas que se usaran en cada circuito, las cargas son
los aparatos y equipos eléctricos que irán conectados en el circuito, así como la
cantidad de lámparas y contactos, en el cuadro se deben indicar los tipos de
carga, voltaje de cada carga, amperaje, potencia en watts individual y potencian
en watts total por circuito, este cuadro se debe incluir en el mismo plano
eléctrico.
Balance, “balanceo” o equilibrio de cargas se refiere a lo mismo, es la
distribución que debe hacer todo técnico o ingeniero electricista de las cargas
existentes en una instalación eléctrica, de tal manera que las fases que la
alimentan lo hagan más o menos en la misma proporción para todas. Si la
instalación es monofásica es obvio que no se requerirá ningún balance. Si la
instalación es bifásica o trifásica por norma oficial tienes que hacerlo.
El equilibrio de las cargas tanto en anteproyectos como físicamente (midiendo las
corrientes que circulan por los conductores alimentadores) siempre es una
estimación, es sumamente complicado balancearlas y que se mantengan en
constante equilibrio a lo largo de las 24 horas del día, es prácticamente
imposible dado que su naturaleza es variable tanto en residencias como en
comercios o en industrias, pero debe hacerse y debe buscarse que sea lo más
cercano posible al equilibrio ideal en donde circularía exactamente la misma
cantidad de corriente en las dos o en las tres fases requeridas para alimentarlas.
El desbalance permitido no debe exceder al 5%, lo que quiere decir que las
cargas totales conectadas a cada Fase de un sistema bifásico o trifásico no deben
ser diferentes una de la otra en un porcentaje mayor al 5%.
La fórmula para determinar el desbalance es la siguiente:
%Desbalance = [(CargaMayor–CargaMenor)x(100)]/(CargaMayor)
Un poco más simple…
%D = (CM-cm) x 100/CM
15. Veamos un caso…
Cómo sacar un cuadro de cargas
Observa que la instalación tiene varios circuitos (C1, C2, C3, C4 y C5), cada uno
controlado por un interruptor termomagnético o breaker ubicado en el centro de
carga.
Puesto que la carga total es de 8,683 Watts entonces son dos fases las que
alimentarán a dicha instalación (acometida bifásica 2F-1N, o también se le llama
monofásica a 3 hilos).
Resulta obvio que uno o más circuitos deben estar conectados a cada fase (dos
fases en este caso). Por ejemplo: C1 y C2 podrían alimentarse/conectarse por/en
la Fase 1 mientras que C3, C4 y C5 por/en la Fase 2, resultando el arreglo de la
primera figura.
16. ¿Es correcto?
Apliquemos la fórmula para saberlo.
C1+C2, que están conectadas a la Fase 1 suman…
3420 + 2105 = 5525 W.
C3+C4+C5, que están conectadas a la Fase 2 suman…
1010 + 1775 + 373 = 3158 W.
Resultando:
Carga Mayor = 5525 W,
carga menor = 3158 W.
Sustituyendo en la fórmula:
%D = (CM-cm) x 100/CM = (5525-3158)(100)/5525 = 42.84%
Obtenemos un ENORME desequilibrio del 42.84%
¿Cómo corregirlo?
Necesitas “reacomodar” las cargas. Por ejemplo podrías hacer el siguiente
arreglo.
Observa como cambió la colocación de los circuitos en las Fases.
C1 + C5 = 3420 + 373 = 3793 W.
C2+C3+C4 = 2105+1010+1775 = 4890 W.
Por lo tanto CM = 4890 W. y cm = 3793 W.
Aplicando la fórmula
%D = (CM-cm) x 100/CM = (4890-3793)(100)/4890 = 22.43%
El porcentaje bajó del 42.84% al 22.43% pero todavía rebasamos el 5% permitido
así que nuevamente procedemos a reacomodar cargas.
17. Probemos el siguiente arreglo.
C1+C3 = 3420+1010 = 4430 Watts.
C2+C4+C5 = 2105+1775+373 = 4253 Watts.
%D = (4430-4253)100/4430 = 3.99 %
¡Ok!
El resultado es menor del 5%, por lo tanto este es el arreglo que debes elegir (a
menos que existiera una mejor alternativa).
Ahora bien, ¿todo lo anterior qué representaría?, es decir, ¿qué es lo que tendrías
que hacer en la instalación para conseguirlo?
Físicamente implicaría que en el centro de carga “movieras” los circuitos (o los
interruptores termomagnéticos los cuales protegen a cada circuito)
intercambiándolos de una Fase a otra hasta que te queden igual que en el arreglo
anterior.
18. Enlaces de interés
Más información
http://www.mitecnologico.com/Main/InstalacionElectrica
http://www.buenastareas.com/temas/acometidas-electricas-residencial/0
http://www.utp.edu.co/~planeamiento/prod_aca/articulos/14415919-24.pdf
http://www.arq.com.mx/documentos/Detalles/50131.html
http://www.arquba.com/apuntes-arquitectura/manual-de-diseno-de-
instalacioneselectricas-residenciales/
http://www.nichese.com/contacto.html
http://mihogardigital.blogspot
http://www.electricasas.com/instalacion-electrica-basica/
http://www.provinciaseguros.com.ar/serv_guiaPre_otros2.asp
http://iguerrero.wordpress.com