Evolution of North American MicruracarusRachel Shoop
My research focuses on the evolution of North American water mites in the genus Arrenurus, Subgenus Micruracarus. In this presentation, I discuss why I chose to study these little known critters, and present some preliminary findings. Please contact me for more info.
The Effect of Perches on the Behavior of Caged White Leghorn PulletsJourdan Ringenberg
This study examined the effects of providing perches in cages housing white leghorn pullets from hatch to 17 weeks of age. The key findings were:
1) Mortality was higher in cages with perches from hatch to 3 weeks of age, primarily due to omphalitis and starvation.
2) Drinking behavior differed between treatments, with pullets in perched cages drinking more at 2 weeks but less at 4-5 weeks.
3) During the dark period, a greater proportion of perched pullets ate at younger ages but control pullets ate more at older ages.
4) Eating behavior during the light period did not differ between treatments.
The document provides an abstract rubric for evaluating abstracts about species profiles. It includes criteria for topic sentences, content sentences, conclusion/findings sentences, clarity, writing mechanics, and originality. Points are assigned for each category based on how well the abstract meets the criteria. For example, an excellent abstract would contain one sentence introducing the topic, mention the five required content areas with factual details, include a clear conclusion sentence, be well-written and concise, and be entirely original.
This document discusses evidence for evolution and classification of biodiversity. It covers topics such as natural selection, cladistics, and the binomial system of naming species. Key points include: natural selection can occur if there is genetic variation within a species, and it increases traits that aid survival; cladistics uses genetic evidence like DNA sequences to deduce evolutionary relationships between species and reconstruct the tree of life; and scientists use a universal binomial system and taxonomic hierarchy to systematically classify and name all identified species.
The document discusses the use of zebrafish as a model organism to screen pharmaceutical compounds. Some key points:
- Zebrafish are commonly used as they are small, breed readily, and develop quickly, allowing for large studies. Their embryos are transparent, allowing effects to be easily observed.
- Zebrafish have been used as a model since the 1970s and their genome has been fully sequenced, showing similarities to humans. They can be used to study cancer, Alzheimer's, depression, and toxicity.
- Advantages include low cost, high fecundity, and optical clarity which allows internal structures to be viewed easily. However, they may lack some clinical relevance due to differences from humans.
1. Many endemic species are found in areas that are geographically i.docxblondellchancy
1. Many endemic species are found in areas that are geographically isolated. Suggest
two plausible scientific explanations
for why this is so. Back up your explanations with details and information from the course to (the reader) that these are plausible explanations.
2. There are three small islands with lizards on them.
Island 1 has a species richness of
30
, Simpson's Diversity Index of
0.31
, and a Shannon Weiner Index of
1.1
Island 2 has a species richness of
30
, Simpson's Diversity Index of
0.37
, and a Shannon Weiner Index of
1.0
Island 3 has a species richness of
30
, Simpson's Diversity Index of
0.54
, and a Shannon Weiner Index of
0.6
Based on these metrics,
which island
will you petition the government to preserve?
Defend your answer
using the concepts of
species richness
and
species diversity
, as well as what you have learned about conservation biology.
3. Evolution does NOT always lead to organisms having the traits that are best suited to their environment. Why not?
4. In nature, sometimes we observe patterns that can be created by two or more different processes. Give one example and explain the processes that could lead to that pattern.
5. What
best
explains the current global distribution of marsupials?
.
The document discusses key concepts in biology, including:
1. Organizing species using a binomial nomenclature system consisting of genus and specific epithet names.
2. The importance of taxonomy and the Linnaean system for classifying organisms.
3. How scientists conduct experiments to test hypotheses and uncover cause-and-effect relationships, minimizing bias through experimental design and evaluating statistical significance of results.
The document discusses key concepts in biology, including:
1. Organizing species using a binomial nomenclature system consisting of genus and specific epithet names.
2. The importance of taxonomy and the Linnaean system for classifying organisms.
3. How scientists conduct experiments to test hypotheses and uncover cause-and-effect relationships, minimizing bias through experimental design and evaluating statistical significance of results.
Evolution of North American MicruracarusRachel Shoop
My research focuses on the evolution of North American water mites in the genus Arrenurus, Subgenus Micruracarus. In this presentation, I discuss why I chose to study these little known critters, and present some preliminary findings. Please contact me for more info.
The Effect of Perches on the Behavior of Caged White Leghorn PulletsJourdan Ringenberg
This study examined the effects of providing perches in cages housing white leghorn pullets from hatch to 17 weeks of age. The key findings were:
1) Mortality was higher in cages with perches from hatch to 3 weeks of age, primarily due to omphalitis and starvation.
2) Drinking behavior differed between treatments, with pullets in perched cages drinking more at 2 weeks but less at 4-5 weeks.
3) During the dark period, a greater proportion of perched pullets ate at younger ages but control pullets ate more at older ages.
4) Eating behavior during the light period did not differ between treatments.
The document provides an abstract rubric for evaluating abstracts about species profiles. It includes criteria for topic sentences, content sentences, conclusion/findings sentences, clarity, writing mechanics, and originality. Points are assigned for each category based on how well the abstract meets the criteria. For example, an excellent abstract would contain one sentence introducing the topic, mention the five required content areas with factual details, include a clear conclusion sentence, be well-written and concise, and be entirely original.
This document discusses evidence for evolution and classification of biodiversity. It covers topics such as natural selection, cladistics, and the binomial system of naming species. Key points include: natural selection can occur if there is genetic variation within a species, and it increases traits that aid survival; cladistics uses genetic evidence like DNA sequences to deduce evolutionary relationships between species and reconstruct the tree of life; and scientists use a universal binomial system and taxonomic hierarchy to systematically classify and name all identified species.
The document discusses the use of zebrafish as a model organism to screen pharmaceutical compounds. Some key points:
- Zebrafish are commonly used as they are small, breed readily, and develop quickly, allowing for large studies. Their embryos are transparent, allowing effects to be easily observed.
