This document is about fish genetic

1. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & GENETICS.
Introduction to genetics
i. Genes, alleles, gene frequencies
ii. Genetic code (DNA, chromosomes)
ASSIGNMENT 1 PRESENTATION (GROUP A)
NAME REGISTRATION NUMBER
SALAMA AMIRI. 230101949
JOVINAH KYARUZI 230101947
LAMIN N. CEESAY 230102164
DALANI MATEMBA 230101934
BUNJA SANNEH. 230102163

2. Introduction
Genetics originates from the Greek term ”gen”
meaning ”to become” or ” to grow into” (Ahirrao
& Desale, 2019).
Genetics explains more about heredity and
variation of organisms, considering DNA, genes,
chromosomes, and transmission of traits.
Heredity is the transfer of traits across
generations ; variation leads to unique
characteristics in offspring leading to evolution.
Gregor Mendel’s pea plant experiment gives the
basis for understanding of genetics.

3. Introduction to Genetics
Genes
A unit of heredity that is transferred
from parent to offspring (Brown
2012).
Genes are made up of DNA and are
located on chromosomes within the
cell nucleus (Ahirrao and Desale,
2019).

4. Alleles
 An allele is an alternative forms of a gene.
 Each allele represents a different version of
the gene, which can result in different traits
or characteristics being expressed (Koçoglu
and Yalçinkaya, 1992).
 For example, gene for height in humans can
exist in alleles that represent tall or short.
(Microbe notes)

5. Gene frequencies
 It's a measure of the relative commonness or
rarity of a specific allele within a population
(Nugroho, 2015).
 Gene frequencies can fluctuate over time as a
result of factors such as natural selection,
genetic drift, migration, and mutation.
 Gene frequencies is calculated by:
 A.F. = # of copies of an allele/total # of alleles
in population
(From Khan academy)

6. Genetic Code
 The genetic code is a collection of
guidelines that interprets the
information encoded within a DNA
sequence into proteins. (JAIN, JAIN
and JAIN, 2015).
(macmillanlearning.com)

7. DNA
 Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) serves as a genetic
blueprint for living
organisms and governs
their development,
function, growth and
reproduction (Liou, 2011).

8. Chromosomes
 Is the thread like a structure
located in nucleus made up
of genes responsible for
genetic transfer. A
chromosome is pair of
chromatids joined together
by centromere for
support(Richter, 1988)

9. Conclusion
 Genetics enhances our understanding of how
traits are passed down, how organisms adapt, and
how DNA shapes life.
 By studying genes, alleles and chromosomes, we
have learned about evolution and genetic
diversity.

10. REFERENCES
 Ahirrao, D.V. and Desale, N.H. (2019) a Text Book of Genetics. Available at:
http://www.vidyawarta.com/01/wpcontent/uploads/2019/09/book_A_Text_Book_of_Genetics.pdf.
 Terry Brown (2012). Introduction to Genetics a Molecular approach. Garland Science, Tylor and Francis
Group, LLC
 JAIN, J.L., JAIN, S., and JAIN, N. (2015) ‘Chapter 30: Genetic Code’, Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 4, 809–
832.
 Koçoglu, T. and Yalçinkaya, T. (1992) ‘Recombinant DNA technology’, Mikrobiyoloji bülteni, 26(2), pp. 177–
188. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0184-86b.
 Liou, S. (2011) ‘An Introduction to DNA and Chromosomes’, © 2016 HOPES Stanford University,
(September), pp. 1–4. Available at: http://web.stanford.edu/group/hopes/cgi-bin/hopes_test/an-
introduction-to-dna-and-chromosomes-text-and-audio/#what-is-dna-making-the-single-strand.
 Nugroho, D.S. (2015) ‘No Title空間像再生型立体映像の 研究動向’, Nhk技研, 151(11), pp. 10–17.
 Richter, C. J. J. (1988). Genetic guidelines for fisheries management. Aquaculture, 74(3–4), 395–396.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(88)90386-9

11. THANK
YOU!