- Zebrafish have been used as a model since the 1970s and their genome has been fully sequenced, showing similarities to humans. They can be used to study cancer, Alzheimer's, depression, and toxicity.
- Advantages include low cost, high fecundity, and optical clarity which allows internal structures to be viewed easily. However, they may lack some clinical relevance due to differences from humans.
1. Many endemic species are found in areas that are geographically i.docxblondellchancy
1. Many endemic species are found in areas that are geographically isolated. Suggest
two plausible scientific explanations
for why this is so. Back up your explanations with details and information from the course to (the reader) that these are plausible explanations.
2. There are three small islands with lizards on them.
Island 1 has a species richness of
30
, Simpson's Diversity Index of
0.31
, and a Shannon Weiner Index of
1.1
Island 2 has a species richness of
30
, Simpson's Diversity Index of
0.37
, and a Shannon Weiner Index of
1.0
Island 3 has a species richness of
30
, Simpson's Diversity Index of
0.54
, and a Shannon Weiner Index of
0.6
Based on these metrics,
which island
will you petition the government to preserve?
Defend your answer
using the concepts of
species richness
and
species diversity
, as well as what you have learned about conservation biology.
3. Evolution does NOT always lead to organisms having the traits that are best suited to their environment. Why not?
4. In nature, sometimes we observe patterns that can be created by two or more different processes. Give one example and explain the processes that could lead to that pattern.
5. What
best
explains the current global distribution of marsupials?
.
The document discusses key concepts in biology, including:
1. Organizing species using a binomial nomenclature system consisting of genus and specific epithet names.
2. The importance of taxonomy and the Linnaean system for classifying organisms.
3. How scientists conduct experiments to test hypotheses and uncover cause-and-effect relationships, minimizing bias through experimental design and evaluating statistical significance of results.
The document discusses key concepts in biology, including:
1. Organizing species using a binomial nomenclature system consisting of genus and specific epithet names.
2. The importance of taxonomy and the Linnaean system for classifying organisms.
3. How scientists conduct experiments to test hypotheses and uncover cause-and-effect relationships, minimizing bias through experimental design and evaluating statistical significance of results.
Crayfish have identifiable structures that serve different functions. They have eyes, antennae, a carapace, pincers, swimmerets, and a tail. Male and female crayfish can be differentiated by the size of their pincers and shape of their swimmerets. Crayfish need a habitat with food, water, shelter, space, and opportunities to hide. They will claim territories and defend their shelters from other crayfish.
Prevalence and morphological details of Nyctotherus periplanetae in the host ...IOSR Journals
Nyctotherus periplanetae is very common intestine dwelling ciliate in invertebrates. During the period of two years total number of 1842 intestinal samples of Periplaneta americana were checked. The percentage of prevalence of ciliates was found quite high and it was 57.77% during the year 2007 and 60.75% in 2008.
1) The document summarizes a study on the prevalence and morphological details of the ciliate Nyctotherus periplanetae found in the intestine of the cockroach Periplaneta americana.
2) Over two years, 1842 cockroaches were examined and the prevalence of N. periplanetae was found to be 57.77% in 2007 and 60.75% in 2008, with the highest rates occurring after monsoon rains.
3) Morphological analysis found N. periplanetae to be oval in shape, 100-175μ in length, with a straight cytopharynx, irregularly shaped macronucleus, and slit-like cytopy
1) The document summarizes a study on the prevalence and morphological details of the ciliate Nyctotherus periplanetae found in the intestine of the cockroach Periplaneta americana.
2) Over two years, 1842 cockroaches were examined and the prevalence of N. periplanetae was found to be 57.77% in the first year and 60.75% in the second year. Prevalence peaked after monsoon rains and was lowest during summer.
3) Morphological analysis found N. periplanetae to be oval shaped, 100-175μ in length, with a macronucleus, cytopharynx, and slit-like
Note There are more questions than usual, so you will n.docxhenrymartin15260
Note: There are more questions than usual, so you will need to figure out how to write less in answer to some of the questions and more for others. To be complete and specific enough to do well, you will need to plan and edit these carefully to fit into the two-page format.
Good luck.
1. Discuss the Nanchan Temple as a typical example of ancient Chinese architecture. What are the key characteristics of form, material and structure, how do they relate directly to the natural environment of ancient China, and how do these traits relate to the key cultural concerns and ways of thinking in ancient Chinese society? In other words, how is it typical of ancient Chinese architecture in general, and how can you use it as an example of some of the “big ideas” (for China) discussed in class?
2. Now consider the Ise Shrine in the same way? What is Japanese about it, and how does it exemplify several of the main ideas we discussed? How would you distinguish it from the Nanchan Temple? What’s different, but also what is similar, and why? Remember to consider the site (designed landscape) immediately around the central shrine buildings, as it has important implications for answering the question.
3. a) How did Confucian philosophy influence or parallel any aspect of ancient Chinese design? (Explain two examples of links between Confucianism and design we talked about.)
b) How did Daoism influence ancient Chinese design? Be specific – remember that Daoism has several, specific key ideas associated with it which you need to know in order to answer this question (give three examples).
4. a) How did specific Shinto beliefs and attitudes impact or relate to characteristics of Japanese design? Give several examples, citing specific works, or at least types, of design.
b) How did the story of the bamboo cutter most directly seem to parallel or relate to Shinto ideas or attitudes?
5. Look at the Chinese Silk Banner in the textbook, and consider the silk robes we examined in class. How does the banner express typically ancient Chinese ideas or attitudes? What main ideas does silk as used in ancient Chinese design seem to most directly relate to, and how? (Clues can be found in what we got from the Emperor-goes-to-the- Moon story.)
6. a) Consider the Japanese Album Leaf calligraphy shown in the textbook and in class; how is it typically Japanese in character, and how does Japanese calligraphy relate to Chinese calligraphy?
b) Comment on how the Enso – like the one you made in your discussion section – could express or embody any of our main ideas about Japanese design.
Note:
There
are
more
questions
than
usual,
so
you
will
need
to
figure
out
how
to
write
less
in
answer
to
some
of
the
questions
and
more
for
others.
To
be
complete
and
specific
enough
to
do
well,
you
will
need
to
plan
and
edit
these
carefully
to
fit
into
the
two-page
format.
Good
luck.
1.
Discuss
the
Nanchan
Temple
as
a
typical
example
of
ancient
Chinese
architecture.
What
a.
Identification Of Unknown Organisms And Two EukaryotesLorie Harris
This document discusses identifying four unknown organisms through a laboratory study. The study aims to differentiate cell types by observing cell structures under a microscope and using staining techniques. The document outlines the objectives of learning techniques like microscopy, gram staining and identifying eukaryotic cell types like yeast, plant cells and algae.
A Study on Gross Structure of Thyroid Gland in Pati Ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos...iosrjce
In the present investigation, a total of 42 Pati ducks were utilized. The ducks were randomly divided
into seven (7) groups consisting of six (6) birds in each group. The seven groups of birds were sacrificed at 7
different age viz. day old, 2 weeks, 4weeks, 8weeks, 20weeks, 30weeks and 40 weeks. The location and relative
topographic in-situ position of the thyroid gland was recorded. Both the thyroid glands were taken out and the
weight of each of them were recorded. The paired thyroid glands in the Pati ducks were located on either side of
the trachea close to the vascular angle formed by the subclavian artery and common carotid artery. The
average lengths of the thyroid gland were 0.2716± 0.0054 cm and 0.2750 ± 0.0050 cm for left and right
respectively in day old ducks. Weight of the thyroid gland also showed an increasing trend with age.
Species delimitation - species limits and character evolutionRutger Vos
Lecture slides for the program orientation Evolutionary Biology at the Institute of Biology Leiden, the Netherlands. Thursday, September 7th, 2017.
Lecture notes are here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRIv5mKK1fjBby--u97emC7hrqXUbxFQZe63P1FpguuhHLG6xykbwXKeKXCUE5W-LSpakXYCI621xCK/pub
Ecomorphological diversity of Mesozoic mammalsGareth Coleman
This document is a literature review by Gareth Coleman analyzing the ecomorphological diversity of Mesozoic mammals. It discusses past views of early mammals as small and generalized versus modern evidence from new fossils and analytical techniques like finite element analysis and dental microwear analysis showing successive waves of ecomorphological diversification in early mammals. The review examines morphological and analytical methods used to determine the diets and ecological niches of fossil mammals, and how current evidence indicates much higher levels of diversity and specialization among Mesozoic mammalian lineages than previously believed.
1. Researchers studied a plankton community isolated from the Baltic Sea that was cultured in a laboratory for over 2,300 days under constant conditions.
2. Despite constant conditions, species abundances fluctuated dramatically over several orders of magnitude, displaying different periodicities attributed to species interactions.
3. Analyses found positive Lyapunov exponents, limited predictability to 15-30 days, and characteristics of chaos, demonstrating that species interactions in complex food webs can generate chaos. This implies stability is not required for food web persistence and long-term species prediction may be impossible.
1) Researchers studied a plankton community isolated from the Baltic Sea that was cultured in a laboratory for over 2,300 days under constant conditions.
2) Despite constant conditions, species abundances fluctuated over several orders of magnitude, displaying different periodicities driven by species interactions.
3) Predictability of species abundances decreased significantly beyond a 15-30 day horizon, and analysis found positive Lyapunov exponents, indicating chaotic population dynamics governed by the same attractor. This provides strong evidence that species interactions in the food web generated chaos.
Descripción anatómica del cráneo del puma concolorManuel Saldivia
The document provides an anatomical description of the skull of the puma concolor species based on a study of 5 adult specimens. It describes the neurocranium and splanchnocranium in detail, noting differences compared to the domestic cat skull. Photos support the descriptive anatomical terminology used. The study aims to further the understanding of puma anatomy and provide a basis for future medical procedures and examinations of this protected species.
Student InstructionsIn this lab, you will determine how an inv.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Student Instructions
In this lab, you will determine how an invasive species—the zebra and quagga mussel—affects other species in the freshwater lake. Use the animation to help you come up with an answer to the following:
Why do you see increases and decreases in the invasive species population?
What are the implications associated with these alterations to the ecosystem as a whole?
The Effects of Zebra and Quagga Mussels Introduced into a Freshwater Lake
As you have learned, population dynamics are caused by the biotic potential of the population and the effects of environmental resistance. When there is minimal environmental resistance impacting a population, it will exhibit a population explosion. One reason for minimal resistance could be factors that no longer regulate a population (e.g., predator decline or resource increases). Another reason for a population explosion is the introduction of an invasive species.
Invasive species
are species foreign to an ecosystem and are not immediately regulated by the environmental restraints of the particular ecosystem that they invade. This in turn allows their populations to grow seemingly uncontrolled and to displace other indigenous populations. Examples of such an invasive species into North America are dreissenid mussels, commonly known as zebra and quagga mussels. Their introduction into the Great Lakes has caused economic hardship and a reorganization of the ecosystem. This has led, in part, to pollution-causing effects that can be linked to an alga known as
Cladophora
.
Ecosystems are webs of intricately balanced interactions, what happens when a new species is introduced that uses a disproportionate share of the ecosystem’s resources?
Using the M.U.S.E. link, review the background information and animation to complete your report.
Use the
Lab 5 worksheet
for assignment instructions and data collection.
Hi Everyone,
For your lab report this week, you will investigate the impact and spread of invasive species.
One of these described in your MUSE lab activity is the Zebra Mussel.
Just as you have done for the previous assignments, you will first review the background information, then collect the data. Your study will involve measurements showing how the mussels have spread and how they have impacted native species in an aquatic environment.
You will find that the number of mussels increases for 13 years and then begins to decrease. You are asked to explain this in your report.
Why do you see increases and decreases in the invasive species population?
What are the implications associated with these alterations to the ecosystem as a whole?
Use the notes in the animation to review the food chain in this ecosystem.
It will be very important to be able to describe which species are native and which are invasive. And to describe how even a native species, such as cladophora (algae) can result in ecological damage.
Next, review Chapter 4 of your eBook and refresh your memory on h.
Mutations can introduce new traits into a population. A mutated trait will become more common over generations if it provides an adaptive advantage in the environment. According to the document, a mutation introduced a trait for high poison levels in newts 50 generations ago. When snakes were introduced to the environment 40 generations ago, the high poison levels provided an adaptive advantage by preventing snakes from eating the newts. As a result, the highly poisonous trait became the most common trait in the newt population over many generations.
This document provides a protocol for safely collecting pooled biological samples from wild bat roosting sites in 3 sentences:
It outlines supplies needed, methods for placing tarps under tree-roosting and cave-dwelling bat colonies to collect urine and feces samples before the bats leave at dawn, and guidance for collecting and recording the samples while minimizing risks to field workers. Examples of bat feces are also provided to help with identification and differentiation from other animal waste.
1. The document discusses concepts related to evolution including variation, adaptation, sexual and asexual reproduction, and different theoretical approaches to evolution.
2. Key terms related to evolution are defined including camouflage, extinction, inheritance, mimicry, natural selection, and niche.
3. The timeline of life on Earth is reviewed starting with the formation of the Milky Way galaxy and Earth 4.6 billion years ago and leading to present day.
This document summarizes husbandry information for veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus). Some key points:
- Veiled chameleons are hardy and can withstand a wide range of temperatures and elevations. They are commonly available as pets due to their ease of breeding.
- Studies have looked at communication through substrate vibration and environmental impacts on sex determination during long incubation periods.
- Identification of males is possible due to tarsal spurs on their rear feet. Rapid growth in the first year requires a calcium-rich diet to prevent bone and muscle issues.
- Proper housing includes a well-ventilated terrarium with plants, a water bowl,
1. The document discusses applications of DNA in forensic science, including DNA profiling, prenatal paternity testing, and paternity testing.
2. It also discusses using DNA analysis to determine elements of biological evidence to solve crimes and legal disputes. DNA testing provides certainty that helps law enforcement and influences society.
3. The document then discusses population evolution and microbial life, biological diversity evolution, plant and animal development, population growth, and biomes and ecosystems.
Crayfish have identifiable structures that serve different functions. They have eyes, antennae, a carapace, pincers, swimmerets, and a tail. Male and female crayfish can be differentiated by the size of their pincers and shape of their swimmerets. Crayfish need a habitat with food, water, shelter, space, and opportunities to hide. They will claim territories and defend their shelters from other crayfish.
Prevalence and morphological details of Nyctotherus periplanetae in the host ...IOSR Journals
Nyctotherus periplanetae is very common intestine dwelling ciliate in invertebrates. During the period of two years total number of 1842 intestinal samples of Periplaneta americana were checked. The percentage of prevalence of ciliates was found quite high and it was 57.77% during the year 2007 and 60.75% in 2008.
1) The document summarizes a study on the prevalence and morphological details of the ciliate Nyctotherus periplanetae found in the intestine of the cockroach Periplaneta americana.
2) Over two years, 1842 cockroaches were examined and the prevalence of N. periplanetae was found to be 57.77% in 2007 and 60.75% in 2008, with the highest rates occurring after monsoon rains.
3) Morphological analysis found N. periplanetae to be oval in shape, 100-175μ in length, with a straight cytopharynx, irregularly shaped macronucleus, and slit-like cytopy
1) The document summarizes a study on the prevalence and morphological details of the ciliate Nyctotherus periplanetae found in the intestine of the cockroach Periplaneta americana.
2) Over two years, 1842 cockroaches were examined and the prevalence of N. periplanetae was found to be 57.77% in the first year and 60.75% in the second year. Prevalence peaked after monsoon rains and was lowest during summer.
3) Morphological analysis found N. periplanetae to be oval shaped, 100-175μ in length, with a macronucleus, cytopharynx, and slit-like
Note There are more questions than usual, so you will n.docxhenrymartin15260
Note: There are more questions than usual, so you will need to figure out how to write less in answer to some of the questions and more for others. To be complete and specific enough to do well, you will need to plan and edit these carefully to fit into the two-page format.
Good luck.
1. Discuss the Nanchan Temple as a typical example of ancient Chinese architecture. What are the key characteristics of form, material and structure, how do they relate directly to the natural environment of ancient China, and how do these traits relate to the key cultural concerns and ways of thinking in ancient Chinese society? In other words, how is it typical of ancient Chinese architecture in general, and how can you use it as an example of some of the “big ideas” (for China) discussed in class?
2. Now consider the Ise Shrine in the same way? What is Japanese about it, and how does it exemplify several of the main ideas we discussed? How would you distinguish it from the Nanchan Temple? What’s different, but also what is similar, and why? Remember to consider the site (designed landscape) immediately around the central shrine buildings, as it has important implications for answering the question.
3. a) How did Confucian philosophy influence or parallel any aspect of ancient Chinese design? (Explain two examples of links between Confucianism and design we talked about.)
b) How did Daoism influence ancient Chinese design? Be specific – remember that Daoism has several, specific key ideas associated with it which you need to know in order to answer this question (give three examples).
4. a) How did specific Shinto beliefs and attitudes impact or relate to characteristics of Japanese design? Give several examples, citing specific works, or at least types, of design.
b) How did the story of the bamboo cutter most directly seem to parallel or relate to Shinto ideas or attitudes?
5. Look at the Chinese Silk Banner in the textbook, and consider the silk robes we examined in class. How does the banner express typically ancient Chinese ideas or attitudes? What main ideas does silk as used in ancient Chinese design seem to most directly relate to, and how? (Clues can be found in what we got from the Emperor-goes-to-the- Moon story.)
6. a) Consider the Japanese Album Leaf calligraphy shown in the textbook and in class; how is it typically Japanese in character, and how does Japanese calligraphy relate to Chinese calligraphy?
b) Comment on how the Enso – like the one you made in your discussion section – could express or embody any of our main ideas about Japanese design.
Note:
There
are
more
questions
than
usual,
so
you
will
need
to
figure
out
how
to
write
less
in
answer
to
some
of
the
questions
and
more
for
others.
To
be
complete
and
specific
enough
to
do
well,
you
will
need
to
plan
and
edit
these
carefully
to
fit
into
the
two-page
format.
Good
luck.
1.
Discuss
the
Nanchan
Temple
as
a
typical
example
of
ancient
Chinese
architecture.
What
a.
Identification Of Unknown Organisms And Two EukaryotesLorie Harris
This document discusses identifying four unknown organisms through a laboratory study. The study aims to differentiate cell types by observing cell structures under a microscope and using staining techniques. The document outlines the objectives of learning techniques like microscopy, gram staining and identifying eukaryotic cell types like yeast, plant cells and algae.
A Study on Gross Structure of Thyroid Gland in Pati Ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos...iosrjce
In the present investigation, a total of 42 Pati ducks were utilized. The ducks were randomly divided
into seven (7) groups consisting of six (6) birds in each group. The seven groups of birds were sacrificed at 7
different age viz. day old, 2 weeks, 4weeks, 8weeks, 20weeks, 30weeks and 40 weeks. The location and relative
topographic in-situ position of the thyroid gland was recorded. Both the thyroid glands were taken out and the
weight of each of them were recorded. The paired thyroid glands in the Pati ducks were located on either side of
the trachea close to the vascular angle formed by the subclavian artery and common carotid artery. The
average lengths of the thyroid gland were 0.2716± 0.0054 cm and 0.2750 ± 0.0050 cm for left and right
respectively in day old ducks. Weight of the thyroid gland also showed an increasing trend with age.
Species delimitation - species limits and character evolutionRutger Vos
Lecture slides for the program orientation Evolutionary Biology at the Institute of Biology Leiden, the Netherlands. Thursday, September 7th, 2017.
Lecture notes are here: https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vRIv5mKK1fjBby--u97emC7hrqXUbxFQZe63P1FpguuhHLG6xykbwXKeKXCUE5W-LSpakXYCI621xCK/pub
Ecomorphological diversity of Mesozoic mammalsGareth Coleman
This document is a literature review by Gareth Coleman analyzing the ecomorphological diversity of Mesozoic mammals. It discusses past views of early mammals as small and generalized versus modern evidence from new fossils and analytical techniques like finite element analysis and dental microwear analysis showing successive waves of ecomorphological diversification in early mammals. The review examines morphological and analytical methods used to determine the diets and ecological niches of fossil mammals, and how current evidence indicates much higher levels of diversity and specialization among Mesozoic mammalian lineages than previously believed.
1. Researchers studied a plankton community isolated from the Baltic Sea that was cultured in a laboratory for over 2,300 days under constant conditions.
2. Despite constant conditions, species abundances fluctuated dramatically over several orders of magnitude, displaying different periodicities attributed to species interactions.
3. Analyses found positive Lyapunov exponents, limited predictability to 15-30 days, and characteristics of chaos, demonstrating that species interactions in complex food webs can generate chaos. This implies stability is not required for food web persistence and long-term species prediction may be impossible.
1) Researchers studied a plankton community isolated from the Baltic Sea that was cultured in a laboratory for over 2,300 days under constant conditions.
2) Despite constant conditions, species abundances fluctuated over several orders of magnitude, displaying different periodicities driven by species interactions.
3) Predictability of species abundances decreased significantly beyond a 15-30 day horizon, and analysis found positive Lyapunov exponents, indicating chaotic population dynamics governed by the same attractor. This provides strong evidence that species interactions in the food web generated chaos.
Descripción anatómica del cráneo del puma concolorManuel Saldivia
The document provides an anatomical description of the skull of the puma concolor species based on a study of 5 adult specimens. It describes the neurocranium and splanchnocranium in detail, noting differences compared to the domestic cat skull. Photos support the descriptive anatomical terminology used. The study aims to further the understanding of puma anatomy and provide a basis for future medical procedures and examinations of this protected species.
Student InstructionsIn this lab, you will determine how an inv.docxcpatriciarpatricia
Student Instructions
In this lab, you will determine how an invasive species—the zebra and quagga mussel—affects other species in the freshwater lake. Use the animation to help you come up with an answer to the following:
Why do you see increases and decreases in the invasive species population?
What are the implications associated with these alterations to the ecosystem as a whole?
The Effects of Zebra and Quagga Mussels Introduced into a Freshwater Lake
As you have learned, population dynamics are caused by the biotic potential of the population and the effects of environmental resistance. When there is minimal environmental resistance impacting a population, it will exhibit a population explosion. One reason for minimal resistance could be factors that no longer regulate a population (e.g., predator decline or resource increases). Another reason for a population explosion is the introduction of an invasive species.
Invasive species
are species foreign to an ecosystem and are not immediately regulated by the environmental restraints of the particular ecosystem that they invade. This in turn allows their populations to grow seemingly uncontrolled and to displace other indigenous populations. Examples of such an invasive species into North America are dreissenid mussels, commonly known as zebra and quagga mussels. Their introduction into the Great Lakes has caused economic hardship and a reorganization of the ecosystem. This has led, in part, to pollution-causing effects that can be linked to an alga known as
Cladophora
.
Ecosystems are webs of intricately balanced interactions, what happens when a new species is introduced that uses a disproportionate share of the ecosystem’s resources?
Using the M.U.S.E. link, review the background information and animation to complete your report.
Use the
Lab 5 worksheet
for assignment instructions and data collection.
Hi Everyone,
For your lab report this week, you will investigate the impact and spread of invasive species.
One of these described in your MUSE lab activity is the Zebra Mussel.
Just as you have done for the previous assignments, you will first review the background information, then collect the data. Your study will involve measurements showing how the mussels have spread and how they have impacted native species in an aquatic environment.
You will find that the number of mussels increases for 13 years and then begins to decrease. You are asked to explain this in your report.
Why do you see increases and decreases in the invasive species population?
What are the implications associated with these alterations to the ecosystem as a whole?
Use the notes in the animation to review the food chain in this ecosystem.
It will be very important to be able to describe which species are native and which are invasive. And to describe how even a native species, such as cladophora (algae) can result in ecological damage.
Next, review Chapter 4 of your eBook and refresh your memory on h.
Mutations can introduce new traits into a population. A mutated trait will become more common over generations if it provides an adaptive advantage in the environment. According to the document, a mutation introduced a trait for high poison levels in newts 50 generations ago. When snakes were introduced to the environment 40 generations ago, the high poison levels provided an adaptive advantage by preventing snakes from eating the newts. As a result, the highly poisonous trait became the most common trait in the newt population over many generations.
This document provides a protocol for safely collecting pooled biological samples from wild bat roosting sites in 3 sentences:
It outlines supplies needed, methods for placing tarps under tree-roosting and cave-dwelling bat colonies to collect urine and feces samples before the bats leave at dawn, and guidance for collecting and recording the samples while minimizing risks to field workers. Examples of bat feces are also provided to help with identification and differentiation from other animal waste.
1. The document discusses concepts related to evolution including variation, adaptation, sexual and asexual reproduction, and different theoretical approaches to evolution.
2. Key terms related to evolution are defined including camouflage, extinction, inheritance, mimicry, natural selection, and niche.
3. The timeline of life on Earth is reviewed starting with the formation of the Milky Way galaxy and Earth 4.6 billion years ago and leading to present day.
This document summarizes husbandry information for veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus). Some key points:
- Veiled chameleons are hardy and can withstand a wide range of temperatures and elevations. They are commonly available as pets due to their ease of breeding.
- Studies have looked at communication through substrate vibration and environmental impacts on sex determination during long incubation periods.
- Identification of males is possible due to tarsal spurs on their rear feet. Rapid growth in the first year requires a calcium-rich diet to prevent bone and muscle issues.
- Proper housing includes a well-ventilated terrarium with plants, a water bowl,
1. The document discusses applications of DNA in forensic science, including DNA profiling, prenatal paternity testing, and paternity testing.
2. It also discusses using DNA analysis to determine elements of biological evidence to solve crimes and legal disputes. DNA testing provides certainty that helps law enforcement and influences society.
3. The document then discusses population evolution and microbial life, biological diversity evolution, plant and animal development, population growth, and biomes and ecosystems.
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International Upcycling Research Network advisory board meeting 4Kyungeun Sung
Slides used for the International Upcycling Research Network advisory board 4 (last one). The project is based at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
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ARENA - Young adults in the workplace (Knight Moves).pdfKnight Moves
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2. Synopsis
Synopsis
The material in this presentation is designed to encourage students to think
about synopsis. The idea behind synoptic questions is to assess students’
understanding of the general principles on which so much of the subject
depends, which is much more important than simple recall of knowledge.
This presentation supports the article ‘Tales from the museum’ by Henry McGhie
in the April 2014 issue of Biological Sciences Review. The presentation is based
on three different exercises; these may be used independently.
The questions and the accompanying mark schemes are available as a separate
Word document.
3. Synopsis
Synopsis is about
• understanding the principles
Taking diffusion as an example, all specifications consider this
topic relatively early in the AS course. An understanding of
diffusion is essential to the understanding of a number of
topics considered later in the course.
Diffusion
Nerve impulses
Gas exchange
Digestion
4. Synopsis
Enzymes
?
Synopsis is about
• understanding the principles
Another such topic is enzymes. Students might wish to think
about specific enzymes that link to different aspects of
physiology.
?
?
6. Synopsis
What are these principles?
• Diffusion
• Enzymes
• Polymerisation, condensation and hydrolysis
• Osmosis
• Active transport
• Respiration and ATP
• Size and surface-area-to-volume ratio
• Natural selection
• How science works …
?
7. Synopsis
Synopsis is like a
birthday present.
You may not recognise
the wrapping paper but
you know exactly what
is inside.
8. Synopsis
You may not be familiar
with the context but you
should know all about the
principles on which the
question is based.
You may know nothing
about snails…but the
question may be asking you
about selection or
respiration.
Synopsis is about
• relating the principles to new contexts
9. Synopsis
You may know nothing
about possums…but the
question is asking you
about ‘how science works’
and surface-area-to-volume
ratios
You may not be familiar
with the context but you
should know all about the
principles on which the
question is based.
Synopsis is about
• relating the principles to new contexts
10. Synopsis
• Brush-tail possums are
mammals that are native to
Australia.
• They were introduced to New
Zealand mainly in the years
1890 to 1900.
• The total number of possums
released was between 200
and 300.
• Possums are now widespread
in New Zealand and, in
suitable habitats, reach
population densities of up to
30 animals per hectare.
Possums
11. Synopsis
Location Latitude Total length/mm Tail length/mm
Auckland 36°37’ 786 321
Hawke’s Bay 39°43’ 787 322
Wairurapa 40°54’ 780 297
Orongorongo Valley 41°22’ 789 328
Nelson 41°55’ 831 356
Taramakau River 42°45’ 840 n/a
Lengths of male possums from
different parts of New Zealand
12. Synopsis
1(a) The measurements in the table were obtained from
labels attached to museum skins. It would not be reliable
to measure the actual skins. Suggest why. (2 marks)
The process of preparation is likely to lead to a change in length
of the actual skin;
May be stretched/may shrink (as it dries);
13. Synopsis
1(b) Suggest why all the data were collected from
animals of one sex. (2 marks)
Ensures that the data will be comparable;
Because sex is likely to influence size;
14. Synopsis
2 How would you expect mean annual temperature to
vary with latitude? (1 mark)
Mean annual temperature should decrease with latitude;
15. Synopsis
3 The scientists who collected the data in the table
predicted that body size would be positively correlated
with latitude.
(a) Suggest why larger body size would be an advantage
to a possum further south. (3 marks)
17. Synopsis
3 The scientists who collected the data in the table
predicted that body size would be positively correlated
with latitude.
(a) Suggest why larger body size would be an advantage
to a possum further south. (3 marks)
A larger animal would have a smaller surface-area-to-volume
ratio;
Would lose less heat;
In colder conditions;
18. Synopsis
Evaluate means judge the worth of something.
• Look for ways in which the data support the prediction.
• Now write the word but
• And look for ways in which the prediction is not supported by
the data.
3 The scientists who collected the data in the table
predicted that body size would be positively correlated
with latitude.
(b) Use the data in the table to evaluate this prediction.
(3 marks)
19. Synopsis
Location Latitude Total length/mm Tail length/mm
Auckland 36°37’ 786 321
Hawke’s Bay 39°43’ 787 322
Wairurapa 40°54’ 780 297
Orongorongo Valley 41°22’ 789 328
Nelson 41°55’ 831 356
Taramakau River 42°45’ 840 n/a
Lengths of male possums from
different parts of New Zealand
20. Synopsis
There is a positive correlation between total length and
latitude/total length increases with latitude;
(but)
If tail length is subtracted from total length;
There is little/no correlation between body length and latitude;
Other factors/factors such as altitude may also affect mean
temperature; 3 max
3 (b) Use the data in the table to evaluate this
prediction. (3 marks)
21. Synopsis
You may know nothing
about peregrines or
sparrowhawks…but the
question is asking you about
‘how science works’ and
food chains and food webs
You may not be familiar with
the context but you should
know all about the principles
on which the question is based.
Synopsis is about
• relating the principles to new contexts
Eggs and pesticides
22. Synopsis
Egg shell
thickness
index
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980
Date
1 Organochlorine insecticides in common use to treat crops
2 Organochlorine insecticides used to treat seeds
3 Partial ban and reduced use of organochlorine insecticides
2.0
1.6
1.2
0.8
Peregrine
Sparrowhawk
1 2 3
23. Synopsis
The eggs are museum specimens/valuable/cannot be
replaced;
The index does not involve breaking them/measuring the
thickness involves breaking them;
1 The egg shell thickness index was calculated from the
formula:
thickness index = mass of egg shell (mg)
length × breadth of egg (mm)
(a) Suggest why this index was used rather than
measuring the actual thickness of the egg shell. (2 marks)
24. Synopsis
1 The egg shell thickness index was calculated from the
formula:
thickness index = mass of egg shell (mg)
length × breadth of egg (mm)
(b) The mass of the egg shell was divided by its length ×
breadth. Explain why it was necessary to divide by the
length × breadth. (1 mark)
The mass of the egg shell will depend on the size of the
egg/length × breadth gives a measure of the egg size;
25. Synopsis
2 Both the peregrine and the sparrowhawk feed on
birds. Use your knowledge of food chains and food webs
to explain:
(a) how organochlorine insecticides used to treat seeds
enter the tissues of a sparrowhawk (1 mark)
(b) why the concentration of organochlorine insecticide
in the tissues of a peregrine falcon is much higher than
the concentration on the seeds (2 marks)
26. Synopsis
The food chains involved in this question
Seeds Wood pigeon Peregrine falcon
Seeds Chaffinch Sparrowhawk
27. Synopsis
(Transfer through the food chain) via an intermediate seed-
eating bird/appropriate example;
2 Both the peregrine and the sparrowhawk feed on
birds. Use your knowledge of food chains and food webs
to explain:
(a) how organochlorine insecticides used to treat seeds
enter the tissues of a sparrowhawk (1 mark)
28. Synopsis
Insecticide taken up by primary consumer/example from
part (a) and accumulates/not broken down in tissues;
Primary consumer eats many seeds so higher concentration in
its tissues;
Process repeated in secondary consumer; max 2
2 Both the peregrine and the sparrowhawk feed on
birds. Use your knowledge of food chains and food webs
to explain:
(b) why the concentration of organochlorine insecticide
in the tissues of a peregrine falcon is much higher than
the concentration on the seeds (2 marks)
29. Synopsis
3 In a scientific paper published in 1977, the biologist
R. K. Murton pointed out that many biologists assumed
egg shell thinning was harmful. They considered that if
a population lays eggs with thin shells and at the same
time is declining, there must be a causal relationship.
(a) Suggest how egg shell thinning may lead to lower
breeding success. (1 mark)
Eggs with thinner shells are more likely to be broken
(during incubation).
30. Synopsis
(b) Explain why a decline in number of birds may not
necessarily be caused by egg shell thinning. (2 marks)
Another factor may be involved;
Which might be linked to both decline in birds and egg-shell
thinning;
31. Synopsis
You may know nothing
about tigers…but the
question is asking you
about selection,
mitochondria and DNA.
You may not be familiar with
the context but you should
know all about the principles on
which the question is based.
Synopsis is about
• relating the principles to new contexts
Tigers
32. Synopsis
1 Preservation of genetic variability in rare or
endangered species may help them to survive. Use your
knowledge of natural selection to explain why. (2 marks)
Some forms may be at an advantage/be better adapted;
If there is a change in the environment of the organism;
33. Synopsis
2 In order to assess tiger genetic variation, it was
important that samples were taken from tigers that
originally came from different geographical areas.
Explain why it was important that these tigers did not
come from the same geographical area. (2 marks)
If they came from the same area they would be more likely to
be genetically similar;
Because they might be related/might be adapted to similar
conditions/might have had the same ancestors;
We need to know about all tigers; max 2
34. Synopsis
3 The mutation rate in mtDNA is faster than that in
nuclear DNA because of differences in the DNA repair
systems. Suggest how these differences could result in
a slower mutation rate in nuclear DNA. (2 marks)
Mutations in nuclear DNA may be removed/repaired (by the
repair system);
System only found in nucleus/not found in mitochondria;
35. Synopsis
4 If a tiger was born in a zoo, it may be useful to know
the origin of the female parent if its mtDNA is to be
studied. Explain why. (2 marks)
37. Synopsis
This will tell you the geographical origin of its mtDNA;
Because it is inherited from its mother;
4 If a tiger was born in a zoo, it may be useful to know
the origin of the female parent if its mtDNA is to be
studied. Explain why. (2 marks)
38. Synopsis
5 Suppose there were five sites on an mtDNA molecule
where it could be cut by the restriction enzyme. How
many pieces of DNA would result? Explain your answer.
(2 marks)
Five;
Because mtDNA is circular;
39. Synopsis
6 A polymorphic site is a site on a DNA molecule where
the sequence of bases is different in different animals.
(a) A particular restriction enzyme may cut the DNA
from one leopard but not from another at a particular
site. Explain why. (3 marks)
Sequence of bases is different;
Only a specific sequence fits/binds;
With active site of a particular enzyme;
There are three examples here: amylase in the digestive system, acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system and carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells. Obviously, there are other possibilities.
Identifying and understanding these principles is essential if a candidate is to be able to answer synoptic questions effectively. Such a list may be achieved by brain-storming. This slide provides a starting point.
A second aspect of synoptic questions is that they often relate to applying the principles to new situations. A bit like a birthday present in some ways. You know exactly what it is going to be but the wrapping paper is unfamiliar.
So, there could be, for example, a question about snails…but it isn’t really about snails. it is actually about a familiar principle such as selection or respiration.
Identifying the principles involved is the all-important first step in answering synoptic questions.
Armed with this tip we will look at the first of the exercises.
This exercise is about possums…or is it? Look at the individual questions carefully and you can see that it is really a question about ‘how science works’ and surface-area-to-volume ratios.
Students may know nothing about possums. This is not a problem as all the information required will be supplied in the question. Since this is not an examination question, there is a little more information that is strictly necessary here.
This slide is simply a summary of the data provided in the question. Students may need assistance with the concept of latitude, although there is an explanation on the accompanying question sheet.
Question 1 links possums and ‘how science works’. Allow 1 mark for the idea of change in length and a second for a specific, more detailed answer. The second point on its own is worth 2 marks.
This is a straightforward question but it should establish the principles required to answer question 3.
Question 3 relates to the important principle that the larger an animal, the smaller its surface-area-to-volume ratio (see next slide).
This slide, based on cubes of different side length, should remind students of the principle. Although this is basic, in examinations candidates make frequent errors. In particular they do not always appreciate that
the larger an animal, the smaller its surface-area-to-volume ratio
it is surface-area-to-volume ratio, not surface area
Once the principle has been established, this question should be straightforward.
This question requires evaluation so should be approached in what is effectively a standard way.
This slide is a summary of the data provided in the question.
The first marking point should be straightforward but the second and third are intentionally more challenging.
Again, this exercise may look as though it is about an unfamiliar topic — birds of prey and their eggs…but, is it? Look at the individual questions carefully and you can see that it is really a question about ‘how science works’ and food chains and food webs.
This slide is simply a copy of the graph shown on the question sheet.
Question 1(a) requires the application of a little common sense and an appreciation of the value of museum specimens.
The answer to question 1(b) might be expressed in a variety of ways. It is testing an understanding of the denominator in the expression.
Many A-level candidates have a simplistic view of food chains and rarely progress beyond ‘grass, rabbit, fox’. It may be worth looking at two possible food chains that may relate to this question. The actual species do not matter but students do need to go further than ‘bird’ and will hopefully appreciate that not all birds are ‘sparrows’. This slide shows two examples relevant to this question.
A straightforward question but elementary errors may occur.
This question tests the principle of bioaccumulation. Points 1 and 2 could be answered in terms of secondary consumer and primary consumer.
Although this is a ‘suggest’ question, this is the most likely answer.
The last question in this section tests another important principle, namely that correlation does not necessarily mean causation. However, It requires students to go a little further than simply stating this principle. Accept an example of another factor provided there is a plausible link with both egg-shell thinning and the decline in population.
Once again, the starting point for this (more challenging) question is to identify the familiar.
Although there are other reasonable suggestions that might be made about the advantages of genetic variability, the question requires students to link this to natural selection.
Question 2 and its mark scheme
Note that this question requires students to explain the slower rate in nuclear DNA. It should be more straightforward this way.
To answer this question, students may need to be reminded of the way in which mtDNA is inherited. This is summarised in slide 36.
Students need to appreciate that the cytoplasm in the zygote comes from the female gamete. It will contain mitochondria.
Question 4 and its mark scheme.
Provided students have taken on board the fact that mtDNA is circular, they should appreciate that there will be as many pieces as there are cleavage sites. A diagram may help.
The key here is to note the mark allocation. 3 marks gives an idea of the depth of answer required.
Slides 40 and 41 cover question 6 (b)
Slides 40 and 41 cover question 6 (b). Note that in this question the term allele should be used. Gene is not acceptable in this context.